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Pascal

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Meanwhile he had been created a knight, and,
in 1837, was appointed to supervise the packet
service between Liverpool and Ireland.
tween the years 1837 and 1816, he acted as comp.
troller of the steam machinery for the royal
navy. In 1852 he was promoted to the rank ct
rear-admiral of the White, and, in 1853, became
lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hospital, an
office he filled until his death. He received
the degree of D.C.L. from the University of
Oxford at the same time as the gallant Sir John
Franklin. B. at Bath, 1790; D. 1555.

PARRY, Sir William Edward, part-re, an eminent English navigator, who, in 1803, en tered the royal navy on board the Ville de Paris, flag-ship of the Channel fleet. After seeing a good deal of service in the Baltic, in the Northern seas, and upon the American coast, he became lieutenant, returned to England in 1517, and shortly afterwards was appointed to the command of the Alexander, one of two PARSONS, or PERSONS, Robert, par'-sons, a ships sent out under Captain Ross, for the pur- celebrated English Jesuit, who was educated pose of ascertaining the probabilities of a north at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he became west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. bursar and dean in 1572, but being charged The expedition set sail from the Thames in with embezzling the college money, went to April, Isis, and, on the 30th of August, in the Rome and turned Catholic." He there obtained same year, reached Lancaster Sound, which was leave from the pope to establish a seminary for found to be free from ice; but, instead of pro- the education of English students designed for ceeding, Ross retraced his course, and set sail missionaries for the propagation of the Roman for England. The Admiralty subsequently dis- Catholic faith in their native country. Parsons covered that Lieutenant l'arry's views were frequently visited England, where he endeatotally opposed to those of his late commander; voured to foment sedition, and a price was set whereupon he was appointed to the command upon his head. He was a subtle disputant, and of another expedition, during which he disco- wrote several polemical books, and others on vered Barrow Strait, Melville Island, Prince practical divinity. B. 1546; D. at Rome, 1610. Regent's Inlet, and the Wellington Channel. PARTHENAY, Catharine de, par'-te-nai, heiress He also gained a reward of £5000 for penetrat- to the lordship of Soubise, was married in 1568 ing within the Arctic circle. In November, to the Baron de Pons, and in 1575 to Réné, Vis1820, he reached England, and was soon after-count Rohan. The famous duke de Rohan, who wards promoted to the rank of commander, and elected F.R S., &c. His experiences were given to the world in the following year, in a work entitled "Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage," which was produced under the authority of the Lords of the Admiraity. In May, 1821, he went out in command of a second expedition to the Arctic regions, during which he discovered the Fury and Hecla Strait, and, after an absence of nearly three years, returned to England. A record of this voyage was given in his work entitled "Journal of a Second Expedition for the Discovery of a North-West Passage." In 1824 he again sailed northward as commander of a third expedition, which, however, met with much less success than his former ones. He was absent little more than a year, during which one of the two exploring vessels was wrecked. In 1826 Captain Parry published his third journal, and soon afterwards became hydrographer to the Admiralty. In 1827 he submitted a proposal for reaching the north pole by means of a land expedition in flat-bottomed boats, and was accordingly sent out in command of the Hecla, in 1827. When the expedition reached Treurenberg Bay, on the north coast of Spitzbergen, two flat-bottomed boats were dispatched across the ice, one under the orders of himself, the other under Lieute-strated one of the most difficult propositions in nant Ross. After undergoing great hardships, the boats were drawn over the ice until the latitude of 82 45' was attained, the nearest point to the pole then reached. After an absence of 61 days from the ship, the boats returned, and shortly afterwards the Hecla sailed for England.

A narrative of this expedition, which closed the labours of Captain Parry in the Arctic regions, was published in 1827, with the title, "Narrative of an Attempt to reach the North Pole in Boats fitted for the purpose." In 1829 he went out to Australia as coinmissioner of the Agricultural Company of that colony, and remained there until the year 1831.

so courageously defended the Protestant cause in France during the civil wars of Louis XIII., was her eldest son. Catharine, one of her daughters, who married the duke of DeuxPonts, made the following answer to Henry IV., who solicited her favours: "I am too poor, sire, to be your wife, and too proud to be your mistress." Catharine de Partheney was at Rochelle in the time of its siege, and when the place surrendered, she and her daughters were sent to the castle of Niort. She published poems in 1572, and two years afterwards a tragedy, entitled "Judith," was performed at Rochelle. She also translated the "Precepts of Isocrates" into French, and wrote some other pieces. B. 1554; D. 1631.

