Raglan to the geology, geography, and natural products of the island. These materials he subsequently classified and published, after his return to England, in a work entitled "The History of Java." In 1818 he received the honour of knighthood, and was appointed lieutenantgovernor of Fort Marlborough, in the island of Sumatra, where, as formerly, he was distinguished by his enlightened measures as an administrator, and emancipated the slaves. At Singapore he founded a commercial station, and a college for the study of Anglo-Chinese and Malay literature. He returned to England in 1824; but, unfortunately, the ship in which he had first embarked took fire, and almost the whole of the valuable collection of animals, plants, manuscripts, and drawings which he had formed, was totally destroyed. He was the founder and first president of the Zoological Society, and presented the museum of that body with a fine collection of preserved animals. B. at sea, off Jamaica, 1781; D. 1826. RAGLAN, James Henry Fitzroy Somerset, Lord, rag-lan, a modern English general, who left the Westminster school in his 16th year to enter the British army as cornet in the 4th Light Dragoons. After accompanying the British ambassador to Constantinople in 1807, he was placed upon the staff of the Duke of Wellington, and subsequently became his aidede-camp. He served throughout the Peninsular campaign, which was marked by the victories of Rolica, Talavera, Vimiera, and Busaco. In the retreat to the lines of Torres Vedras, and in the subsequent operations, he evinced distinguished merit. At Waterloo he lost his right arm, and was subsequently created K.C.B. and a colonel. After the conclusion of the war he fulfilled the diplomatic duties of secretary and minister in the embassy at Paris. In 1819 he became military secretary to the duke of Wellington, both in the Ordnance and at a later period at the Horse Guards. Upon the death of the Duke of Wellington, Lord Raglan was called to still higher military duties. He was appointed master-general of the ordnance, and, at the outbreak of the war between England and Russia, was selected to take the command Raikes Poland, in 1659. He was slain in action with the Turks, 1661. RAGOTZKY, Francis Leopold, prince of Tran sylvania, an Hungarian patriot, who was, in 1701, appointed chief by the revolted Hungarians, and displayed in that capacity signal bravery and address. After holding Hungary separate from Austria during ten years, he, upon the proclamation of peace between the inhabitants of that country and the emperor, went to Franet, and thence to Constantinople, where he was held in great esteem. D. 1676 D. in Turkey, 1735. RAGUENET, Francis, rag-nai, a French his torian, who obtained a prize from the Ac demy in 1689, for a discourse on the "Met of Martyrdom." In 1704 he published a “Ca parison between the Italians and the Fren with regard to Music and the Opera," in what he maintained the superiority of the former. This work occasioned a literary warfare. His other works are, "The Monuments of Rome; or, Description of the Works of Art, &c., in tast the "History of Oliver Cromwell, City;" "History of the Old Testament." B. at Roun, 1660; D. 1720. RAGUSA, Augustus Frederick de Marme Duke of, ra-goo-sa, a celebrated general ane marshal of France, received a complete and regular military education at the collec school of Châlons, and, after entering army, attracted at Toulon the favourable tice of Bonaparte, who made him his aid camp. He accompanied that general to I in 1796, and fought in almost every subse engagement, winning high honour for his skill, bravery, and readiness of resource, till length he was selected by Bonaparte to y to Paris the twenty-two colours captured fre the enemy. In the Egyptian campaign he s a general of brigade, and, in 172, wa of the officers who accompanied Bonaparte his perilous flight from Egypt. Between years 1805 and 1814 he was one of the most spicuously skilful and courageous of all age leon's subordinates. At Ulm, during the quest of the province of Styria; at Waran the successor to Massena in Portugal; and of the British army destined to defend the Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic, he bore a Against an allied for Turkish empire. Under his directions, and in tinguished part. conjunction with the French troops led by Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, num Marshal St. Arnaud, the British army signally de- four times greater than his own, he obst feated the Russians, and in two hours carried the defended Paris, in 1814. But when the e intrenched and fortified position on the heights artillery began to sweep the city fr of Alma. It has been ascertained that he was heights of Montmartre, he received instrad for carrying Sebastopol by a