PROBUS, Marcus Aurelius, pro-ban, a Roman emperor, who, from being a common soldier, rose to the highest military rank. After the PROPERTIUS, Sextus Aurelius, pro-per'-shi-us, death of the emperor Tacitus in 276, the an eminent Latin poct, who was the esteemed Eastern army proclaimed Probus, as the reward friend of Maecenas, Ovid, and Tibullus. His of his valour and integrity. He was also ac-elezzies are usually printed with those of Catullus. knowledged by the senate; after which, he A translation of them by "Oxford Hands" apturned his arms against the Gauls and Goths, peared in 1655. D. about 56 B.C., D. 16 n.c. whom he completely subdued. He next de- PROTAGORAS, pro-tag-o-ras, a Greek philosofeated the Samaritans, and made an advan-pher of Abdera, who was at first a porter. He Lageous peace with Persia. The interval of became the disciple of Demeritus, to whose peace he employed in rebuilding cities and system he added remarks, doubting whether the Occupying his soldiers in usciul works. The gods existed or not, for which his books were Persians again taking up arms, Probus prepared burnt at Athens, and the author banished. to attack them, but was murdered by his troops Flourished in the 5th century B.C. at Sirmium, in 252. B. 232.

Pulcheria

member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1835, when he succeeded Baron Gros, and was also an officer in the Legion of Honour. B. 1785; D. 1861.

Pusey

entitled "Orpheus Britannicus." B. in Lon. don, 1658; D. 1695, and was buried in Wretminster Abbey.

PURCHAS, Samuel, pur'-kaa, a learned English PULCHERIA, St., pul-kee'-ri-a, empress of the divine and writer, who was educated at Cam East, was the daughter of the emperor Arca-bridge, and, after entering into orders, obtained dius, and ruled in conjunction with her brother, the vicarage of Eastwood, in Essex, in 1604; Theodosius the Younger. On his death, in but, having conceived the idea of compiling a 450, she espoused Marcianus, and associated collection of voyages, he removed to London, him in the government. She convened the in order to prosecute his studies, and left his council of Chalcedon in 451, and liberally patro-living to his brother. After settling in London, nized learned and religious men. B. 399; D. 453. he was presented to the living of St. Martia, PULCI, Luigi, pool'-che, an eminent Florentine Ludgate, and was also appointed chaplain to poet. He wrote an epic poem, entitled "Mor- Archbishop Abbot. His works are as valuabl gante Maggiore," in which are blended sacred as they are curious: "Purchas, his Pilgrimage; and profane matters in a very extraordinary or, Relations of the World, and the Religions manner. The finest passage in the poem is the observed in all Ages and Places discovered episode of the death of Roland in the pass of from the Creation unto this Present," the ma Roncesvalles. B. 1431; D. 1487. terials for which he derived from upwards of PULSZKY, Ferencz Aurel, pool-ske, an Hunga- 1300 authors. He also produced “Purchas, his rian politician and writer, who, after completing Pilgrims;" the difference between which and his education as an advocate, accompanied his the preceding is thus stated by himself:uncle, M. Fejervary, an eminent Hungarian anti-"These brethren, holding much resemblance in quary, on a tour through Germany, Italy, and name, nature, and feature, yet differ in both the Great Britain. In 1810 he became a member of object and the subject; that being mine own in the Hungarian diet; but having lost his seat matter, though borrowed, and in the form of at a subsequent election, devoted himself to words and method; whereas the Pilgrims are political literature, and, among other employ the authors themselves, acting their own parts ments, acted as Hungarian correspondent of in their own words." He also wrote "Micro the "Allgemeine Zeitung." Upon the out- cosmos; or, the History of Man," and some break of the revolution in Hungary, he was sent sermons. B. in Essex, 1577; p. 1623. by Kossuth upon a mission to England, to secure the support of that power for Hungary. In his absence, the Hungarian cause was lost. After Kossuth's arrival in England, Pulszky became his intimate companion, and accompanied him on his tour through America. A description of his American journey was published in a volume entitled "Red, White, and Blue;" he also wrote "Diary of a Tour in Great Britain," and, in conjunction with his wife, "Tales and Traditions of Hungary." B. 1814.

