Macaulay

India: in this affair his lordship was slightly wounded. In 1792 he was selected to proceed on his most remarkable employment, namely, the embassy to the emperor of China, which mission occupied nearly three years. After his return, he was created an earl of Great Britain. He wrote a "Sketch of the Political History of Ireland," and a "Journal of the Embassy to China," B. near Belfast, 1737; D. at Chiswick,

1806.

MACAULAY, Catherine, ma-kaw-lai, an English historian, whose principal works were, "The History of England from James I. to the Accession of the House of Hanover;" once very popular, but now considered worthless; "The History of England from the Revolution;" "Letters on Education;" and "Observations on the Reflections of Mr. Burke on the French Revolution." B. in Kent, 1733; D. 1791. MACAULAY, Zachary, F.R.S., a zealous cooperator with Mr. Wilberforce and other philanthropists in the abolition of slavery in the British colonies; to which end he devoted his eminent talents and best energies for upwards of forty years. He was the father of Lord Macaulay. B. 1763; D. 1838.

Macbride

secretary of the Board of Control for India, and thus secured his talents for the service of the Whigs. In 1834 he went to India as a member of the Supreme Council; and having, in two years and a half made a considerable addition to his for tune, he came back to England to acquire fame. For a few years he pursued both politics and let ters, representing Edinburgh in the House of Commons, and writing articles for the "Edin burgh Review." A quarrel with his constituents broke his connexion with the House of Commons, and restored him to literature. It is true, the citizens of Edinburgh again chose him as their representative in 1852; but he was little more than a nominal member, for he only spoke once or twice, and then on questions of no public moment. During the last twelve years of his life, his time had been almost solely occupied with the "History of England," four volumes of which were completed and published, and a fifth left partly ready for the press, and which afterwards appeared. Although he was generally believed to be closely engaged with the continuation of his History, he tre quently turned aside for other literary tasks; such as the memoirs of Oliver Goldsmith, MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, Lord, a cele- William Pitt, and others, given-literally brated English historian, orator, essayist, and given, to Mr. Black for his edition of the poet, was the son of Zachary Macaulay, mentioned Encyclopædia Britannica." Besides the above. His mother, whose maiden name was "History" and the "Essays," he wrote a ev Mills, was the daughter of a Quaker, had been lection of beautiful ballads, including the wall a schoolmistress at Bristol, and been trained known "Lays of Ancient Rome." His paria under the care of the celebrated Hannah More.mentary and miscellaneous speeches have als His father's sister, having been the wife of been given to the world in a more access ble Thomas Babington, a merchant, the future his- form than in the pages of Hansard. In 1819 be torian received those names at the baptismal was elected lord rector of the University of font. From his birth he exhibited signs of su-Glasgow; and about the same time became a periority and genius, and, more especially, of that power of memory which startled every one by its quickness, flexibility, and range. While he was yet a boy, he was in incessant request to "tell books" to his youthful companions; and at that early date he was in the habit of repeating and declaiming the longest "Arabian Night" as fluently as Schelezerade herself. A little later, he would recite one of Scott's novels, story, characters, and scenery, almost as well as though the book were in his hands. His household books were, however, the Bible and the "Pilgrim's Progress ;" and many a strong passage in his works of description or vituperation, sprinkled with biblical words, shows how familiar he had been with scriptural phraseology in early youth. From school he went to the university of Cambridge, where he earned reputation by his verses and his oratory, and by his youthful contributions to Charles Knight's "Quarterly Magazine." He graduated B.A. in 1822, and M.A. in 1826. He had already entered himself at Lincoln's Inn, and been called to the bar. His real entry into literature was through the gates of the "Edinburgh Review," his first effort being a brilliant essay on Milton. During twenty years this first contribution was followed by many others, some upon books, some upon lives of eminent men, of which the best were those on Hastings and Clive, original efforts of his genius working on new material, the gathering of his own eye and ear in the country which they so splendidly describe. His political career was commenced in 1830, under the auspices of Lord Lansdowne, who, seeing an article on the ballot by the young barrister, at once sought him out, and introduced him to Parliament as

bencher of Lincoln's Inn. In 1850 he was ap pointed honorary professor of ancient history in the Royal Academy; three years later, he wa rewarded with the Prussian order of Mer and, in 1857, his honours culminated in hs elevation to the peerage as Baron Macaulay. B. at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 1900; B. 1859, when his remains were consigned to the companionship of the glorious dead in West minster Abbey.