coup-de-main, but from Joseph Bonaparte which permitted gave way to the wishes of the French com- to evacuate the French capital. He th mander, who desired to take the fortress by in- over to the allies with his entire force, th vestment. The repulse and defeat of the enemy serting the cause of the emperor for ever. at Balaklava, and the daring intrepidity of the was subsequently employed by Louis army at Inkermann, took place under his com- and Charles X., the latter of whom co mand; but he succumbed to disease before the him to repress the revolt of 1830: he was final success of the operations which he himself ever, defeated by the people, and beco had inaugurated. His remains were conveyed object of odium with his country to England; a pension of £1000 per annum name was struck off the rolls of the was settled upon his widow, and one of £2000 army, and he was banished from his upon his son. B. 1788; D. before Sebastopol, country. He spent the remainder of t (See Kinglake's "Invasion of the away from France, and devoted his les 1855. Crimea.") the composition of some excellent treat His "Memoirs" appe RAGOTZKY, Sigismund, ra-gotz'-ke, an Hun-military science. B. at Châtillon-sur-S garian magnate, who was elected prince of Paris in 1856. Transylvania upon the death of Stephen Botkay D. at Venice, 1852. in 1607. D. about 1610. RAIKES, Robert, raiks, an English thropist, who was the son of a printer entered into an alliance with the Swedes, againstcester, and was himself bred to the sa RAGOTZKY, George, prince of Transylvania, Having acquired a fortune in trade, he employed the rebels of Munster. On his return to England it in acts of charity, and in providing instruction he introduced himself to the notice of Queen to the inmates of the county bridewell and to Elizabeth by a romantic piece of gallantry. Her the children and workmen employed in the majesty, while taking a walk, stopped at a factories. He established a number of Sunday muddy place, hesitating whether to proceed or schools, requiring only "clean hands, clean not; on which Raleigh took off his new plush faces, and combed hair" in their attendants. In cloak, and spread it on the ground. The queen all his noble efforts he was very successful. trod gently over the foot-cloth, and soon rewarded B. at Gloucester, 1735; D. 1811. the sacrifice of a cloak with a handsome suit to RAIMBACH, Abraham, raim-bak, an eminent the owner. Being still intent upon making English engraver, was of Swiss descent on his discoveries, he, in 1584, fitted out a squadron, father's side, and was, at an early age, placed which endeavoured to establish the coiony as an apprentice to an engraver. His first work called, in honour of Elizabeth, Virginia; but was the key to Copley's "Death of Chatham." | almost the only fruits of the expedition were the An assiduous student of his art, he went on in- bringing of the tobacco-plant and the potato to creasing in skill, till, in the year 1812, he be- England. After spending £40,000 in an unsac came engraver for Sir David Wilkie. During cessful attempt to found a colony, he abandoned the remainder of his life he was employed by the scheme to a mercantile corporation. Meanthat artist to reproduce his works, the excel- while he had been made a knight, captain of lence and popularity of which enabled him the queen's guard, a lord warden of the Stannato acquire large sums by their sale. His best ries, and lieutenant-general of Cornwall. In prints after Wilkie were the "Rent Day," "The the defeat of the Spanish armada, in 1588, Sir Village Politicians," "The Cut Finger," "The Walter bore a glorious part, for which he reParish Beadle," "Blind-Man's-Buff," and "Dis- ceived distinguishing marks of favour from the training for Rent." After his death, his auto- queen. In 1591 he sailed on an expedition biography was published by his son; it was against the Spanish fleet, but without success. entitled "Memoirs and Recollections of the late About the same time he incurred the queen's Abraham Raimbach, including a Memoir of Sir displeasure by an intrigue with one of her maids David Wilkie." The work is full of interest, of honour, whom he afterwards married. In and contains a pleasing account of the engra- 1595 he sailed to Guiana, and destroyed the ver's visit to the museum of the Louvre at capital of Trinidad. The year following he took Paris, during the short interval of peace in 1802. a distinguished part in the capture of Cadiz. B. in London, 1776; D. 1813. Honours were lavished in abundance upon him, and he obtained the lordship of St. Germaine, in Cornwall. Sir Walter was one of those who brought about the fall of Essex, and remained in the favour of the queen till her death; but, in the succeeding reign, his fortunes changed. He was stripped of his preferments, tried, and