PARTON, Mrs. Sarah, par-ton, was the sister of Mr. N. P. Willis, an eminent American littérateur. She contributed for many years articles to several American serial publications under the well-known nom-de-plume of Fanny Fern. B. about 1810,

PASCAL, Blaise, pas'-kal, a celebrated French philosopher, whose father, the president of the Court of Aids in Auvergne, superintended his education; but though he was himself a mathematician, he interdicted his son from that study. Young Pascal, however, in secret applied to geometry, and, without any assistance, demon

Euclid. His father then permitted him to pursue his inclination, and, at the age of 16, the youth published his treatise on conic sections, which Descartes could not believe to be the production of a mere youth. At 19 he invented an arithmetical machine, which, though simple, was unequalled. The Torricellian experiment next engaged his attention, and, at the age of 21, he made considerable improvements upon it. Not long afterwards, he solved a problem proposed by Mersennus, which had perplexed all the mathematicians in Europe. His great mind was now suddenly diverted to religious studies. Becoming more abstracted from the

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Paschal

world, he retired to the congregation of the
Port Royal, where he applied to the reading of
the Holy Scriptures. But he was not altogether
indifferent to the passing scenes of society. He
espoused the cause of the Jansenists, and ex-
posed their enemies, the Jesuits, to ridicule, by
his work entitled "Provincial Letters," in which
the principles and practices of that celebrated
order were exposed in a fine strain of ridicule,
and with the irresistible force of truth. Boileau
and Voltaire have pronounced them the finest
productions in the French language. The life
of this remarkable man was written by his
sister, Madame Perier. The first complete edi-
tion of his works was produced at Paris by M.
Fougère, in 1811. Paseal was justly called by
Bayle "one of the sublimest spirits in the
world." B. in Auvergne, 1623; D. at Paris,
1662.

PASCHAL I., Pope, pas'-kal, was a Roman, of
the name of Paschasius, and succeeded Stephen
V. in 817. He crowned Lothaire, the emperor, at
Rome. D. 821.

Passemant

Circassians, and, in the year following, succeeded Marshal Diebitsch as commander of the Bas sian army acting against the Poles. His invariable good fortune attended his efforts, and he was soon the master of Warsaw. Elevated to the rank of Prince of Warsaw, and created governor-general of Poland, he spent the subsequent sixteen years in crushing the n tionality of that country, and in converting Warsaw into a strong fortress capable of over awing the Poles. In 1849 he went into Ilus. gary as commander of a powerful Russian army, and was soon afterwards able to commence a dispatch to Nicholas with the words, "Hangary is at your feet." When war broke out between Turkey and Russia, Paskewitch was summoned to the field; but was slightly wounded at the repulse of the Russians at Silistria. He was shortly afterwards sized with an illness which terminated in his death As a military commander, he was held, by the most competent judges, to be only mediocre but the large and well-equipped armies he led against the Persians, and, at a later period against the exhausted Hungarians, enabled him to achieve successes which were little de pendent upon his own skill in warfare. . Pultowa, 1782; D. at Warsaw, 1856.

PASCHAL II. was a native of Tuscany, and succeeded Urban II. in 1099. He had a contest with the emperor Henry IV., and also with Henry I., king of England, respecting the right of investitures. The former visited Rome to be crowned by the Pope, who refused to perform PASLEY, Sir Charles William, pas'-le, an emi the ceremony unless he yielded the matter in nent British engineer officer, who at first dispute. On this, Henry caused Paschal to be served in the artillery, but subsequently e seized by his troops, which gave so much offence changed to the engineers. He was at the to the Romans, that they rose in behalf of their fence of Gaeta in 1806; at the siege of Cope pontiff, and Henry retired from Rome, but car-hagen in the following year; was aide-de-cam? ried the pope with him. Paschal, after a captivity of two months, renounced his claim to the investitures. This concession was afterwards cancelled in two councils. D. 1118.