MACAULEY, Elizabeth Wright, a lady who in the several walks of actress, lecturer, and preacher of the gospel, was long well known both in London and the provinces. She quitted the stage on the plea of ill-health, and becaus the preacher at a chapel in the metropolis, she also occasionally entertained audiences with dramatic recitations; and delivered lectures of Domestic Philosophy" in various parts of England. B. 1785; D. 1837.

MACBETH, mak-beth', a usurper and tyrant of Scotland, in the 11th century, who murdered s kinsman Duncan at Inverness, and then si upon the throne. He also put to death Mat and Banquo, the most powerful men in dominions. Macduff next becoming the ch of his suspicions, he escaped into England; 4 the inhuman tyrant wreaked his vengeance his wife and children, whom he caused to be butchered. Macduff and Malcolm, son of Dun having obtained assistance from the Ench entered Scotland and forced Macbeth to retret into the Highlands, where he was soon fer wards slain in battle by Macduff. The a incidents are closely followed in Shakspear famous tragedy.

member for Calne. The government made him physician, was a surgeon in the navy uni MACBRIDE, David, mãt'-bride, a distinguished

D. 1778.

MAC CLENNAN, George, mik-klen-nan, a famous American general, who acquired considerable celebrity in the Civil War of 1861-1 between the Northern and Southern sections of the United States. He was educated at the American military academy of West Point, and served with distinction in the Mexican War of 1816-8. He was a member of the military commission sent by the United States government to the Crimea in 1855-6. He quitted the army in 1857, but received a commission as majorgeneral of volunteers at the commencement of the civil war. He succeeded General Mac Dowell in the command of the army of the Potomac in July, 1861, and was appointed in the following November commander-in-chief in room of General Scott. Failing to take Richmond, which was defended with consummate skill by General Robert Lee, he was superseded by General Halleck. Soon after the drawn battle of Antietam, MacClellan gave up the command of the army of the Potomac to General Burnside. He was nominated for the presidency in opposition to Abraham Lincoln in 1861, and soon after, in the same year, again resigned his commission. B. at Philadelphia, 1826.

Macdonald

after completing his education, was licensed as a clergyman by the presbytery of Kelso, and was at once chosen as pastor by a congregation at Edinburgh. In 1812 he produced his Life of John Knox," a work popular with the educated, no less than the uneducated classes of Scotland, marked as it is by great learning and research. He also wrote the "Life of Andrew Melvill," and a "History of the Reformation in Italy in the 16th Century." B. in Berwickshire, 1772: D. 1835.

MACCULLOCH, John Ramsay, mak'-kul-lok, an eminent statistical writer, who, soon after the commencement of the Edinburgh "Scotsman" newspaper, was employed upon its staff, and ultimately became editor of the same print. He likewise contributed a series of valuable articles to the "Edinburgh Review.” His most important labours were, however, the compilation of his Dictionaries of Commerce and Geography, and the publication of several works relative to political economy. For his services to literature, he received a pension of £200 per annum, and was appointed comptroller of the Stationery office. The titles of his best works are: "A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce, and Commercial Navigation;" "A Statistical Account of the British Empire;" "A Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical, of the various Countries, Places, and Principal Natural Objects in the World;" and a new edition of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations." B. in Scotland, about 1790.; D. 1864.

MACCULLOCH, Horatio, R.S.A., an eminent Scottish landscape painter, was named after Horatio Lord Nelson. He studied his art in MAC CLINTOCK, Sir Francis Leopold, mak- Glasgow and at Edinburgh, and first exhibited, klin'-tok, a distinguished officer of the British in 1829, a "View on the Clyde." In 1531 he navy, who was knighted for his services in the had in the Exhibition of the Scottish Academy Arctic regions, where, in 1857, he discovered no fewer than nine pictures. In misty and the remains of the expedition sent out under rainy moor scenes he excels more especially. Sir John Franklin. He was made a post-cap-In 1836 he was elected an associate of the tain in 1854. B. at Dundalk, Ireland, 1819.