condemned for high treason, on a charge the most frivolous, and without the least evidence. He remained in the Tower thirteen years, during which he wrote several works on various subjeets of great importance, the best of which was the "History of the World," which was published in 1614. The year following he was released, in consequence of the flattering account which he had given of some rich miues in Guiana. On gaining his liberty, he sailed to that country, in search of those pretended mines, instead of discovering which, he burnt the Spanish town of St. Thomas, and returned to England, where, on the complaint of Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, he was apprehended, and, in a most unprecedented manner, beheaded on his former sentence. His works are historical, philosophical, poetical, and political. As an author, Hume declares him to be the "best model of our ancient style;" and Hallam speaks of him as "less pedantic than most of his contemporaries, seldom low, and never affected." The appearance and character of this poet, courtier, navigator, statesman, and military and naval commander, are thus sketched by Aubrey;"He was a tall, handsome, and bold man; but his næve was that he was damnable proud. He had a most remarkable aspect, an exceeding high forehead, and long-faced." Altogether, he was one of the most remarkable men of a remarkable age. B. at Hayes, Devonshire, 1552; beheaded at Westminster, 1618. RAIMONDI, Marc Antonio, rai-mon'-de, a celebrated Italian engraver, who was employed by Raffaelle to engrave his drawings. Clement VII. ordered him to be imprisoned for having engraved a series of obscene designs after Julio Romano, illustrating the sonnets of Aretino; but the pope having been shown his superb engraving of the "Martyrdom of St. Lawrence," pardoned him, and became his patron. When Rome was taken by the Spaniards, in 1527, Raimondi lost everything he possessed, and fled to Bologna, where he continued to work until his death. The British Museum possesses a fine collection of his engravings, some of which are valued at £60 per impression. B. at Bologna, about 1488; D. about 1516. KAINOLDS, John, rai'-nolds, a learned divine, and president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was considered the leader of the Puritan party, and distinguished himself greatly at the Hampton Court conference, in 1603, where he suggested the necessity of the authorized translation of the Bible, in which work he was afterwards engaged. B. 1519; D. 1607. RALEIGH, Sir Walter, ral'-e, a celebrated English navigator, author, and courtier, who, receiving the rudiments of his education at home, was, about 1568, sent to Oriel College, Oxford, where he was worthily esteemed a proficient in oratory and philosophy;" but did not long remain there; for, having an enter prising spirit, he entered into the troop of gentlemen volunteers who went to the assistance of the Protestants of France, where he continued about five or six years. He subsequently joined the expedition of General Norris in the Netherlands, in aid of the cause of the Prince of Orange. Soon after his return he engaged with his brother-in-law, Sir Humphry Gilbert, in a voyage to America, whence they reurned in 1579. The next year he was in IreLand, where he distinguished himself against RALPII, James, ralf, an American writer, was originally a schoolmaster at Philadelphia, and went thence, in 1725, to London, where he published a poem entitled "Night." He also wrote Ramler a "History of England," and several political pamphlets. Pope has given him a place in his "Dunciad," where he exclaims, "Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cynthia And makes night hideous; answer him, ye B. about 1700; D. at Chiswick, 1762. RAMLER, Charles William, ram'-ler, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, became teacher of the belles lettres at Berlin; where his "Lyrical Anthology" procured him the name of the German Horace. He also composed oratorios, and translated some works into his native language. B. 1725; D. 1798. RAMEAU, Jean Philippe, ra'-mo, a celebrated French musician, who, after practising as organist at his native place, discharged the same office in the cathedral of Clermont. In 1733 he produced his opera of " Hippolytus," which was followed by several others, and greatly admired. But it was as a theorist in music that Rameau excelled; and on account of his two work, the "Demonstration of the Principles of Harmony" and the "Code of Music," he was called the Newton of that science. Louis XV., to whom he was composer, conferred on him the title of nobility and the order of St. Michael. B. at Dijon, 1683; D. 1761. Ramsden Latin, Greek, and Arabic. He was as arte as a diplomatist, as he was enlightened and