PASCHAL III. became pope in opposition to Alexander III., in 1165, through the influence of the emperor Frederick I. He remained in possession of the papal chair while Alexander was absent at Benevento. D. 1163.

vented by himself; "Rules for Conducting the
Practical Operations of a Siege," and a very
valuable work to architects and many sect
of the general public, entitled "Observations
on Limes, Cements, Mortars, Stuecces, Co
cretes, &c." In 1853 he was named cle'
commandant of the royal engineers, havm
previously been created lieutenant-general,
a knight commander of the Bath, as wel#
receiving the degree of D.C.L. from the
versity of Oxford. B. about 1781; D. 1961.

to Sir John Moore in Spain in 1509-9; m chief engineer to the marquis of Huntley's division in the Walcheren expedition. At the siege of Flushing he received a wound in the thigh and an injury to the spine. He sub sequently served in the Peninsular war. Among bis most important publications may be m tioned-"Course of Military Instruction, fat the Use of the Royal Engineer Depart st PASKEWITCH, Ivan Fedorowitch, pas'-ke-"Exercise of the New-decked Pontoons," vitch, a Russian general, who was descended from an ancient Polish family, but was educated at St. Petersburg, and afterwards became aide-de-camp to the emperor Paul. His first service in the field was at the battle of Austerlitz, in 1805; in the following year he was the bearer of the Russian ultimatum to the Porte, and narrowly escaped death at Constantinople. At the assault of Brailov he was left for dead; but was picked up, and was shortly afterwards promoted to the rank of colonel for his gallantry. In 1812 he fought against the French at Borodino; was subsequently nominated to the command of a division of the Russian army, amounting to 30,000 men, and, after sharing in the campaign in Germany, assisted at the capture of Paris. Subsequently to the peace, he made a three years' tour in Europe, as the companion of the grand-duke Michael; and, after the accession of the emperor Nicholas, was appointed to the command of the Russian army on the Persian frontier. War broke out between Russia and Persia about the same time, and Paskewitch defeated the shah's army at Elizabethpol and at Erivan. The treaty of Turkmanchai restored peace between the belligereats; but war against Turkey almost immediately followed. In 1828 he took Kars, and, in the following year, Erzeroum; for which services the emperor Nicholas created him field-marshal. In 1830 he fought against the

814

PASQUIER, Stephen, pas'-ke-ai, an emin French lawyer, who pleaded so ably agist Versoris, the defender of the Jesuits, tha Henry III. made him advocate-general to thi Chamber of Accounts. His works are. "Be searches relative to the History of Frans, authority upon the civil history of the ad French monarchy; letters, portraits, epigrams and epitaphs. The most celebrated ci h poems is that called " Puce," occasioned b the author's seeing a flea on the bosom of 4 lady. B. at Paris, 1529; D. 1615.

PASSEMANT, Claude Simeon, pass'-west, a French mechanician, who was bred to trade, but having a great inclination to scientis par suits, devoted himself to the constructia f mathematical instruments. He published # account of a large reflecting telescope, made by him in 1738, and also constructed an astr nomical pendulum surmounting a celestial

Passeri

sphere, which he presented to Louis XV. B. at
Paris, 1702; D. 1769.

PASSERT, John Baptist, pas-se-re, an emi-
nent Italian painter and poet, was the dis-
ciple of Domenichino. He wrote, "Lives of
the Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" of his
time, a work containing thirty-six lives. B. at
Rome, about 1610; D. 1679.

PASSERONI, John Charles, pas'-se-ro'-ne, an eminent Italian poet, who was educated under the Jesuits at Milan, and was afterwards ordained a priest. He went to Rome with Lucini, the papal nuncio, but constantly refused all preferment, choosing rather to live a studious life in a condition almost bordering upon destitution. Returning to Milan, he became a member of the Institute of the Cis-Alpine Republic, and wrote a poem entitled "The Cicerone," in which he ridiculed the follies and vices of society. The poem is highly original in style and treatment, and is so flowing and natural, that its author has been compared to Ovid. He also wrote several volumes of fables in verse, after the manner of Esop, Phædrus, and others. n. at Condamine, Nizza, 1713; D. at Milan, 1803.