Scottish Academy, and the following year reMACCLURE, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier, moved to Hamilton, to study the scenery of mak-klure', the discoverer of the north-west Cadzow-wood in that neighbourhood. While passage, was, at an early age, appointed mid- residing there he painted two of his most celeshipman on board the Victory. Having attained brated pieces, the "Highland Loch," and the rank of lieutenant in 1836, he volunteered "Loch-an-Eilan." In 1838, in which year he to serve in the exploring expedition then about was elected a member of the Scottish Academy, to be sent to the Arctic seas. In 181s he was he exhibited a "View in Cadzow Forest," which made first lieutenant in Sir John Ross's expe- was universally admired. In 1835 he went to dition in search of Sir John Franklin and his reside at Edinburgh; and after that time procrew, and, on returning to England in 1819, duced, among many other works, "Dream of was promoted to the grade of commander. In the Highlands," "Misty Countries," "Loch 1850 he again set out in search of Franklin, Achray," "Mist Rising off Mountains,"" Edinbeing appointed second in command of the ex-burgh from Dalmeny Park," &c. B. in Glasgow, pedition under Captain Collinson. The Inves- 1806; D. 1867. tigator, MacClure's ship, parted from the Enterprise, commanded by Captain Collinson, in a gale, in the Straits of Magellan, and they never met again. The Enterprise was unable to enter Behring's Straits, and bore away to Hong-Kong to pass the winter; but MacClure succeeded in getting through, and reached Kotzebue Sound. Beset by ice, he struggled onward, doubled Capes Bathurst and Parry, and, finally, sailing up Prince of Wales Straits, penetrated into Barrow Straits: that is to say. into the Atlantic Ocean: thus discovering, in 1850, the long-sought north-west passage. On his return to England, he was knighted, and received a reward of £5,000 for his services. B. at Wexford, Ireland, 1807.

MACCRIE,Thomas, muk-kre', a Scottish writer on ecclesiastical history and polemics, who,

MACDONALD, John, F.R.S., mük-don'-ald, only son of the celebrated Flora Macdonald, who so materially assisted in the escape of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1746, passed many years in the service of the East India Company, and attained the rank of captain in the corps of engineers on the Bengal establishment. On his return home, he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the royal Clan Alpine regiment, and commandant of the royal Edinburgh artillery. He was a voluminous writer on military science, his productions on that subject, however, being chiefly translations from the French. They include "The Experienced Officer," "Rules and Regulations for the Field Exercise and Manœuvres of Infantry," "Instructions for the Conduct of Infantry on Actual Service," &c. Besides these he produced, in 1808, a "Treatise

Macdonald

on Telegraphic Communication, Naval, Military, and Political;" and, in 1816, a "Telegraphic Dictionary," extending to 150,000 words, phrases, and sentences. B. 1759; D. 1831. MACDONALD, Etienne, Duke of Tarentum and Marshal of France, who was descended from a Scotch family long settled in France, distinguished himself at the battle of Gemappes, and served under General Pichegru in the Low Countries. He crossed the Waal on the ice, under a severe fire, a signal feat of bravery, which resulted in the capture of the Dutch fleet. He was then appointed general of division. In 1798 he was named governor of Rome; subsequently he made a clever retreat before the superior forces of Suwarrow. Having fallen into disgrace for his defence of General Moreau, he remained for a long time without employment; but in 1809 Napoleon I. gave him the command of a division. He performed signal service at the battle of Wagram, and was honoured with the grade of marshal of the empire, and subsequently became duke of Tarentum. He also fought at Lutzen, Bantzen, and Leipsic. After the abdication of Napoleon, he was nominated a member of the Chamber of Peers. In 1816 he became grand chancellor of the Legion of Honour. B. 1765; D. 1810.

