Martineau Marvell MARTYN, Thomas, F.R.S., an eminent antiquarian and natural philosopher, the son of the preceding, born at Chelsea, was educated at Cambridge, and, on his father's resignation in 1761, succeeded to the botanical professorship, which he held for 64 years, together with valuable church preferment. His philosophical writings by which he is most generally known, arc, "Plantæ Cantabrigienses," "Herbationes Cantabrigienses," "The English Connoisseur," "The Antiquities of Herculaneum," "Elements of Natural History," "Flora Rustica," and an enlarged edition of "Miller's Gardener's Dictionary." B. 1736; D. 1825. MARTYR, Peter, mar-tir, an Italian diplo matist, who was employed by Ferdinand V., king of Castile and Aragon, in the education of his children. He also obtained some ecclesiastical benefices, and wrote a history of the discovery of America, in Latin; also a curious relation of his embassy to Egypt, in 1500, and a collection of letters relating to the history of Spain. B. 1455; D. 1523. published some pamphlets on the subject, and of the plants about London. He co-operated took out patents for sewer-pipes, &c. At one time, with Dillenus in forming a society of botanists, his services were eagerly sought by publishers which continued till 1726. About this time he as an illustrator of books; and for one set of read botanical lectures in Londou, and on the drawings-those made for an edition of Milton's death of Bradley was chosen professor of botany poems-he is said to have been paid 2000 at Cambridge. He became, in 1727, a member guineas. B. in Northumberland, 1789; D. 1854. of the Royal Society. He practised physic in MARTINEAU, Harriet, mar-te-no, an eminent the city, and afterwards at Chelsea, but, in modern authoress, was descended from a family 1752, retired to Streatham. His principal works were several treatises in Latin on botany; a of French extraction, which, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, commenced and Translation of the Georgics and Bucolics of carried on, during several generations, the busi- Virgil, with notes; translation of Boerhaave's In treatise on the Powers of Medicine; Harris on ness of silk-manufacturers at Norwich. carly youth she displayed great earnestness of the Diseases of Infants; and an abridgment of character, and an unremitting eagerness to Philosophical Papers from the Memoirs of the acquire knowledge. Her talent for literary com- Academy of Sciences at Paris. B. in London, position was also very decided. Her father be- 1699; D. 1768. coming embarrassed in his commercial affairs, Harriet, the sixth of eight children, resolved to support herself by literature. She commenced accordingly by publishing, in the year 1823, a volume of "Devotions for Young People," which was succeeded by her "Christmas Day" and "The Friend," in the two following years. Some tales and tracts occupied her pen up to 1830, when she published a more ambitious work entitled "Traditions of Palestine." About the same time she gained the prizes offered by the British and Foreign Unitarian Association for three tracts on the "Introduction and Promotion of Christian Unitarianism among the Roman Catholics, the Jews, and Mohammedans." Her next efforts were the "Illustrations of Political Economy," which, although they had been rejected by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and several publishers, proved a most decided success. "Illustrations of Taxation" and "Poor-Law and Paupers" appeared next, and in 1837 she gave to the world her "Society in America," which was the result "Deerbrook" of a visit to the United States. and "The Hour and the Man," were the subsequent productions of her pen; but, although two excellent novels, they did not attain great popularity. Between the years 1839-41, her health was exceedingly delicate; but, on her recovery, she resumed the pen with her former energy, and produced "Life in the Sick Room," "Forest and Game-Law Tales," "The Billow and the Rock," and "Eastern Life, Past and Present," which last contained her travelling impressions of Syria and the Holy Land. Mr. Charles Knight having been compelled to relinquish the composition of the "History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace," Miss Martineau undertook the task, and was generally allowed to have produced a most interesting and valuable contribution to historical literature. She next published, in conjunction with Mr.Atkinson, a volume containing opinions relative to