cultivated as a man. His representations to the British court led to the king of Delli's re ceiving an addition to his income of £30 B. in Bengal, 1774; D. near Bristol, 1833. RAMSAY, Andrew Michael, rámai, umally called the Chevalier Ramsay, a Scottish auth, who was educated at Edinburgh; after sha he became tutor to a nobleman's son at t university of St. Andrew's. In 1710 he wa Cambray, where he was converted to the Catholic religion by the celebrated Feel whose life he wrote. He was afterward ployed as tutor to the duke de Château-Thiery, and made knight of the order of St. Lazars He was also engaged by the son of Jamps", called the Ptender, in instructing! His works are, "Discourse upon Epic Po "Essay upon Civil Government," "Re on Shaftesbury's Characteristics," "Histor M. de Turenne," "Philosophical Princip Natural and Revealed Religion." B. 3. AG Scotland, 1686; D. in France, 1743. RAMSAY, Allan, a Scotch poet, who, t early age, went to Edinburgh, where he t apprentice to a barber, but subsequently deta guished himself by several ingenious pers songs in the Scotch dialect. His princ RAMMOHUN ROY, ramʼ-mo-hoon, a distin-formance is a pastoral, entitled "The guished Orientalist, who came of a high order Shepherd." B. in Scotland, 1685; D. 179. of the Brahminical caste. While still a youth, RAMSAY, Allan, a Scotch portrait painter,at he evinced heretical tendencies; and he states, son of the preceding, whose early stude "when about the age of sixteen, I wrote a drawing were made without the all of manuscript, calling in question the validity of tutor; but he afterwards improved his s the idolatrous system of the Hindoos. This, a visit to Italy. Lord Bute became his p together with my known sentiments on that and, through his means, he was introd subject, having produced a coolness between me George III., whose principal painter he and my immediate kindred, I proceeded on my in 1767. The English school of portrait travels, and passed through different countries, ing was in a very crude endition of chiefly within, but some beyond, the bounds of period; but Ramsay was perhaps sup Hindostan. When I had reached the age of most of the predecessors of Sir Joshua R twenty, my father recalled me, and restored me Two of his portraits of George III, to his favour; but my continued controver- Prince of Wales, were engraved. He sies with the Brahmins on the subjects of their accomplished man beyond the immediat idolatry and superstition, and my interference of his profession. and was zequainted with with their custom of burning widows and other Greek, Latin, Italian, and French pernicious practices, revived and increased their B. at Edinburgh, 1713; D. at Dover, 17 animosity towards me; and, through their in- RAMSAY, David, an American h fluence with my family, my father was again historian, studied medicine in Philad obliged to withdraw his countenance, though practised at Charleston, South Carolina his limited pecuniary support was still continued 1776 to 1785 he distinguished himse to me." After the death of his father, in 1803, member of the legislature of South Ca he openly broke with the Brahmins, and wrote and afterwards as a member of Congres several works exposing their errors. He pub- laboured zealously with his pen to pro lished an English translation of portions of the independence of his country; and are "Vedas" in 1817, and subsequently became part publications are." The History of the proprietor of an English newspaper called the Revolution," "The Life of Wa-bit Bengal Herald." A series of selections from "The History of South Carolina."F the New Testament, entitled, "The Precepts of most elaborate work, consisting of a Jesus the Guide to Peace and Happiness," historical volumes, entitled" UniversES translated into Sanskrit and Bengalee, was his Americanised, or an Historical View te next publication. In 1530 he was sent to Eng-World, from the earliest Records to th: land as ambassador from the king of Delhi, who teenth Century," &c., was published at -a; at the same time conferred upon him the title of rajah. He was on the eve of returning to his own country when he was seized with illness, which terminated in his death. death. n. 1749; shot by a maria, RAMSDIN, Jesso, raris'-de, an exa glish mechanician, who was at first He was a fre- worker, but in his 23rd year apprenticelli quent attendant in the Unitarian chapels in to a mathematical instrument maker in Le England, and held that a belief in the divine He pursued his new employment with cor mission of Christ was perfectly consistent with success that he was engaged by the strat the doctrines laid down by the Sanskrit writers matical instrument makers in the on the Brahminical faith. He wrote and spoke and was enabled in 1769 to open a shop