MACDOWELL, Irvin, mak-dow-ell, a general of the United States army, who was defeated at Bull Run by the Confederate general, Beauregard, in 1861.

Mackenzie

1792-93. In 1798 he was dispatched to cornmand the Neapolitan army against the French. Being defeated by Macdonald and taken prisoner, he was sent to Paris, whence he made his escape, and returned to Austria. In 1805 he assumed command in Bavaria, but was compelled to surrender, with his army of 30,000 men, to Napoleon. For this he was condemned to death; but the sentence was commuted to im prisonment in the fortress of Spielberg, where he remained during two years. B. in Franconia, 1752; D. at Vienna, 1829.

B. in Ohio, about 1818. MACDOWELL, Patrick, R.A., an Irish sculptor of considerable eminence, who, in his youth, was apprenticed to a coachbuilder, but ultimately turned his attention to making models of the human figure. He soon obtained many commissions for busts. His first work that brought him prominently into notice was the "Girl Reading," executed in marble and exhibited in 1839. Shortly after this he became an A.R.A., and was made R.A. in 1846. Among his later works is the group of Europa, for the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park. B. in Belfast, Ireland, 1799.

MACKENZIE, Sir George, må-ken'-se, an emai nent Scottish lawyer and man of letters, studied at the universities of Aberdeen and St. An drews, and subsequently at Bourges, where he specially devoted himself to mastering the principles of civil law. On his return to his native country, he was called to the bar, speedily rose into position as a pleader, at the same time paying attention to literature, and in 1660 published his "Aretina; or, The Serious Romance," exhibiting a gay and luxuriant fancy. In 1661, he defended the Marquis of Argyle, who had been arraigned for high treason, in 80 bold and free a manner as to evoke a rebuke from the bench, on which he retorted that was impossible to plead for a traitor without speaking treason." He was shortly afterward raised to the bench, however; and in 166, published his "Religio Laiei; or, Short Dis courses upon several Divine and Moral Subjects, with a Friendly Address to the Fanatics of all Sorts;" which was followed, in 1665, by an essay in praise of Solitude. His subsequent works were-"Moral Gallantry," in which he maintained that men should be virtuous on the point of honour, apart from all other coff siderations, as there is nothing so mean and unworthy of a gentleman as vice; "Moral History of Frugality;" and "Reason," an essay. He was also the author of a play, and a poem called "Cælia's Counting-house and Closet," some passages of which were imitated by Pope. He was returned to Parliament for MACGILLIVRAY, William, mak-gil'-liv-rai, an Ross-shire about 1670; in 1674 was made eminent Scotch naturalist, who rose to be pro- king's advocate, became one of the lords of the fessor of civil and natural history in Marischal privy council in Scotland, and was knighted College, Aberdeen. Among the principal of Sir George resigned on the abrogation of the his larger works may be mentioned " History penal laws by James II., but was shortly after of British Birds," "History of British Quad-wards restored to his post, which he continand rupeds," and "Natural History of Dee-side.' D. at Aberdeen, 1852.

MACHIAVELLI, Niccolo, mak'-e-a-rail-le, a celebrated Italian politician and writer, who came of a poor but old family of the Florentine republic, and became secretary and historiographer of the republic of Florence, an office he lost in 1512, when the Medici family reentered the city. A year afterwards he was accused of being concerned in a conspiracy against the Medici, and was put to the torture. He, however, declared that he had nothing to confess, and was subsequently released, according to a pardon sent from Rome by Leo X. He resided during several years in privacy, and occupied himself with the composition of most of his many works. In 1521 he was employed by the Medici on several important missions. He wrote, among other works, a political treatise, entitled "The Prince." B. at Florence, 1469; D. 1527.