religious belief, which astonished the world by being directly opposite to those she had hitherto displayed. About 1856 she went to reside at a pleasant cottage she had built for herself at Ambleside. Her pen was next employed in the service of the "Westminster," and other reviews, and in occasional contributions to the daily and weekly press. Her last work of importance was a condensed reproduction of B. at Nor"Comte's Positive Philosophy." wich, 1802. MARTYN, John, mar'-tin, an eminent English botanist, who, in 1720, translated "Tournefort's History of the Plants growing about Paris," which induced him to make a similar catalogue MARTYR, Peter, a celebrated Protestant divine, whose family name was Vermigli; but his parents gave him that of Martyr, from one Peter, a martyr, whose church stood near their house. After receiving a private education, he entered an Augustine monastery at Fiesole. He became a distinguished preacher, and held an appointment in the cathedral of Naples, which he relinquished after reading the writings of Luther and other reformers. This change in his religious sentiments rendering it expedient for him to quit Italy, he went to Strasburg, where he married a nun, who, having adopted the principles of the Reformation, had fled from her convent. On the invitation of Edward VI. he went to England, and was made professor of divinity at Oxford, and canon of Christchurch. But in the succeeding reign he was obliged to leave the kingdom; on which he went to Switzerland. His wife died at Oxford, and, in the reign of Mary, her remains were taken up and buried beneath a dunghill; but when Queen Elizabeth Peter Martyr wrote came to the throne, they were honourably interred in Christchurch. some pieces against the errors of the church of Rome, and commentaries upon the Holy Scrip B. at Florence, 1500; D. at Zurich, 1562. ture. MARVELL, Andrew, mar-vel, an English poet and politician, who, at the age of thirteen, was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, and, in 1657, became assistant to Milton, as Latin secreIn the Parliament which met at the tary. Restoration, he was chosen to represent his native town. He distinguished himself by his integrity as a senator, and by his wit as a writer England. B. at Greenwich, 1516. MARY II., queen of England, the wife of W liam III., was the daughter of James II. by Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Clarencon At the age of 15 she was married to Villa, Prince of Orange, with whom she went to Eag land, in 1689. The same year, Parliament having declared the crown vacant by the abdication of James, conferred it upon William and Mary. She was of a meek disposition, and d not interfere in matters of government, exp when her husband was absent. (See WILLIAM III.) She died, without issue, of the small-po in 1691. B. 1662. against the corruptions of the court. Charles but her reign lasted only a few days. The MARY I., mac, queen of England, was the MARY STUART, stu'-art, commonly ealed Mary queen of Scots, the daughter of James V., king of Scotland, by Marie of Loraine, daughter of the duke of Guise, was only rat days old when her father died; on which she became heiress to the throne. Henry Vill of England endeavoured to unite the two king domis, by a marriage between his son Edward and the infant queen of Scots; but his or being rejected, he sent his troops into bet land, where they took and plundered Edi burgh, but were soon obliged to return. Is 1515, Mary was betrothed to Francis, danpa of France, at which court she acquired the accomplishments which rendered her an obj of universal admiration; and there, also, s imbibed those prejudices which proved the source of her misfortunes. In 1558 the r riage was celebrated, and, by the direction of their father-in-law, Mary and her husband assumed the title of king and queen of in land, on the supposed ground of the illegitima of Elizabeth; an act of ridiculous ambito which was afterwards fatal to Mary. In 1559 Henry II. died, and Francis becaine king France; but, in less than two years, he left Mary a widow; on which she returned to her native country, after an absence of nearly thir teen years, and, says Robertson, “a stranger is her subjects, without experience, without alie and almost without a friend." Scotland was li that time a prey to fanatical zeal. The Presby terian party, goaded to desperation by the fierce intolerance of the Roman Catholic clergy, cần ried the work of reformation to the extre by destroying