PASSIONEI, Dominic, pas'-se-o-nai'-e, an eminent Italian cardinal, was of an illustrious family at Fossombrone, in the duchy of Urbino. He formed a rich library and collection of manuscripts. In 1706 he went to Paris, where he was much respected, particularly by Montfaucon: thence he went to Holland, and was at the congress at Utrecht in 1712. He was employed in various negotiations, particularly in Switzerland; of which he published an account, under the title of Acta Legationis Helvetica." He pronounced the funeral oration of Prince Eugene, and was made archbishop of Ephesus. His library was purchased by the Augustine monastery, which, thus increased, became one of the finest at Rome. B. 1682; D. 1761.

PASTA, Judith, pas'-ta, a celebrated Italian
singer, who was of Hebrew extraction, and
studied music at the Conservatoire of Milan.
In 1816 she appeared at the Italian Opera of
Paris, and afterwards passed to London, but
obtained only a small amount of success in both
these cities. This partial failure caused her to
return to Italy for the purpose of increasing
her musical knowledge. In 1820 she again
sang at several of the principal Italian opera-
houses, and everywhere met with an enthusi-
astic reception. At Paris, where she reap-
peared in the following year, she achieved the
greatest triumphs as a vocalist, and when she
reappeared in London, was greeted with a bril-
liant reception. After reigning as the queen
of song during fifteen years, she, in 1836, re-
tired to a magnificent villa on the Lake of
Como. B. near Milan, 1798; D. 1885.

PATEL, Pierre, pa'-tel, an eminent French
painter, commonly called by his countrymen
the French Claude, from his imitation of that
B.
master. His landscapes are very beautiful.
in France, 1654; killed in a duel, 1703,
PATERCULUS, Caius Velleius, pai-ter'-ku-lus,
a Roman historian, who commanded the cavalry
in Germany under Tiberius, and was rewarded
with the prætorship. He wrote an epitome of
Roman history, which is extant, and which
commences with a period anterior to the foun-
dation of Rome, and concludes with the times
of Tiberius and Sejanus. B. about 19 B.C.; D.it
is supposed, 31 A.D.

PATERSON, William, păt'-er-son, the originator

Patrick

of several celebrated projects in the 17th cen-
tury, of whose early lite scarcely anything is
known. By some he is stated to have belonged
to the clerical profession; to have acted as a
missionary in the West Indies, and afterwards
as a buccaneer. He first came into notice as
the projector of certain schemes in trade and
banking, which he submitted to the merchants
of London, after having proposed them, with-
out success, to the trading communities in the
Low Countries. His banking projects are said
to have been the foundation of the Bank of
England, which was incorporated in 1694; but
it is asserted that the rich capitalists quar-
relled with and discarded him, after they had
availed themselves of his suggestions. His next
scheme was the famous Darien expedition, for
the purpose of establishing, on that isthmus, a
trading colony, which should rival the English
East India Company. Paterson obtained an
act of the Scottish Parliament, in 1694, for the
The scheme
incorporation of "The Company of Scotland
trading to Africa and the Indies.'
was stoutly opposed in England, and as
warmly supported in Scotland, where it be-
came quite a national speculation. The prin-
ciples upon which the company proposed to
trade, appear to have been sufficiently sound,
and likely to render Scotland, as was repre-
sented in the English Parliament, "the general
storehouse for tobacco sugar, cotton, hides,
and timber;" but the selection of the Isthmus
of Darien as a central point where the com-
merce of the East and the West was to meet,
proved a most disastrous choice; for the expe-
dition ended in total failure. Paterson was
deeply afflicted at the unfortunate termination
of his scheme, and returned to Scotland in a
condition bordering upon insanity. His after-
life was spent in obscurity. B. in Scotland,
about 1660; D. unrecorded when.

PATKUL, John Reinhold, pat-kul', a Livonian
gentleman, who defended the liberties of his
country against the oppressions of Sweden with
great firmness, and in 1659 was deputed to ad-
dress a memorial on behalf of the distressed
people of Livonia to Charles XI., who took it as
an act of treason, and caused a process to issue
against Patkul, who was condemned to be bc-
When Charles XII.
headed. Thereupon he fled to Russia, and
afterwards to Poland.
forced Augustus to make peace, he made it
one of the conditions that Patkul should be de-
livered up; and this brave and unfortunate
man was broken on the wheel in 1707.