MACK, Charles, Baron von, mak, a celebrated Austrian general, who served with distinction in the Low Countries against the French, in

1

to hold till the Revolution, when he gave up a his public employments, and went to England, where he devoted himself to study, at Oxford and in London. Besides the works already mentioned, Sir George was the author of several books on legal subjects, all held in high estim tion in their day, but which it is unnecessary to enumerate here. B. at Dundee, 1636, D. London, 1691. In his judicial capacity, he was rigid and severe in administering the law, 113 enforcing the doctrine of passive obedience, and in consequence obtained from the Covenanters the epithets of the "Bloodthirsty advocate," and "Persecutor of the saints of God”,

MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander, a celebrated traveller, who emigrated to Canada whit a young man, and resided for eight years at the head of the Athabasca Lake, to the west of Hudson's Bay. He was afterwards dispat bed on an exploring expedition, discovered the great river known by his name, and reached the Northern Ocean in lat. 69. In 1792, he a set out on a journey, the object of which was to reach the Pacific. He succeeded in this enta

Mackenzie

prise, and returned in safety. A narrative of his expeditions was published by himself, in 1801, under the title of "Voyages from Montreal on the River St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans." For his services he was knighted about the year 1802. D. in Scotland, about 1760; D. 1820.

Maclaurin

of Commons, where, though not eminent as a parliamentary debater, he nevertheless distinguished himself by several great oratorical efforts, on important and special questions, such as Roman Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery, municipal and parliamentary reform, and the amelioration of the criminal code. In 1818 he became professor of law and MACKENZIE, Henry, a Scottish writer, was general politics at the East India College, one of the attorneys of the Scottish Court of Haileybury, an appointment he retained with Exchequer. He afterwards went to London, much advantage to the students until the year where, in 1771, he published his first and best 1824. It was expected that when the Whigs novel, "The Man of Feeling." He subse- came into power, in 1830, Sir James Mackinquently wrote "The Man of the World," and tosh would be appointed to an important office; "Julia de Roubigné," and edited, in succession, but, like Burke and Sheridan, he was destined two papers on the model of the "Spectator," to experience the slight which that party so called the "Mirror" and the "Lounger." He often puts upon merely able men, who have no likewise produced several plays, and a volume "connexions" of a patrician nature. The only of dramatic works translated from the German. appointment his party could give him was that In 1804 he obtained the appointment of comp-of" Commissioner for the Affairs of India," a troller of taxes for Scotland, in recognition of post which, 18 years before, he had declined at his services to the Tory party. In the later years the hands of the Tories. On the Reform Bill of his long life, he contributed nothing to lite- he made an extraordinary speech, but, his health rature. B. at Edinburgh, 1715; D. 1831. failing, he never again took a prominent part in debate. For many years he had entertained the intention of writing a History of England; and after his return from India, conmenced the preliminary labour of collecting materials for the great task. But his political employments, combined with his love of social enjoyment, left him no time to carry out his project. His Essays in the "Edinburgh Review," indeed, appear to have been a species of compromise made with his own conscience, for abandoning a duty he had imposed upon himself. After his death, his "History of the Revolution in England in 1689" was published. It was but a fragment of the great work, but a fine philosophical one, nevertheless. He also wrote a brief survey of English literature, and a life of Sir Thomas More, for Lardner's “Cyclopædia;" and a "Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy," for the "Encyclopædia Britannica." His "Miscellaneous Works" were published in 3 vols. B. at Aldourie, near Inverness, 1765; D. 1832.

