Josquin of 1814-15, retired, in 1816, to his estate in Transylvania, where he occupied himself with literature. He wrote "Abafi," a national and historical tale; "The Last Batori," "The Bohemian in Hungary," "Zrinyi the Poet," and "Stephen Josika.' He also translated into Hungarian the English novel, "A Marriage in High Life." After the revolution in Hungary, in 1818, he resided at Brussels. B. at Torda, Transylvania, 1796; D. 1865. JosQUIN, Deprez, zho'-quene, a native of Belgium, an ecclesiastic, and called the father of modern harmony, from his great ability as a composer, was a singer in the pontifical chapel in the time of Sixtus IV., but afterwards went to France, and was appointed chapel-master to Louis XII. The king having promised Josquin a benefice, but forgetting to give it, the chapelmaster, on being commanded to compose a march, chose a portion of the 119th Psalm, "Memor esto verbi tui servo tuo," the setting of which was greatly admired by the king, who soon after granted Josquin's petition; on which the latter composed a hymn of thanksgiving from the same Psalm, "Bonitatem fecisti cum servo tuo, Domine." He was a giant among the musicians of his time, and was universally esteemed. B. about 1150; the date of his death is unknown. JOUBERT, Laurence, zhool-bair, physician to Henry III, king of France. On the death of Rondelet, in 1562, he became regius professor of physic at Montpellier. B. 1529; D. 153. JOUBERT, Bartholomew Catherine, a French republican general, who was educated for the law, but quitted it for the army, and in 1789 commenced his military course as a grenadier, and rose by degrees to the rank of general. He was second in command to Bonaparte in the conquest of Italy, and signalized himself at Millesimo, Montebaldo, and Rivoli, and in the Tyrol. He was opposed to General Suwarrow, but was slain at the battle of Novi, in 1799, at a time when the Directory was about to offer him the supreme power. B. 1769. Jovellanos sued with such success, that the office of adju tant-secretary of the School of Oriental Languages was created in his favour, and he held it till his death. He was a contributor to the "Biographie Universelle," and other extensive publications; and author of "La Perse, ou Tableau de l'Histoire, du Gouvernement, de la Religion, de la Litterature, &c., de cet Empire;" besides some others. B. 1788; D. 1818. JOURDAN, Jean-Baptiste, zhoor'-dă, marshal of France, served in the war of American independence at the age of 16 years, and in 1791 was appointed to the command of a battalion of volunteers. He fought under Dumouriez in Belgium, and became a general of division in 1793. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Hondschoote, and two days afterwards was named general-in-chief, but was deprived of his command by the Committee of Public Safety. Subsequently he was placed at the head of the army of the Moselle. He took Durant and Charleroi, and gained the celebrated battle of Fleurus, in 1794. Opposed by the Archduke Charles, he crossed the Rhine a second time; but, being defeated, was superseded in 1799. Named a member of the Council of Five Hundred, he proposed the law of conscription. A sincere republican, he opposed the usurpation of Bonaparte, and, after the 19th Brumaire, was excluded froin the Legislative Corps. He was, however, nominated by Napoleon marshal of France in 1501; but he was never again employed in any important capacity. He accompanied Joseph Bonaparte to Spain, in command of the 7th military corps. B. at Limoges, 1762; D. in Paris, 1533. JOUSSE, Daniel, zhoosse, a French lawyer, who wrote many works connected with his profession. B. at Orleans, 1701; D. 1781. JOUVENCY, Joseph, zho'-van-se, a French Jesuit, who published an apology, in which he defended Chastel, who attempted to assassinato Henry IV., and called him a martyr. He continued the "History of the Jesuits," and wrote some other works. B. at Paris, 1613; D. at Rome, 1719. JOUFFROY, Marquis de, zhoo'-froi, who disputes with Fulton and others the honour of JOUVENET, Jean, zhoore'-nai, a French having been the first to apply steam to the pur-painter, was descended from an Italian family poses of navigation, made his first attempt on of that profession. His first instructions were the Doubs in 1776, and renewed it with more derived from his father, but he improved him81ess on the Saône in 1783; but failed to self under Le Brun. He passed through all the carry it out, through want of means and sup- ollices of the Academy, and became one of the port. He was equally unsuccessful at Paris in perpetual rectors. B. at Ronen, 1644; D. 1717. 