PATON, Sir Joseph Noel, pai-ton, a modern Scotch painter, who studied at the Royal Scot tish Academy, and first attracted notice by his cartoon of "The Spirit of Religion," which ob tained one of the £200 premiums given at the cartoon competition at Westminster Hall in 1815. Two years later, he won the second class prize of £300 for his paintings "Christ bearing the Cross," and "The Reconciliation of Oberon and Titania." His best works were "Quarrel of Oberon and Titania," purchased for the Scottish National Gallery for £1100; "Dante Meditating the Episode of Francesca," "The Pursuit of Pleasure," and "Home." B. at Dunfermline, Fifeshire, 1823.

PATRICK, ST., the apostle of Ireland, pat'-rik, is asserted by some to have been a native of Scotland, and by others, of Wales. In the "Catalogue of British Saints," he is said to have been principal of a college in Wales; but

Patrick

was taken captive by some pirates of Ireland, the inhabitants of which country he converted to Christianity. It appears certain that he was a bishop, and founded many churches and schools of learning. D. towards the close of the 5th century.

Paul

nese, was elected to the papal chair, in succession to Clement VII., in 1534. In his reign the Council of Trent was called. He established the Inquisition, confirmed the Society of Jesuits, condemned the Interim of Charles V., and acted with rigour against Henry VIII. of England. D. 1519.

PATRICK, Peter, a native of Thessalonica, who was employed by Justinian in important PAUL IV., John Peter Caraffa, was elected in negotiations, for which he was made master of 1555, at the age of 80. He was a bigoted prethe palace. He wrote "The History of Ambas-late, and when Queen Elizabeth announced to sadors," in the collection of Byzantine historians. Flourished in the 8th century.

him, by the English ambassador, her accession to the throne, he haughtily declared that the kingdom was a fief of the Holy See, and that she had no right to assume the crown without his leave, particularly as she was illegitimate.

PATRICK, Simon, a learned English prelate, who was educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, and, on entering into orders, obtained the living of Battersea, in Surrey, and after-D. 1559. wards that of St. Paul, Covent Garden. During the plague of 1665, he continued in London, administering the offices of religion to his parishioners. He became dean of Peterborough in 1678, and, in 1659, bishop of Chichester; whence he was translated to Ely in 1691. He is well known for his valuable commentary on the Old Testament, usually published with Lowth on the Prophets, and Whitby on the New Testament. He was also the author of some controversial tracts against the Romanists and dissenters, and several books of practical divinity. B. in Lincolnshire, 1626; D. 1707.

PATRU, Oliver, pa-troo', an eminent French lawyer, whose talents procured him a place in the French Academy in 1610; on which occasion he made an eloquent speech, which gave rise to the custom for all new members to deliver introductory orations. The critical judgment of Patru was so great that he was called the Quintilian of France; it also gained him the friendship of Racine and Boileau. His works consist of Memoirs, Letters, and Discourses. B. at Paris, 1604; D. 1681.

PATTISON, William, put'-e-son, an English poet of great genius, whose imprudence, however, made his life miserable and his death premature. Having quarrelled with his tutor at Sidney College, Cambridge, and fearing expulsion, he went to London, where he plunged into all the pleasures of the metropolis, was soon reduced to indigence, and died of small-pox in his 21st year. B. 1706.

PAUCTON, Alexis, poke'-twang, a French mathematician, who received his education in the mathematical and naval academy at Nantes, after which he went to Paris, where his integrity and talents procured him patronage and a place. His works are, Metrology; or, a Treatise on the Weights, Measures, and Moneys of all Countries, Ancient and Modern,"-a muchesteemed volume; "Theory of the Laws of Nature, with a Dissertation on the Pyramids of Egypt." B. in France, 1736; D. 1798.

PAUL I., Pope, porl, was the successor of Stephen, in 757. He engaged in disputes with Desiderius, king of the Longobards, but was supported by Pepin, king of the Franks. D. 767. PAUL II. succeeded Pius II. 1464. He sought to organize a league of the Christian princes against the Turks, who, at the time, threatened to invade Italy, and also endeavoured to establish peace among the different Italian states. He had a great dislike to profane learning, and shut up an academy which had been formed at Rome for the cultivation of Greek and Roman learning, many members of which were imprisoned and tortured. D. 1471.