abbeys, cathedrals, libraries, and even the monuments of the dead. Such was the state of the kingdom at the landing of Mary, who, the first Sunday after her arrival, ora tha mass to be said in her chapel; an act which gave great offence to the people. Mary, neres theless, proclaimed that any attempts toman a change or subversion of the estatisted church should be treated as a capital ederen Although she held several conterences with Mary Stuart Masaniello Knox, during one of which she was bathed in tears before the reformer's fierce eloquence, Mary could not be induced to change her religious opinions. Several offers of marriage were made to Mary, who rejected them, and bestowed her hand on Henry, Lord Darnley, son of the earl of Lennox, a young nobleman of prepossess-leased till he promised to renounce all corre ing appearance, but weak and impetuous in mind and temper, and mean and intempera e in his habits. This inauspicious marriage was soon followed by alienation, and the enemies of both did their utmost to widen the breach. They persuaded Darnley that David Rizzio, an Italian musician, whom the queen had appointed her foreign secretary, had supplanted him in her affections. A conspiraey was formed, and one night, while the queen was at supper with the countess of Argyle, Darnley conducted his confederates to the royal apartment, where Rizzio was murdered in the presence of Mary, who was then advanced in pregnancy. The next favourite at the court of Scotland was James Hepburn, earl Bothwell, a man of considerable talents, but of unprincipled mind. By his arts he gained an ascendancy over the mind of Mary, who appointed him lieutenant of the Marches. In 1566 she was delivered of a son, afterwards James VI. of Scotland and 1. of England. Darnley was soon afterwards seized with a strange distemper, whilst staying at his father's house at Glasgow. He returned to Edinburgh; bat, instead of proceeding to Holyrood Palace, went to a solitary house, which was blown upster Abbey. B. 1512. ten days afterwards, the body of the king being found in the garden, without any marks of violence upon it. This deed occasioned universal horror, and as it was believed that Both well was its principal contriver, he was brought before the privy council, but, after a mock trial, was acquitted. His influnce over Mary increasing, he laid aside the mask, and, in 1567, seized the queen, and carried her to the castle of Dunbar, where, by entreaties and force, he prevailed on her to marry him. This is the great stain on the character of this ill-fated woman, which has called forth the condemnation both of her enemies and her defenders. A confederacy of the most powerful lords in the kingdom was formed against Mary and Bothwell; but, after a time, the queen abandoned the earl, and was taken first to Edinburgh, and afterwards to the castle of Lochleven. lords of the confederacy forced her to sign a renunciation of her crown in favour of her son, and he was accordingly crowned at Stirling, After this, the enemies of Mary, who had suff red Bothwell to quit the kingdom, caused different persons to be executed for being concerned in the king's murder. Mary, after nearly a year's confinement, escaped from her prison in the island of Lo hleven, and raised a large army; but the regent Murray marching against her, the royal party was defeated. On this, Mary fled into England, and implored the protection of Elizabeth, who acted with great Cuplicity for some time, and at length declared that 10 assistance could be afforded her unless she submitted to a legal trial. After some difficulties, this was agreed to, and the cause was to be determined at York, by a commission, which finally removed to London, where it was declared that "nothing had been produced whereby the queen of England could conceive or take any evil opinion of her good sister, for anything yet seen." Mary was, notwithstand-I ing, kept in close confinement. The duke of Norfolk formed the design of marrying her, in which he was encouraged by several of the English nobility, and also by the regent Murray; but this being discovered by Elizabeth, the duke was sent to the Tower, whence he was not respendence with the queen of Scotland, but afterwards renewing his ambitious project, he was tried and executed. After a long confine ment at Coventry, Mary was removed to Fothe ringray Castle, where she was to undergo the mock formality of a trial, on the charge of fomenting con-piracies against Elizabeth. When