1516; but the Academy of Sciences acknow. ledged his claim to the discovery in 1510; a distinction with which, whether merited or other wise, he could not fail to be gratified. B. in Franche-Comté, 1751; D. 1832. Jory, Joseph Etienne de, zhojai, a facile and graceful writer, served in the French army in America and India, and took part in the first campaign of the Revolution. But he scon abandoned the sword for the pen; and rose to JOUFFROY, Theodore, a distinguished writer great popularity by his vaudevilles and the on philosophical subjects, and professor of philo-librettos which he wrote for Spontini, Cherusophy at Paris, was the author of numerous original works, which are in great repute for clearness and depth, and also translated into French the writings of Reid and Dugald Stewart, His "Cours du Droit Naturel" is an excellent work, and deserving of attentive perusal. B. 1796; D. 1812. bini, and Rossini. He was also distinguished as a political writer; but is best known in England by his amusing and satirical work called the "Hermit of the Chaussée d'Antin," translated into English many years ago. In 1830, Louis Philippe appointed him librarian at the Louvre. B. 1761; D. 1846. JOURDAIN, Amable Louis Michel Brechillet, JOVELLANOS, Don Gaspar Melchior de, yozhoor'-duin, a distinguished orientalist, was the rail-lan-os, one of the most distinguishel son of a surgeon-dentist at Paris. He was de-Scaniards of modern times, born at Gion, in signed for the law, but hearing the splendid, the Asturias, of an old and noble family, was culozies bestowed on Anquetil du Perron, the endowed with splendid talents; and not only orientalist, he determined on cultivating the acquired, while at college, an extensive know. same branches of learning for which that ledge of jurisprudence, his more especial object, scholar had been distinguished. This he pur-but also made great progress in archæology, Julien burned his ships, that his soldiers might proceed with firmness and resolution. On his return, after marching through Assyria without opposition, his army encountered that of Sapor, king of Persia, and Julian was mortally wounded. Theodoret asserts that he took some of the blood from his wound, and, casting it towards heaven, exclaimed, "Thou hast conquered, Galilean!" a story which is hardly credible. Julian was virtuous and modest in his manners, and liberal in his disposition. He abolished the luxurious and indecent practices of the court of Constantinople, and was averse to public amusements. His "History of the Cesars" is the most celebrated of his writings, though it is very partial. His own life lias been many times written, but on no occasion so well as by Gibbon, in the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." B. at Constantinople, 331; D. 363. JULIEN, Pierre, zhoo'-le-ain, a distinguished French sculptor, many of whose productions adorn the metropolis of France and whose chefd'autre is "The Dying Gladiator." B. 1731; D. 1804. JULIUS I., ju'-li-us, pope and saint of the Roman calendar, succeeded Marcus in 337. He strenuously supported the cause of Athanasius, and was a man of great learning and piety. Some of his letters are extant. D. 352. JULIUS II. (Julian della Rovere) succeeded Pope Pius III. in 1503. Sixtus IV., his uncle, made him cardinal and commander of his troops, a post which suited his enterprising genius. The emperor Maximilian, with the kings of France and Aragon, endeavoured to depose him; but he frustrated their design, and formed an alliance with them at Cambrai in 1508. He then demanded from the Venetians the territories of Faenza and Rimini, which had been originally taken from them by Alexander VI., and on the death of that pontiff recovered by the Venetians, who, for refusing Julius's unjust claim, were put under an interdict. At last, being reduced to the greatest extremities, the state of Venice was obliged to submit. The pope then turned his arms against France, and besieged La Mirandola, which he entered in triumph in 1511; but, fortune turning, he was driven to Rome, and the council of Pisa declared him suspended. He was the patron of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Bramante. D. 1513. JULIUS III., an Italian, obtained the tiara in succession to Paul III. in 1550. He had formerly presided at the council of Trent under Paul 111., and, on being elected to the papacy, joined the emperor against Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma, B. 1487; D. 1555. JUNCTIN, or GIUNTINO, Francis, joon-te-no, a mathematician of Florence, was for some time Carmelite, but quitted his