PAUL III., whose name was Alexander Far

PAUL V., Camillo Borghese, was elected in 1605, after the death of Leo XI. He had a dispute with the senate of Venice, over which be pretended to have a right; but it was so firmly resisted that the pope excommunicated the doge and senate. He also raised forces againg the republic; but by the interference of the emperor and other states, peace was restored in 1607. He embellished Rome with many ex lent works of sculpture and painting, and an aqueduct. The Borghese family, one of the wealthiest in Italy, owed its rise mainly to him.

D. 1621.

PAUL I., emperor of Russia, was the son of Peter III. and Catharine II. He married W}helmina, daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Darm-tadt, who died two years after their unson, in 1776. Paul took for his second wife a pracess of Wurtemberg, and niece of the king of Prussia. Upon the death of Catharine 11, in 1796, he succeeded to the throne, and for some time gave promise of proving a great prin: he release 1 Kosciusko, the Polish patriot, Nem cewicz, and others who had been confined during the previous reign; but his real character so afterwards displayed itself. In 1799 he entered into an alliance with Austria against Frame, and sent Suwarrow with a large army Italy; suddenly changing his views, he recalled his forces, formed a northern confederacy, and seized the persons and property of the English in his dominions. His conduct to his saffects also became capricious and violent, and just as the northern coalition had been dissolved ty Lord Nelson's destruction of the Danish feet at Copenhagen, a plot was formed among the cers of his court. The conspirators entered the emperor's apartments at night, and presented to him an act of abdication for his signature On his refusal, a scuffle ensued, and Park was strangled. When the people of St. Petersburg heard of his death there were general rejoungs, B. 1754; strangled, 1801.

PAUL, called "THE DEACON," wrote "The History of the Lombards," "Lives of the Saints, and of the Bishops of Metz:"so a work called "Historia Miscella," and a “Hist of Rome," in 21 books. He was secretary to D derius, king of the Lombards, and was aber wards in the service of Charlemagne. Th Prince of Benevento invited him tɔlás ecur and on the death of that prince, Paul entraced the monastic life. B. about 740; p. 789.

PAUL DE SANTA MARIA, a learned Sparich Jew, who is said to have been converted to Christianity by reading the works of Aq After the death of his wife, he entered mo orders, and became preceptor to John 11, kre of Castile, who made him bishop of Carthagi↳

Paul

and afterwards of Burgos. B. at Burgos, about 1375; D. 1445.-His three sons were baptized with him; the eldest became bishop of Burgos, and wrote a "History of Spain;" the second was bishop of Placentia; and the third, Alvarez, wrote "The History of John II., King of Castile."

PAUL, FATHER. (See SARPI, Peter.)

PAUL OF SAMOSATA, an heresiarch of the 3rd century, who received his surname from the place of his birth, a city on the Euphrates, and became patriarch of Antioch in 260. Being entertained at the court of Zenobia, queen of Syria, he endeavoured to gain her to the Christian faith, by explaining away its mysteries. For this purpose, he held that Christ was a mere man, and that the Trinity consisted not of persons but attributes. His errors were condemned by the council of Antioch, A.D. 270, and Paul was excommunicated. His disciples were called Paulinists. Lived in the 3rd century.

PAUL VERONESE. (See VERONESE, Paul.) PAULA, ST., pa-oo-la, an eminent Roman lady, who was descended from the Scipios and the Gracchi. On becoming a widow, she retired to Bethlehem, where she founded a monastery and houses of hospitality, of which St. Jerome had the management. She practised the severest austerities and self-denial, which Jerome in vain endeavoured to moderate. She was acquainted with the Scriptures in the original Hebrew, in which she had Jerome for her master. B. 317; D. 407.