brought before the commissioners, she disclaimed their authority and asserted her innocence; but though no proof appeared of the charges, she was declared guilty of conspiring against the life of Elizabeth. Mary received the tidings with complacency, being wearied by her unparalleled persecutions, Many foreign powers interested themselves in her behalf, and her son James endeavoured to save her life, but in vain. She was beheaded in the ea tle of Fotheringay, February 8, 1587, after praving to God to forgive all who had thirsted for her blood. Thus fell Mary Stuart, a princess of uncommon beauty and accomplishments, as well as misfortunes. Her remains were interred in Peterborough Cathedral, whence they were removed by her son, after he had ascended the English throne, and deposited in Westmin The MARY, queen of Hungary, was sister to the emperor Charles V., and married, in 1521, Louis, king of Hungary, who soon after was killed at the battle of Mohatz. His widow was appointed governor of the Low Countries in 1531, and in that station behaved with great courage and prudence. She headed the troops in several actions, and was so fond of hunting as to be called Diana, and the Huntress. She favoured the Protestants, and had a taste for literature. Between her and Henry II., king of France, there was a great animosity, and she committed considerable ravages in the French provinces. Henry, on his part, invaded Flanders, and destroyed the palace of Mary, who, in return, carried devastation into Picardy. The Spanish soldiers called her the mother of the camp. She resigned the government in 1555. D. 1558. MARY of England was daughter of Henry VII., and married Louis XII, in 1514. Becom ing a widow in the following year, she was united to the duke of Suffolk. B. 1497; D. 1534. MARY, an Anglo-Norman poetess in the 13th century, was bon in France, but resided chiefly in England. She was the authoress of a collection of fables, entitled "Ysopet" (the Little Esop). M. Legrand d'Aussy published her fables in modern French prose. MASACCIO, Thomas, mi-sa-che-o, a celebrated Italian painter, was accounted the principal artist of the second age of modern art, from its revival under Cimabue. Fuseli says of him, "Masaccio was a genius, and the head of an epoch in the art. He may be considered as the precursor of Raffaelle, who imitated his principles, and sometimes transcribed his figures." His most perfect works are the frescoes of S. Pietro del Carmine, at Florence, where vigour of conception, truth and vivacity of expression, are supported by surprising harmony of colour. B. about 1401; D. about 1429. MASANIELLO, ma'-san-e-el'-o, a fisherman of " E. 1773. on his birthday, June 28th, 1835. American divine, became assistant to his father, MATTHIAS CORVINUS, mal-thi-us kor'-cuar I, called the Great, king of Hungary and Fo hemia, was the son of John Huniades. The enemics of his father confined him in prison in Bohemia; but, on regaining his liberty, he was elected king of Hungary, in 1458, when ong fifteen years of age. His election, however, was offered the crown to Frederick 111 The Turks, profiting by these divisions, invade 1 the country, but were expelled by Matthias, who compelled Frederick to yield to him the crown of St. Stephen, of which he had obtained possession. The war was afterwards renewed, as Matthias, overrunning Austria, took Vienna and Neustadt; on which the emperor was obligedto make a peace, in 1457. Matthias reformed many abuses, particularly with respect to duels and lawsuits, and was preparing an expetika against the Turks, when he died of an apɔ plexy, in 1490. B. 1413. MATHEW, Rev. Theobald, ma'-thu, the "Apostle of Temperance," was the son of an illegitimate member of the Llandaff family, and was educated for the Roman Catholic priesthood, at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth. After being appointed missionary at Cork, he acquired the greatest respect and consideration from all classes, and established religious societies for visiting the sick and poor. At a later period, he became president of a temperance association at Cork. He then devoted himself to the task of inducing spirit-drinkers to "take the pledge" of abstinence; and in a few months, converted no MATIGNON, Jacques de, maʼ-teen-vak ng, prince less than 150,000 in Cork alone. He afterwards of Montagne, and count of Thorigni, a fam.78 made a progress through Ireland, visited Dublin, general of France. He displayed great