PUSCHKIN, Alexander, Sergievitch, pock' kin, the Byron of Russia. Whilst a student he neglected his studies for poetry, and ima diately after quitting the Academy he began to exercise his talents in writing verses to liberty; but these political views were unsuited to Russia, and the poet was compelled to accept an appointment at Odessa. Siberia wond doubtless have been his destination had he not brought out, at the same time, a patriotic pocza relative to Vladimir, the Charlemagne of his PULTENEY, William, pult'-ne, earl of Bath, country. In 1822 he produced his "Priscor an English statesman, became a member of of the Caucasus," which was not as succes fl the House of Commons early in life, and at as his later works; such as "The Gipsis" the prosecution of Walpole in 1712, defended “Onagin," and "Pultowa." The greatjpg> him with great eloquence. When George I,larity of these latter poems led to his re ascended the throne, he was appointed secre- He secured the favour of the emperor Nicla tary at war under Walpole; but he subse- who appointed him historiographer, with a quently became a severe and constant antagonist pension of 6000 roubles. After this his opinions of that minister, until at length he succeeded in underwent an almost total change. His las depriving Sir Robert of his place; after which efforts were almost entirely confined to prose he was created earl of Bath, and was admitted composition; but his labours were brought ta of the privy council. He had been a popular a sudden and unfortunate termination by bes idol up to this time; but then, in the words of being shot in a duel with an officer, The cr Chesterfield, sank "into insignificance and an peror bestowed a pension upon his widow and earldom." B. 1682; D. 1764. family, and ordered a fine edition of the pas works to be produced at his own expense. A at St. Petersburg, 1799; killed, 1837.

PURBACH, George, poor'-bak, a German mathematician, so called from his native place, a village of that name in Germany, studied philosophy and divinity at Vienna; but devoted himself principally to astronomical pursuits, translated Ptolemy's "Almagest," invented some astronomical instruments, constructed tables, and made numerous observations. B. at bach, near Linz, 1423; D. at Vienna, 1461. PURCELL, Henry, pur-sel, an eminent English musical composer, was brought up in the king's chapel; at the age of 18 was made organist of Westminster Abbey, and, in 1682, one of the organists of the chapel-royal. His church music is in the grandest style, and his operas are very fine. Dryden, whose songs he set, has paid a fine compliment to his talents. His beautiful songs were published in a collection

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PUSEY, Dr. Edward Bouverie, pr-se, sa English divine, and the chief instrument f that movement in the established church England which has been called the Arg▸ Catholic and the Puseyite movement, was do Pur-cated at Oxford, where, about 1822, he was elected fellow of Oriel College. In 153 commenced the publication of the Oxford "Tracts for the Times." These tracts, t gether with his sermons and letters, crinosi â desire for the re-establishment of ecremanes and forms which had not been in use in the English church since the Reformation. He 2curred the displeasure of most of his eccle siastical superiors; but, on the other hand, succeeded in finding a band of strong partisans

Putnam

among the clergy of England. Dr. Pusey wrote several volumes of sermons, adapted some Roman Catholic devotional works for the use of the established church, and edited the "AngloCatholic Library." B. 1800.

PUTNAM, Israel, put'-num, an American republican general, was destined for the occupation of a farmer, and continued in that avocation till the French and Indian war broke cnt, when, at the age of 36, he took service in the English army, and from his known courage and energy, received the command of a company of light troops or rangers," at the head of which he performed prodigies of valour during ten years. When the dispute between his country and England commenced, he was following the quiet life of a farmer and tavernkeeper; but the first blood that was shed roused all his fiery energy. He was nominated major general by Congress; and at Bunker's Hill, New York, and during Washington's retreat through New Jersey, showed himself one of the bravest and most devoted of the patriot leaders. But in 1779 he was stricken with paralysis, and was prevented from participating in the final triumphs of his countrymen. B. at Salem, Massachusetts, 1718; D. at Brooklyn, Connecticut, 1790.

Pythias

tions of lithographic drawings, the chief of which were "The English Lake Districts," and "Windsor and its Surrounding Scenery." B, at Bristol, 1800.

PYRRHO, pir-ro, a Greek philosopher, whe founded the Pyrrhonian or first sceptic school, which doubted the truth of everything. After studying under Anaxarchus, he followed in the train of Alexander's army into India, where he attended the Gymnosophists, and acquired a knowledge of the doctrines of the Persian magi. After his return to Greece he lived a retired life, but obtained many disciples.