MACKINTOSH, Sir James, mak'-in-tosh, an eminent lawyer and writer, at first studied medicine, and obtained his diploma as physician; but having a most decided inclination towards politics and the law, he acted for some time as foreign correspondent of the "Oracle" newspaper, and afterwards set to work vigorously to qualify himself for practice at the bar. In 1791 he completed his "Vindiciae Gallicæ," wherein he defended the principles of the French revolution against Burke. This work, which was highly successful, led to his becoming acquainted with Fox, Sheridan, and other leading Whigs; but although he gave much of his time to politics, he did not neglect his legal studies. In 1795 he was called to the bar. In 1799 he produced his "Introductory Discourse," relative to international law, a work which attracted towards him the notice of the highest men in the kingdom. About the same time he was granted the use of Lincoln's Inn Hall, for the purpose of delivering therein a course of lectures "On the Law of Nature and Nations." MACKLIN, Charles, mak'-lin, a comedian and His success was triumphant; he obtained "an dramatic writer, whose real name was Macauditory such as was never seen on a similar laughlin, which he altered to Macklin. He occasion. All classes were there represented; became a performer in the Lincoln's Inn comlawyers, members of Parliament, men of letters, pany in 1725, and not long after was tried for and country gentlemen, crowded to hear him.' killing another player in a quarrel, and found His political opinions next un lerwent consider-guilty of manslaughter. His features were so able modification, and, applying himself more energetically to his profession, he soon began to acquire the reputation of an eloquent counsel. His speech during the action brought against M. Peltier, a French royalist, for a libel on Bonaparte, excited the greatest admiration, and, despite the efforts of the First Consul, was extensively read in France, in a translation made by Madame de Staël. In 1804 he went to India, having received the recordership of Bombay, and been knighted on the occasion. As an Indian judge, his administration was characterized by humanity and wisdom. While in the East Indies, he founded the Literary Society of Bombay, and produced a plan for forming a comparative vocabulary of the Indian New Translation of the Epistles." In 1772 languages. On his return to England, he was he became one of the ministers of Edinburgh. offered a seat in Parliament, with a prospect of He was occupied nearly thirty years in the high employment, by Mr. Perceval; a proposal execution of his "New Translation from the which, together with those made later by Can- Greek of all the Apostolical Epistles," with ning and Lord Liverpool, he respectfully de-commentaries and notes. B. 1721; D. 1800. clined. In 1813, however, he entered the House MACLAURIN, Colin, mäk-law'-rin, an eminent

strongly marked, that Quin exclaimed, “If God writes a legible hand, that fellow's a villain." His greatest character was Shylock, his performance of which drew from Mr. Pope this remarkable compliment:-

"This is the Jew

That Shakspore drew." Macklin wrote ten plays, two of which, "Love à la Mode," and "The Man of the World," possess considerable merit, and were frequently performed. B., it is said, in 1690; d. 1797.

MACKNIGHT, James, mak'-nite, a learned Scottish divine, was born at Irvine, in Ayrshire, and was ordained minister of Maybole, where he composed his "Harmony of the Gospels," and his

Madox

supposed that Madoc reached the American continent, as it is said there was a tribe of white Indians on the northern branches of the Missouri river who spoke the Welsh language.

MADOX, Thomas, mid-or, an English antiquary and historiographer royal, who published, in 1702, a "Collection of Ancient Charters and Instruments of divers kinds, taken from the Originals, from the Conquest to the Reign of Henry VIII." In 1711 appeared his "History and Antiquities of the Exchequer," which was reprinted in 1769. His last work was the "Firma Burgi; or, Historical Essay concerning the Cities, Towns, and Boroughs of England."

Magnentius

His contributions to science were very numerous his "Elements of Physiology" was a standard text-book, during many years, in France, Ger many, and England. He pointed o it that nonnitrogenous substances were devoid of nutrition; proved that the veins were organs of absorption; that strychnia acts upon the spinal cord, and destroys the nerves of respiration by paralysis; that prussic acid was a remedy for certain forms of cough; and finally, like Sir Charles Bell, demonstrated the precise functions of the spinal nerves. He wrote and contrionted to various medical works. B. 1783; p. 183.

MAGENTA, DUKE OF. (See MAC MAHON.) MAGINN, William, LL.D., ma'-gin, one of the most fertile and versatile writers of modern times, under the tuition of his father, made such rapid progress that he was enabled to enter Trinity College, Dublin, when only ten years of age. Having tried his powers as an auther by contributing various papers to the literary Gazette," an 1, under a feigned name, to “Black wood's Magazine," he settled for nearly three years in Edinburgh; and continued to enrich the pages of "Blackwood" with much wit, dequence, learning, and fun, under the psenonym of "Sir Morgan O'Doherty." He visited Loran for the first time in 1823, and settling thire, wrote so much, and for such a variety of works, that an enumeration of his productions is m