order, went to France, and abjured the Roman Catholic religion. He became a corrector of the press, and terwards a manufacturer of paper and a banker, by which means he gained a large fortume. He wrote some arithmetical works, commentaries on the Sphere of Sacrobosco, on the Reformation of the Calendar, and on the Age of the Loves of Petrarch. D. about 2599. JUNGE, Joachim, yoong, a philosopher of the 17th century, who distinguished himself by his Opposition to the Aristotelian philosophy, and, Junta tuted experiment in the place of antiquated theories. He is ranked by Leibnitz as the equal of Copernicus and Galileo, and as little inferior to Descartes. Among other works he wrote "Geometria Empirica," "Doxoscopia Phy sica Minores," and "Isagoge Phytoscope," from the latter of which it is believed that Linnæus and Ray derived some useful hints. B. at Lubeck, 1587; D. 1657. JUNIA, ju-ni-a, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died sixty-four years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi. JUNILIUS, ST., ju-nil'-i-us, bishop of Africa, in the 6th century. He wrote two books on the Divine Law. JUNIUS, Adrian, ju'-ni-us, a learned Dutchman, who studied physic, and took his doctor's degree at Bologna, after which he went to England, where he wrote several works, particularly a Greek and Latin lexicon, which he dedicated to Edward VI. He afterwards re turned to his own country, and practised physic. He wrote "Commentaries on various Latin Authors," A Poem on the Marriage of Philip II., king of Spain, with Mary, Queen of England;" "Translations from the Greek," &c. B. at Hoorn, 1512; D. 1575. JUNIUS, Francis, professor of divinity at Leyden. He studied at Geneva, and, in 1565, became minister of the Walloon church at Antwerp, and afterwards chaplain to the prince of Orange; at last, he was made theological professor at Leyden. He is chiefly known by a Latin version of the Bible, with notes, in which he was assisted by Tremellius. B. 1515; D. at Leyden, 1602. JUNIUS, Francis, son of the preceding, in 1620 visited Eugland, and was taken into the family of Thomas, earl of Arundel. There he studied the northern languages, in which he attained to considerable proficiency. He left a valuable collection of MSS. to the library of Oxford. B. at Heidelberg, 1559; D. at Windsor, 1678. JUNIUS BRUTUS. (See BRUTUS, L. Junius.) JUNOT, Andoche, duke of Abrantes, choen, a French general, entered the army as a volun teer during the Revolution, and attracted the attention of Bonaparte at the siege of To lon, in 1793. This was the origin of his fortune: he was appointed aide-de-camp, and went with the army to Egypt, where he so greatly dis tinguished himself that, on his return, he became general of division, and, in 184, governor of Paris. In 1805 he was appointed ambassador to Lisbon, and two years afterwards assumed the command of the army sent into Portugal. Junot rapidly made himself master of that kingdom, and was created governor, with the title of duke of Abrantes, but the n.st year he was defeated at Vimiera by the duke of Wellington, and compelled to sign the capitals tion of Cintra, and obliged to abandon his conquest. This reverse brought him under the displeasure of Napoleon; he nevertheless tak part, in 1810, in the Spanish campaign, and is that of Russia in 1812, becoming governor of the Illyrian provinces. His reason suddenly failing, he was compelled to return to Franc B. in France, 1771; D. 1813-His widow, s woman of great accomplishments, wrote some "Memoirs on the Empire," which are full of interest. D. 1933. like his famous contemporary, Bacon, substi- ! JUNTA, joun'-ta, Philip and Bernard, Italian printers in the 15th and 16th centuries. They printed, at Lyons, the Letters of Leo X. by Bembo," and the works of Sante Pagnino. They had also printing offices at Genoa, Venice, and Florence. Philip began printing at Genoa, in 1497. D. about 1519. Bernard was either his brother or cousin. Philip printed some excellent editions of Greek authors, as Plutarch, Xenophon, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and Homer. JUNTA, Thomas, a Venetian physician, who published, in 1551, a learned book on the "Battles of the Ancients." JURIEU, Peter, zhoo-re-e(r), a French Protestant divine, was the son of Daniel Jurieu, pastor of the reformed church at Mer, in the diocese of Blois. His mother was sister to the famous Peter du Moulin. He received his education partly in Holland and partly in England, and while there received episcopal ordination. On his return home, he became assistant to his father, and professor of divinity and Hebrew at Sedan, where he gained great reputation by his lectures and preaching. He wrote against Bossuet's "Exposition of the Doctrine of the Catholic Church," and defended the moral character of his sect against the accusations of Arnauld. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to Holland, and was chosen pastor of the Walloon church at Rotterdam. He there applied so assiduously to the study of the Revelation, as to fancy he had discovered most of the mysteries therein; and particularly with regard to Antichrist. He addressed William III., king of England, as the instrument appointed to destroy the kingdom of the beast. He embroiled himself in controversy with Bayle and others, who had objected to the extravagance of his opinions. His chief works are, The History of Calvinism and Popery, with a Parallel between them;" "Pastoral Letters, "On the Unity of the Church," Treatise of Nature and Grace," and "Critical History of the Doctrines and Worship of the Church, and those of the Pagans." B. at Mer, in France, 1637; D. at Rotterdam, 1713. JURIN, James, jurin, secretary to the Royal Society of London, and president of the College of Physicians, wrote papers on philosophical and medical subjects in the "Philosophical Transactions, and had a dispute with Michelloti on the motion of currents; with Keill and Seacon the motion of the heart; with Robins upon distinct vision; and with the partisans of Leibnitz on the activa forces. B. 1684; D. 1750. JUSSIEU, Antoine de, zhous-se-(r), a French botanist and physician, who, after travelling over Europe, settled at Paris, where he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and professor of botany in the Royal Garden. He enriched the memoirs of the French Academy with several valuable papers on botany and mineralogy, the result of observations made during his travels. He also wrote the appendix to Tournefort's Institutions of Botany," and abridged Barrelier's work upon the plants of France, Spain, and Italy; he was likewise the author of a Discourse on the Progress of Botany." B. at Lyons, 1686; D. 1759.0 JUSSIEU, Bernard de, brother of the above, distinguished himself as an able physician and botanist. He became professor and demonstrator in the Royal Garden, and was chosen a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and of several foreign societies. He published an edition of Tournefort's "History of Plants in the Environs of Paris," and was the author JUSSIEU, Joseph de, brother of the preceding, JUSSIEU, Antoine Laurent de, a celebrated French botanist, nephew of the preceding, was the greatest philosopher of his family, and author of the "Natural System of Botany." He went to Paris, in 1765, to complete his studies, under the direction of his uncle Bernard. In 1770 he took the degree of doctor of medicine, and was soon afterwards chosen professor of botany in the Royal Garden. In 1789, he published his great work, the "Genera Plantarum," in which, for the first time, the whole vegetable kingdom was arranged according to a natural classification. He subsequently filled many important scientific posts in Paris, and continued till his eighty-eighth year to dictate valuable memoirs on the science of botany. The great work of Jussieu, in an improved and amended form, is one of the chief text-books on botany, not only in France but in England. B. at Lyons, 1748; D. at Paris, 1836. JUSSIEU, Adrien de, son of the above, was educated for the medical profession, but devoted himself to the science which his father had so greatly benefited. In 1826 he succeeded his father as professor of botany; and, although he wrote no large work on the science, he contributed a great number of valuable memoirs relative to it to the scientific annals of France. He also contributed to the "Natural History" of Milne-Edwards. He was a member, and afterwards president, of the French Academy of Sciences. B. at Paris, 1797; D. at the same place, 1853. JUSTEL, Christopher, zhoos'-tel, counsellor and secretary to the king of France, published "The Code of Canons of the Universal Church," and the "Councils of Africa, with Notes;" and "The Genealogical History of the House of Auvergne." B. at Paris, 1580; D. 1649. JUSTEL, Henry, son of the above, and his successor as counsellor and secretary, was a man of learning and liberality, and so partial to England that he sent his father's MSS. to the university of Oxford, which learned body complimented him in return with the degree of LL.D. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he went to London, and was appointed keeper to the king's library. B. 1620; D. 1693. JUSTI, John Henry Gottlieb von, yoos'-te, a German mineralogist, who devoted himself with assiduity to the study of mineralogy, and acquired such knowledge therein as to be named member of the Council of Mines. He afterwards became professor of political economy and natural hisalogy and on Money, for some free remarks in tory at Göttingen. He wrote treatises on Minerwhich, on the states of Prussia and Wirtemberg, he was confined for a considerable time in the castle of Breslau. He had projected a German Encyclopædia, and wrote some pamphlets against JUSTINIANI, Bernard, yoos'-teen-e-a'-ne, a Veneeminent naturalists. B. about 1705; D. 1771. tian noble, was sent as ambassador to Louis XI. Kames enthedral being destroyed by lightning in 1218. he retired to a monastery, where he wrote his "Chronicle of the Polish Kingdom." KAMES, Lord. (See HOME, Henry.) KANABIS, Constantine, kan'-a-ris, a celebrated Greek mariner, who, in the Grecian war of independence, signalized himself by conducting the fire-ships into the Turkish fleet. In 1524 he burnt a Turkish frigate at Samos, and a corvette in the port of Mitylene; after which he served under the Greek admiral as captain. In 1825 he attempted to destroy the squadron of Melemet Ali, as it lay in the port of Alex andria preparing to embark troops for the Morea; but the fire-ships, driven back by a contrary wind, burnt themselves out in the open sea, doing no injury to the enemy. In 1827 he represented Ipsara in the Greek National Assembly; subsequently he commanded the Greek fleet, but on the assassination of the president in 1831, he resigned, and retired into private life. He was nominated minister of marine and president of the council in 1848-49. but again retired in 1855. He has been called the "Themistocles of Modern Greece," and Victor Hugo has popularized his daring deeds in verse. At the revolution in 1862, he became a member of the provisional government formed after the expulsion of King Otho. KANDLER, John Joachim, kan'-dler, master modeller in the porcelain manufactory at Meissen, executed many beautiful figures, particularly of the apostle Paul and the Death of St. Xavier. B. in Saxony, 1706; D. 1776. Kant Society of the same city, and of the Paris societies of Pharmacy and Medical Chemistry. In 1830-31 he published an essay on the "Pa thological Condition of the Fluids in Typhes Fever," which gained the prize offered by I. Graves; and the "Elements of Practical Phy macy."" The following year he received the degree of M.D. from Trinity College, Dublin; and in 1841 became fellow of the Irish Colleze of Physicians. In 1844 he published a work en "The Industrial Resources of Ireland," which excited considerable interest at the time. He was subsequently employed by government, in conjunction with Professors Lindley and Taylor, to investigate the cause of the potato disease in Ireland; but the labours of these gentlemen have been pronounced unsuccessful. The lord-licu tenant of Ireland, in 1816, bestowed upon him the order of knighthood. He afterwards aided in the formation of the Museum of Irish Industry, and published several works on the application of chemistry to agriculture and manufactures In 1818 he became president of Queen's Cu lege, Cork. B. at Dublin, 1810. KANG-HI, king'-hi, emperor of China, se ceeded Choun-tehi, founder of the Mantelou dynasty, in 1639. He had a great love for the arts and sciences of the Europeans, and liberally patronized the missionaries; but, though be was fond of geography, and directed the construction of maps and charts, he would suffer none to be laid before him unless China was represented therein as the middle of the world. He was a voluminous writer, and composed, among other works, "Maxims for State Ge vernment," and "Moral Instructions for my Son." D. 1693. KANE, Elisha Kent, kain, an American traveller, who, after concluding his education at the medical college of Pennsylvania, was appointed, in 1843, assistant surgeon in the KANT, Emmanuel, kant, an eminent Pruss an United States navy, and accompanied the first philosopher. His father, who was a saddier, American embassy to China. He afterwards was descended from a Scotch family, the name visited the Philippines, Ceylon, and travelled of which was spelt Cant; but it was altered by into the interior of India. At Java his tra- the philosopher to Kant. He received his edu velling companion, Baron Loë, a Prussian, cation at the Gymnasium, and afterwards at died of fatigue. Dr. Kane subsequently visited the university of Königsberg. On the comple Egypt and explored the Nile as far up as the