PYRRHUS, pir-rus, king of Epirus, was an infant when his father was slain; but was saved from the fury of the insurgents by some faithful servants, and conveyed to Glaucias, king of the Illyrians, who brought him up and restored him to his throne. He was obliged to take Neoptolemus as a partner in the government; but the latter having attempted his life, Pyrrhus defeated him, and henceforth reigned alone. His reign dates from 295 B.C. He seized a great part of Macedonia, but was defeated and driven out of the country by Lysi machus, 23 B.C. In 281 B.C. he went to assist the Tarentines against the Romans; and, though he fought under great disadvantages, defeated PYF, Henry James, pi, an English poet-them upon the banks of the Siris. He after laureate, who was educated at the University of wards went to Sicily, and contributed to expel Oxford, and produced several volumes of poems, the Carthaginians; but, in sailing to Tarentum, and a translation of Aristotle's "Poetics," his fleet was defeated, and only a few of his which obtained for him the office of laureate in ships escaped. He afterwards laid siege to 1790. He was also a inember of Parliament, a Sparta, but without success. He was slain in magistrate, and a commissioner of police. His an attempt on Argos, by a tile which a woman verses are both poor and tame. B. in Berk- threw on his head from the top of her house, shire, about 1715; D. 1813. 273 B.C. He introduced into warfare the celebrated Pyrrhic phalanx. The biography of Pyrrhus is one of the finest in Plutarch.

PYM, John, pym, an English statesman, who received his education at the University of Oxford, and afterwards applied himself to the PYTHAGORAS, pi-thag'-o-ras, a celebrated study of the law. The representative of a good Greek philosopher, studied in Egypt many Somersetshire family, he early entered the years, and, after travelling over a great part of House of Commons, where he distinguished Asia, returned to his native place; but, finding himself as a bold and eloquent debater. As that Polycrates had usurped the government at member for Tavistock, in Devonshire, he was Samos, he went to Crotona, in Italy, where he one of the most energetic opposers of the taught philosophy with great reputation. Stumeasures of Charles I., and in 1826 acted as dents came to him from all parts, on whom he one of the managers of the impeachment of imposed a probationary silence for five years; the Duke of Buckingham. In 1610 he delivered after which they were required to place their a remarkable speech to the House of Commons, property in the common stock. He greatly rein which he declared that the earl of Strafford formed the manners of the people of Crotona was the " principal author and promoter of all and its neighbourhood, and several of his dis those counsels which had exposed the kingdom ciples became excellent legislators, particularly to so much ruin." The impeachment of Zeleucus. He was the first to a suine the title Strafford was the result of this oration. Against of philosopher, and held that the sun was in Laud he also delivered an eloquent speech; and the centre of the universe, and that the earth his power and influence became so great during revolved round it with the other planets. His the crisis which speedily ensued, that he was other principles were less rational, for he maincalled "King Pym." In 1611, Pym delivered a tained the doctrine of a transmigration of souls, speech to the Lords upon presenting petitions and the unlawfulness of eating animal food. B. which had been received by the lower house, at Samos, about 570 B.C.; D. about 501 B.C. of such cloquence and boldness, that the PYTHFAS, pith'-e-às, a Greek traveller, who Commons voted him their thanks. In the sub-was the contemporary of Aristotle, and rendered sequent struggle between Charles and the Par- himself famous by his skill in mathematics. liament, Pym was nominated lieutenant of the He travelled into various countries and made orduance; but his death occurred shortly after-numerous discoveries, particularly with respect wards. D. in Somersetshire, 1554; D. 1813. to the length of the days in different climates, PYNE, James B., pine, a modern English painter, who was articled to a solicitor, but upon the expiration of his apprenticeship devoted himself to landscape-painting. In 1835 he went to London, and after labouring steadily during several years, at length attracted notice as a vigorous and able landscape-painter. Besides his paintings, he produced several collec

and the obliquity of the ecliptic. In his "Description of the Ocean," he states that he sailed through the English Channel and as far as Thule, generally supposed to be Iceland.

PYTHEAS, a rhetorician of Athens, who opposed Demosthenes, and sarcastically said that his orations smelt of the lamp. PYTHIAS. (See DAMON.)