MECENAS, Caius Cilnius, me-se'-nas, the intimate friend of Augustus, and so liberal a patron of men of letters, that his name has been immortalised in consequence; and it was chiefly through him that Virgil and Horacewere enabled to devote themselv to poetry. According to Horace, he was descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. Augustus, one day, being engaged in the administration of justice, and exhibiting an inclination to be over-severe in his judgments, Mæcenas threw him a paper on which were the words: "Come down from the tribunal, thou butcher!" with which admonition the emperor was so struck, that he at once quitted the judgment-seat without passing on the criminals before him thesentence of death he had intended. Virgil and Horace have both impossible here. Besides his labours as a cunmortalised Maecenas in their works. He distinguished himself also in the field, particularly at the battles of Modena and Philippi. When Augustus and Agrippa went to Sicily, Mecenas had the administration of the government. He wrote some tragedies and other works, which are lost. D. 8 B.C.

MAGALHAENS, Commonly, but erroneously, called MAGELLAN, Ferdinand, ma-gel-lan, a famous Portuguese navigator. In 1510 he served under Albuquerque, and distinguished himself by his bravery, and by his exact knowledge of the Indian seas. On his return to Portugal he aspired to the rank of commander, but being disappointed, entered the service of the emperor Charles V., who gave him the command of a fleet, with which, in 1520, he discovered the straits called by his name, at the extremity of South America; after which he took possession of the Philippine islands, in the name of the king of Spain. He was slain at those islands in a skirmish with the natives, in 1521. Of this expedition, only one vessel, with eighteen meu, returned to Europe.

MAGEE, William, ma-gee', a learned Irish prelate and theological writer, was born in humble life, and admitted as sizar at Dublin university. He was soon distinguished for his scholastic attainments; and in 1806 became a senior fellow of Trinity College, and professor of mathematics. In 1801 he published "Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines of the Atonement and Sacrifice," a work directed against the tenets of the Unitarians. In 1818 he was advanced to the deanery of Cork; in 1819 was consecrated bishop of Raphoe; and, in 1822, translated to the see of Dublin. B. 1767; D. 1831. MAGENDIE, François, ma-zhen'-de, a celebrated French physician and physiologist, who, after a brilliant career as a student, became, in 1818, a physician to the Hôtel Dieu. He was elected member of the Academy of Sciences in 1819, and, in 1831, obtained the appointment of professor of anatomy in the College of France.

tributor to periodicals of various kinds, he devoted a considerable part of his time to politics, and, about the year 1922, he became sub-editor of the "Standard," in which tis newspaper talents and learning made him a formidable antagonist to the Liberals, and gare a proportionate degree of influence. Whe thus engaged, and while writing numerous lati papers for publications, he also contributed voluminously to “Fraser's Magazine," in which he wrote a caustic review of a “fashionable" novel, entitled "Berkeley Castle." The author, the Hon. Grantley Berkeley, took offence, and in company with a friend, committed a viciene assault upon Mr. Fraser. Aroused by this illtreatment of his friend and publisher, Dr. Maginn offered the offended author satisfaction, and a hostile meeting took place accorcuy. The duel proved a bloodless one, but it was very near having a different result, as the docter was hit on the heel of his boot, and his opponent on the collar of his coat. In the later years of Lis life, Dr. Maginn was involved in sericus peerniary difficulties, which arose, however, net, as is affirmed, from self-indulgence, but from his indiscriminate kindness to others. Let & among the learned, witty among the way, gentle and unassuming as a child among men of ability, Magiun was crushing in his sarcast scorn against all whom he deemed enerates of the constitution. B. at Cork, 17.3; D. 1812

MAGLIABECCHI, Antonio, aug'-ye-a-base -kv. a learned Italian, who acquired such a store di knowledge as to be appointed librarian to the grand-duke of Tuscany. He corresponded with most of the learned men in Europe, and astenishing things, bordering on the marvela 8 are told of his memory. His delight was whdy in books and manuscripts, and he refused pré ferment and riches. An old cloak served ha for a garment by day and a covering by neit He had one straw chair for his table, and atstat to sleep on. B. at Florence, 1633; D. 1714

MAGNENTIUS, mag-nen'-she-ne, a German, a bo