tion of his studies, he became tutor in a clergy frontiers of Nubia; he walked completely over man's family, and afterwards in that of a nos Greece, and, after a short sojourn in the United man, on quitting which he returned to the States, set out for the coast of Africa, pene- university, and subsisted by teaching private trating to the slave-markets of Whydah. Pros- pupils. In 1755 he obtained the degree of trated by fever, caught in that country, he M.A., and, commencing as public lecturer, ob returned in an enfeebled condition of health to tained a number of scholars. He then became his native land. He next served with the so prolific a writer, that it is impossible, wila American army against Mexico, and experienced these limits, to give a complete list of his pullmany fatigues and dangers throughout the lientions in Natural and Metaphysical Philo campaign. In 1850 he accompanied the first sophy. Among his chief productions may be American expedition, despatched by Mr. Grin-named, a treatise on the "Theory of the nell, a merchant of New York, in search of Sir John Franklin, and four years afterwards published "A Personal Narrative of the Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin." In 1853 he was appointed to the command of a second expedition to the Arctic regions, for the same purpose, and was absent two years. In 1856 he published the results of his second voyage, under the title of "Arctic Explorations." The Royal Geographical Society of London bestowed upon him its large gold medal, B. at Philadelphia, 1822; D. at Ha-tremely refined and obscure. His principles vanna, 1857. KANE, Sir Robert, M.D., a distinguished Irish chemist and writer on medicine, after being educated for the profession of medicine, became professor of chemistry to the Apo thecaries' Hall of Dublin, and was subsequently clected member of the Medico-Chirurgical Winds;" "Sketch of Physical Geography;" "New Principles of Motion and Rest:" "Es amination of the Prize Question, whether the Earth, in turning round its Axis, by which the Succession of Day and Night was prodce d had undergone any Change since its Orizin? what were the Causes of it, and how we coll be assured of it?" and on Volcanoes in the Moon. But it was in metaphysics that h chiefly excelled, and upon which he published a prodigious number of works, which are es attracted considerable attention in Germa1⁄4, obtained many followers, and, although tacked by several writers, continue to eXETESO great influence still. One of his best known works is the "Critic of Pure Reason," which has been translated into English. B. at Könige* berg, 1724; D. 1804, Latterly he almost exclusively devoted his time to horticultural and rural pursuits. D. at Paris, 1508. KARSLAKE, Sir John Burgess, kars'-laik, was called to the bar in 1913, and became solicitorgeneral under Lord Derby, in 1566,and attorneygeneral in 1867. B. near Northmolton, North Devon. KARAJICH, OF KARADSCHITSCH, Vuk Stephanovitch, ka-ra-jik, an eminent Servian writer, the collector of the national ballads of his country, and compiler of a Servian dictionary. During the attempt of the Servians to throw off the Turkish yoke, he acted as secretary to several chiefs of his country, but, after 1913, devoted himself to collecting the ballads of Servia, writing a grammar of the language, KATER, Captain Henry, kai'-ter, an English and otherwise benefiting literature. His col-mathematician, who, although holding a mililection of Servian national songs is said not to tary commission, devoted his life to science. He be inferior to the Scottish or Spanish. These commenced his researches in physical science have been published at Vienna in several with two papers "On the Light of the Cassevolumes; and Dr. Bowring has translated a grainian Telescope compared with that of the small portion of them, under the title of Gregorian." He subsequently made several "Servian Popular Poetry." He compiled a valuable experiments on pendulums and other Servian grammar, translated the New Testa astronomical apparatus, and published two ment into Servian, made a collection of Servian essays on the "Construction and Adjustment of proverbs, and edited a volume of "National the New Standard of Weights and Measures of Tales." He was a member of the Societies of Great Britain." A large number of scientific Göttingen, Berlin, and Vienna, and received treatises were also contributed by him to the a pension from the emperor of Russia. B. at "Transactions" of the Royal and other learned Trshich, in Turkish Servia, 1787. Societies. B. at Bristol, 1777; D. in London, 1835. KABAMSIN, Nicholai