courtze Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, and London, when young, in several battles, and in 1973 where the same success greeted his philan- commanded the royal army in Normandy la thropic efforts. A striking proof that he disre- 1579 he was made a marshal of France, ad as garded his temporal interests in the cause hesisted as constable at the coronation of leery had espoused, was afforded by the fact that a large distillery, owned by his brother, and from which he himself drew almost his whole income, was shut up in consequence of his crusade against alcoholic liquids. În recognition of his services, he was granted a pension of 3001. per annum. B. in Tipperary, 1790; D. 1858. IV. B. 1525; d. 1597. she defeated Stephen, and was acknowledged MATILDA, or MAUD, ma-til-de, the daughter of Henry I., king of England, and wife f Henry V., emperor of Gerinany, was d uated by her father, in 1135, successor to the English throne; but, in her absence, Stepha the nephew of Henry, usurped the tile. Ar MATHEWS, Charles, a comedian of transcend-riving in England with a large army, in 119, ant ability, and one who was long regarded as the master-mind of the mimic art, was the son of a bookseller in the Strand, London, who had placed him in Merchant Taylors' School, and apprenticed him to learn his own business, The stage, however, proving more attractive to young Mathews than the shop of his father, the fatter gave him twenty guineas and his indentures, with permission to follow the bent of his inclinations; and a promise of twenty guineas more if he would abandon histrionics, and "turn to an honest calling." He rambled about with provincial companies for a time: but the great versatility of talent he possessed soon placed him at the top of his profession, and rendered him a general favourite with the public. After a long career of successful performances, his metropolitan engagement grew irksome, from managerial interference and professional rivalries, and he determined to 'set up for himself," and to depend solely on his own exertions. For sixteen years previous to his death, he was accustomed to entertain whole audiences by his single efforts, in a species of entertainment entitled "Mathews at Home;" and never were admiring crowds more highly delighted than in witnessing the vivid portraits which he drew. The "At Homes" of Mathews were not only well received throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but also in America, where some of his most felicitous portraitures were sketched. While on his passage from that country he was taken ill, and on arriving at Liverpool his malady rapidly increasing, expired MATSYS, Quintin, mät'-sis, an eminent paltet, of the Dutch school, is stated to have a brought up as a blacksmith, which tranh abandoned on falling in love with a young 1-3 to obtain whose hand he studied paintin, M became an excellent artist. A" Descent from AM Cross," in the enthedral of Antwerp, is his reg terpiece, and there is a celebrated pisten f him, called "The Two Misers," at Winst Castle. B. at Antwerp, 14€0, p. 1529. MATTHESON, John, ma'-the-sau, an emin musical composer and performer, was a da of Hamburgh, and of so precocious talent, th at nine years of age he was able to penia compositions of his own at the organ. He 687 posed music for the church and for the the and was always present at the performance d it. Notwithstanding he gave up so much tuss Matthew Cantacuzenus to the pursuit of his favourite science, producing operas, authems, and treatises on music, he held the office of secretary to the English resident in Hamburgh for several years, and was intrusted with the conduct of various important negotiations. B. 1681; D. 1764. Maurice of Nassau MATTHEW CANTACUZENUS, kan-ta-ku-se-nus, MATTHEW of Westminster, an English monk and historian of the 14th century, who wrote a chronicle entitled "The Flowers of History," published at London, in 1567, in which he commmences with the creation of the world; but the most valuable portion is that which he devotes to the chronicle of English events from the Conquest to the end of Edward 1.'s reign. A translation of the work has been published in Bohn's "Antiquarian Library." French Academy, and, about four years after, was chosen a member of the Royal Society of In 1736 he was sent, with other London. academicians, to the north, to determine the figure of the earth, which service they performed with perfect success. At the invit it on of the Prince of Prussia, afterwards