PAULDING, James Kirke, par l'-ding, an eminent American writer, who in 1807 began a career of authorship in collaboration with his brother-in-law, Washington Irving. With this gentleman, he wrote a series of satirical papers, entitled "Salmagundi." In 1813, he produced a burlesque poem, called, "The Lay of a Scotch Fiddle," and soon afterwards published a brilliant reply to some aspersions cast upon the American people in the "Quarterly Review." His next effort was an imitation of Swift, in a work entitled "The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan," published in 1816. During the subsequent twenty years he continued to labour industriously with his pen, and in 1837 was appointed secretary of the navy, under the presidency of Van Buren. When that president retired in 1811, Paulding resigned the post, and again took up his pen. His best works are "Letters from the South," "The Dutchman's Fireside," "The Old Continental," ""John Bull in America," "The New Pilgrim's Progress: a Satire," and "Tales of a Good Woman, by a Doubtful Gentleman." One of his finest novels, descriptive of life in the backwoods, and entitled "Westward Ho," was published in 1832. This title has since been taken by Mr. Kingsley; but there is no further resemblance between the works. B. at PawHus, Duchess county, New York, 1779.

PAULINA, pow-le-na, the wife of the philosopher Senees, who attempted to kill herself when Nero condeinned her husband to death. The emperor, however, prevented her, and she survived for several years in the greatest melancholy.

PAULINUS, paw-li-nus, a learned German missionary, whose real name was John Philip Werdin. He studied at Prague, and acquired a knowledge of some of the Oriental languages at Rome. In 1774 he went as missionary to the court of Malabar, where he remained during

Pausias

fourteen years. After his return to Rome, in 1790, he was employed in superintending the printing of religious works for the use of missionaries to Hindostan. He wrote a Sanskrit grammar, and various work upon the religion and literature of India. B. 1748; D. 1806.

PAULINUS, ST., bishop of Nola, discharged the office of consul in 378, and about the same time married a Spanish lady, by whose means he embraced Christianity. He then retired to Spain with his wife, where he bestowed his goods in charity, and led a life of mortification. In 393 he entered into orders, and going to Italy, was chosen bishop of Nola. He was the author of some Discourses on practical charity, and Poems and Letters. B. at Bordeaux, 353; D. 431.

PAULINUS, ST., patriarch of Aquileia, distinguished himself at the council of Frankfort in 791. He wrote a treatise on the Trinity. D. 804.

PAULMY, Marc Antoine Réné de Voyer, Marquis of, pole'-me, minister of state, and a member of the French Academy, was the son of the Marquis d'Argenson. He collected one of the most magnificent libraries in Europe, which was sold to the Count d'Artois, brother to Louis XVI. M. de Paulmy published "Mélanges d'une grande Bibliothèque," in sixty-nine volumes. To him also is attributed a work entitled "Essays in the Style of those of Montaigne." B. at Valenciennes, 1722; p. 1787. PAULUS EGINETA. (See GINETA, Paulus.) PAULUS MILIUS. (See EMILIES, Paulus.) PAUSANIAS, paw-sai-ni-as, the son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, governed the kingdom for his cousin Pleistarchus during his minority. He also displayed great skill and valour against Athens, which city he took, and expelled the ten tyrants. Pausanias afterwards served against the Persians with equal glory, but being discontented with his country, he entered into a secret treaty with the king of Persia, which being discovered by the Ephori, he, to avoid the punishment due to his treason, fled into the temple of Minerva, which being held sacred, the Lacedæmonians blocked it up with stones, the first of which was placed by the mother of Pausanias. He was there starved to death, B.C. 467.

PAUSANIAS, a Greek historian and orator, who settled at Rome in the reign of Antoninus the Philosopher. Pausanias wrote "Travels in Greece," wherein he most minutely describes the buildings, monuments, statues, and paintinrs, as they existed 500 years after the most flourishing period of Greek art. Fuseli thus speaks of this valuable work: "The minute and serupulous diligence with which what fell under its author's eye is there described, amply satisties us, although there is a want of method and judgment. His description of the pictures of Polygnotus at Delphi, and of the Jupiter of Phidias at Olympia, are perhaps superior to all that might have been given by men of more assuming powers. They are inestimable legacies to our arts." Flourished in the second century.

PAUSIAS, paw-si-as, a painter of Sicyon, who studied under Pamphilus, and was the fellowpupil of Apelles and Melanthius. He worked in colours upon wood and ivory, according to the method now called encaustic painting. He drew a beautiful picture of his mistress Glycera, which was bought by Lucullus for two talents

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