Michaelovitch, ka'-ramsin, an eminent Russian author, who, after completing his education at Moscow, served as an officer in the Russian guards; but, between the years 1789-91, travelled in Germany, France, and England, an a count of his tour being pub lished, with the title, "Letters of a Travelling Russian." Returning to Russia, he commenced his literary career by establishing the "Moscow Journal," and afterwards published several works, original and translated. His great work, the "History of the Russian Empire," he left incomplete at his death; but the book had an unprecedented popularity, being found everywhere throughout the empire, from the noble's palace to the peasant's hut. He also wrote several poetical pieces of great merit. The emperor Alexander I. made him a state councillor, and conferred upon luin the order of St. Anne. B. 1765; D. 1926. KARA-YOUSOUF, voo'-soof, the first prince of the Turcoman dynasty, called the "Black Sheep," because they bore an effigy of that animal on their banners, conquered Armenia; but was forced by Tamerlane to flee into Egypt. After Tamerlane's death, Yousouf returned, and overran part of Mesopotamia and Georgia. He was pursuing his conquests when he died near Tauris, in 1420. KATONA, Stephen, ka-to'-na, an Hungarian historian, who was professor of poetry and rhetoric in the university of Buda, and wrote the "History of Hungary," in Latin, in forty-one volumes. This work is the standard authority on the subject, and its value is greatly enhanced by the bibliographical notices it contains of Hungarian authors. B. in Hungary, 1732; D. 1811. KAUFFMANN, Maria, Angelica, kouf-man, an eminent female artist, was the daughter of a Swiss painter, who from her earli st years instructed her in his art. At eleven years of age she drew portraits; after wandering in Italy for several years, she went to London, in 1766, where she was made one of the original thirtysix members of the Royal Academy. A story, which does not appear to be authentic, relates that she was, while at the height of her reputation in England, cheated into a marriage with an impostor, who represented himself as Count Horn, a Swedish nobleman. She returned to Italy in 1782, after her marriage to Zucchi. Her paintings, characterized by nobleness and grace, are somewhat deficient in drawing. There is a large allegorical painting by her in the National Gallery, called "Religion attended by the Graces." B. at Chur, in the Grisons, 1742; D. at Rome, 1807. KARR, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, kar, a dis- KAULBACH, Wilhelm, koul-bak, a celebrated tinguished French novelist, who, after being German artist, was the son of a goldsmith, employed as teacher in the College Bourbon, and was at first apprenticed to that trade, but at Paris, commenced his literary carcer, in 1832, evincing great talent for drawing, he was, after with the publication of a novel entitled "Sous some opposition, allowed to study in the Dusselles Tilleuls," which at once became exceedingly dorf Academy, under Cornelius, who was so popular. He subsequently wrote "An Hour delighted with his pupil, that when he was too Late," "F Sharp," "The Alain Family," and himself solicited to paint a grand series of fresmany other works, all excellent, and extensively coes in Munich, he requested the assistance of read. He is best known in England by his "Tour Kaulbach. The young artist went to Munich in round my Garden," which has been translated, 1825, and painted there six allegorical frescoes. and several times reprinted. He was also He exhibited his first unaided work of art, editor and proprietor of various periodicals."Irrenhaus," in 1829. When his great ability In 1814, having published some sarcastic remarks upon a certain poetess, the lady waited in concealment near the critic's house, and, on his emerging into the street, wounded him with a poniard. The affair created much excitement at the time, but Karr took no steps to gain redress for the outrage. The poniard was afterwards hung up in his study, with the following inscription under it: Presented by Madame, to Alphonse Karr-in the back.” became recognised, he was employed to decorate the new palace of Munich with designs in fresco and encaustic. He embellished the throne. room, the queen's apartment, the drawing-room, and the state bed-room. His greatest work in oil is "The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus." In his later years he worked almost exclusively at portrait-painting. Kaulbach also drew a very large number of thoughtful and elegant designs for books, and his illustrations to |