English, Bengalee, Persian, Hindostance, and Haymarket; but in 1775 he removed was further acquainted with French, Hebrew, dilly, where he carried on business tills RANDON, Jacques Louis, Count, ran'-dawng, He greatly improved Hadley's quadrant or sex- fesionum," "Concio ad Clerum," &c. B.1719; tant; and invented a machine for dividing ma- D. 1813. thematical instruments, for which he received a premium from the Board of Longitude. Mr. | a distinguished French general and marshal Ramsden also improved the construction of the theodolite, and the barometer for measuring the heights of mountains. The pyrometer, for denoting the expansion of bodies by heat, also employed his talents; and he made many important discoveries and improvements in opties. He improved the refracting micrometer, the transit-instrument and quadrant, and procured a patent for an improved equatorial. His mural quadrants were admirable, and much sought after. Mr. Ramsden was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society in 1756. B. in Yorkshire, 1735; D. 1800. was an illustration of the famous saying of the RAMUS, Pierre, ra'-moos, a French philosopher and mathematician. His birth was mean, and RANKE, Leopold, raak, an eminent modern he received his education in the college of Na- | German historian, who at the outset of his career varre, where he was a servant. He studied was engaged as teacher in the gymnasium of with such ardour as to be admitted to the de- Frankfort-on-the-Oder; but having had from gree of master of arts; his thesis on which his earliest years a strong predilection for hisoccasion was an attack upon the doctrine of torical studies, he devoted all his leisure to the Aristotle, which occasioned a violent contro- composition of a "History of the Roman and versy, and Ramus was prohibited from teach- Gerraan People from 1494 to 1535;" on the ing. But, in 1551, he was nominated to the publication of which, in 1824, it was found to professorship of philosophy and eloquence in be so full of accurate and discriminating knowthe College of France. He was also obnoxions to ledge, that its author received the appointment the Sorbonne from being a Protestant; and in of professor of history in the University of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, this learned Berlin. The government of Prussia next granted and worthy (man fell a victim. His principal him the racans of prosecuting his researches werks are, treatises on Arithmetic and Geome- among the archives of Vienna, Rome, and try; Greek, Latin, and French Grammars; a Venice. The historian was thus enabled to "Life of Cicero," with remarks on the Latin produce his "Princes and Nations of South language; "Animadversions upon Aristotle;" | Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries," and Commentaries upon Quintilian," &c. B. at" The Conspiracy against Venice in 1659." In Cuth, Picardy, about 1515; killed at Paris, 1572. 1536 his reputation was established on the most RAMUSIO,Giovanni Battista, rai'-moo-se'-o, was substantial basis by his great work entitled Secretary of the Council of Ten at Venice, and "The Popes of Rome: their Church and State,” ambassador from that republic to France, Swit- of which an excellent translation was made by zerland, and Rome. He made the first collec- Mrs. Austin, and which likewise formed the tion of voyages and travels that is known; the foundation of one of Lord Macaulay's best first volume of which appeared at Venice, 1550. sys. For about four years he edited the B. at Treviso, Venetia, 1485; D. at Padua, 1557. "Historical and Political Gazette," a priat RANDOLPH, Sir Thomas, ran'-dolf, an En which, being deemed too liberal in its views, lish statesman, who was banished to France was suppressed in 198. In 1841 he became in the reign of Mary, on account of his religion, historiographer of Prussia. The most impor Queen Elizabeth employed him in several en-tant of his sub pant works were, History bessies, and rewarded him with knighthood,¦ the offices of chamberlain of the exchequer and mastership of the posts. His letters are in different collections, and his account of Russia is contained in Hakluyt's "Voyages." B. in Kent, 1523; D. 1590. PANDOLIN, Thomas, an English poet, who was a fellow of Trinity Collo, Cambridge, and the intimate friend of Ben Jonson, who ù ed to ell him his son. His poems ab und with wit and humour. He was the author of several dramat pieces. B. at Badby, Northamptonshire, 1605; D.1635. RANDOLPH, Thomas, a learned English divine, who became fellow, and afterwards presi-, dent, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He wrote an answer to the "Essay on Spirit," a valuable discourse on Jephthali's vow, and several Erbons. B. about 1710; D. 1788. of Germany during the Reformation,” trenslated into Engh by Irs. Austin; "Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg," and "Hist ry of Prussia during the 17th and 18th Centari. 