Fredrick the Great, he went to Berlin in 1740, and was ap pointed president and director of the Academy. He accompanied that king in his campaigns against the Austrians; but exposing himself too much at the battle of Molwitz, he was made He was soon perprisoner, and sent to Vienna, where he was well reived by the emperor. He was of a mitted to return to Berlen, after receiving several marks of the imperial favour. MATTHEWS, Thomas, math-thews, an English vain and irritab e temper, and had a dispute admiral, who commande in the Mediterranean with Kenig, and another with Voltaire, who in 1741, and fought an obstinate but indecisive exerted his satirical talents against him. This, battle off Toulon, with the combined fleets. however, was not much to the credit of the Owing to his not being supported by Lestock, poet, who had before paid the highest compli his second in command, Admiral Matthewments to Maupertuis, and from whom he had failed to gain a complete victory; and yet for this he was dismissed the service, and Lestock was acquitted. He retired to his estate in Glamorganshire, and died there, 1751. MATTHIAS, math-thi-us, emperor of Germany, was the son of Maximilian 11., and succeeded his brother, Rodolph 11., in 1612. The empire was then at war with the Turks, with whom Matthias concluded a peace in 1615; but the war was renewed in 1618, and continued during thirty years. B. 1557; D. at Vienna, 1619. MATTHIEU, Peter, mut'-ye(r), a French historian and poet, was a zealous partisan of the League, and attended Louis XIII. to the siege of Montauban. He wrote "A History of Memorable Events in the Reign of Henry the Great," the history of the death of that monarch, "The History of St. Louis," "The History B. of France, from Francis 1. to Louis XIII." 1563; D. 1621. MATURIN, Rev. Charles Robert, mat-u-rin, an Irish divine, who produced several successful novels, and, in 1816, brought out a tragedy, entitled "Bertram," at Drury-lane Theatre. B. in Ireland, 1782; D. 1825. received no injury to justify his wanton attacks; Frederick, however, ordered the satile to be burnt by the excentioner; upon which Voltaire quitted Berlin. His works are,-"The Figure of the Earth determined," "The Measurement of a Degree of Meridian," "Discourse on the Figure of the Stars," "Elements of Geography," "Nautical Astronomy," "Elements of Astronomy," "Reflections on the Origin of Lan guages," &c. B. at St. Malo, 1699; b. 1759. MAUKEPAS, Jean Frédéric Philippeaux, Count de, mor'-pa, a French statesman, who, at an carly age, was made secretary of state. In 1725 ho was made superintendent of the marine, and, in 1739, minister of state. By the intrigucs of Madame de Pompadour, he was exiled to Bourges in 1719. He was not recalled till 1774, when Louis XVI. intrusted the public affairs to his management. He entirely remodelled the marine department, and was a liberal encou rager of the sciences. His memoirs, by himself, B. 1701; D. 1781. are curious, but carelessly written; they were printed at Paris in 1792. MAURICE OF NASSAU, Prince of Orange, mor-ice, was the son of William the Sile.it; MATX, Matthew, mail-te, an eminent phy-after whose death, in 1581, he governed the sician, who took his doctor's degree at Leyden, Low Countries, being then only eighteen years and, in 1740, settled in England. In 1750 he old. He evinced, however, great courage and commenced a periodical work, printed at the talents; and being named captain-general of "Le Journal Britannique," the United Provinces, established that liberty Hague, called giving an account of the principal productions which his father had begun. He made himof the English press. In 1758 he was chosen self master of Breda in 1590, and this was fellow of the Royal Society, to which, in 1765, followed by the capture of Zutphen, Devenhe became secretary. He also rose to be libra- ter, Hulst, Nimeguen, and Gertruydenburg. rian of the British Museum. The life prefixed He defeated the archduke Albert in 1597, to the Memoirs of the Earl of Chesterfield," and, in the same year, compelled the Spaniards and many smaller works, were written by him. to abandon the Low Countries. In 1600 ho was forced to raise the siege of Dunkirk, B. near Utrecht, 1718; D. 1776. but he soon afterwards obtained a great vie tory over Albert near Nieuport. followed by numerous conquests, In 1619, MATY, Paul Henry, son of the preceding, became chaplain to Lord Stormont, ambassador at Paris, and afterwards one of the librarians of This was |