3, and a "History of Servia and the servian Revo lution." B. nr Naumberg, Prussian Saxony, 1795. RANTZAT, Jsia, Cornt de, rant-s», a French marshal in the 17th century, was descended from en illustrious family in Holstein, and entreed when young into the Ewedish army. Ia 1635 he went to Franse with the chancellor (xenstierna; and Louis XIII. being pleased wh his areable man crs, ade him a mej r grond, and gave him the coramend of two rodme its. He s rv1 under the duke of Oc leas and the great Condé, with high reputa tim, ro to the rank of marshal, completel the cont of Flanders, and was made gover RANDOLPH, John, a learned prelate, son of nor of Dunkirk in 1653; but becoming an ob the preceding, studied at Christchurch, Oxford, jeet of suspicion to Crdinal Mazarin, was where he graduated, and in 1755 was elected to, confined 11 aos in the Bastille, and died soou the regius professorship of divinity, He be- after his liberation, in 1650. Daring his diffe came, successively, bishop of Oxford, Bangor, rent campaigns he was so often severely and Londen. He was the author of "Prale tio wounded, that at last he had but one eye, one de Lingua Græcæ Studio," &c, "Sulloge Con-ear, one arm, and one leg. Raphael RAPHAEL. (See RAFFAELLE.) RAPHELENGIUS, François, ra-fel-lain'-je-oos, a distinguished French critic, who studied the learned languages at Paris, after which he went to England, and taught Greek at Cambridge. On his return, he published learned editions of several ancient writers, with notes, and was employed on the Polyglot Bible of Antwerp, Irinted in 1571. He was appointed professor of Hebrew and Arabic at Leyden. His other works are a Hebrew Grammar, an Arabic Lexicon, and a Chaldaic Dictionary. B. near Lisle, 1539; D. at Leyden, 1597. RAPIN DE THOYRAS, Paul de, rap'-u, a French advocate, who afterwards became a historian. Obliged to leave France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he visited England and Holland; and in 1688 accompanied William of Orange to England, and obtained a military command in Ireland; but, being wounded at the siege of Limerick, he disposed of his commission. He afterwards became tutor to the son of the earl of Portland, whom he accompanied on his travels. His "History of England," which is very excellent, was printed at the Hague in 1724, and was afterwards translated into English by Nicholas Tindal. B. at Castres, 1661; D. at Wesel, 1725. RAPP, Jean, Count de, rap, a French general, attracted notice by his skill and bravery in the early progress of the revolutionary wars; was aide-de-camp to General Desaix during his campaigns in Germany and Egypt, and filled the same situation under Bonaparte when first consul. In 1802 he was employed in the subjugation of Switzerland, defeated the Russian Imperial guard, and took Prince Repnin prisoner at the battle of Austerlitz. He was appointed governor of Dantzic in 1807, and after the retreat of the French army, defended the city with consummate ability and valour, till he was compelled by famine to capitulate. Returning to France in 1814 he was received with distinction by Louis XVIII., but joined Napoleon on his return from Elba. He was, however, again taken into favour by the king, and died lieutenantgeneral of the cavalry in 1821. B. 1772. RASK, Erasmus Christian, rask, an eminent Danish philologist, who displayed an extraordinary aptitude for the acquisition of languages from his earliest years. He was the son of parents in the humblest circumstances; but his talents procured him patrons, who furnished him with the means of prosecuting his studies, first at the university of Copenhagen, and subsequently in Russia, Sweden, and Finland. In 1808 he was employed in a subordinate capacity at the University library at Copenhagen, but was subsequently sent, at the cost of the Danish government, to Persia and India, whence he brought home a most valuable collection, consisting of upwards of a hundred old and rare oriental manuscripts. His later years were passed in the uninterrupted prosecution of his philological labours, and in the fulfilment of his duties as historical professor in the university of Copenhagen. His most important works were an Armenian Dictionary; Anglo-Saxon Grammar; Investigations concerning the Northern or Icelandic Language; Spanish and Frisian Grammars; and a treatise on "The Age and Authenticity of the Zendavesta." B. in the island of Funen, 1787; D. 1832. RASPAIL, François Vincent,ras-pail,a modern French chemist and writer on scientific sub Rauch jects, who, in 1825, was RASTALL, OF RASTELL, John, ră-tel, oil RAUCH, Christian, rouk, a modern Germa sculptor, who received instruction from C |