Robins At length a conspiracy was formed against him: he was accused of seeking his own aggrandizement by getting rid of his old colleagues, and was condemned to death. He was taken, but contrived to effect his escape, and marched against the Convention; yet he had not sufficient personal courage to turn the tide once more in his own favour, and was again taken prisoner. He attempted to destroy himself by a pistol-shot, but only succeeded in breaking his jaw, and in that condition was, with twenty-two of his associates, dragged to the scaffold. His character has been severely decried, but deservedly so. He was cowardly and cruel, but cloquent and unmercenary. His partisans surnamed him the "Incorruptible," and at his death he was worth but 50 francs. B. at Arras, 1759; guillotined, 1794. ROBINS, Benjamin, rob'-ins, an eminent English mathematician and artillerist. His parents were Quakers; but he abandoned that form of faith soon after he had settled in London as teacher of mathematics. He distinguished himself by confuting a memoir by Bernouilli on the Force of Bodies in Motion," and by a demonstration of the last proposition of Newton's "Treatise on Quadratures." In 1742 he published his "Principles of Gunnery," the result of his own experiments,-an admirable work, which is without a superior in its particular walk, even at the present day. He also contributed to the improvements in the royal observatory at Greenwich, and in 17-19 was appointed engineer in general to the East India Company. B. at Bath, 1707; D. at Madras, 1751. ROBINSON, Rev. Edward, rob'-in-son, a learned American divine, who, upon the completion of his educational career, repaired to Paris, and afterwards to Halle, in Prussia, in order to study the Oriental languages and literature. After spending some time in the Holy Land, he in 1841 produced his "Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petræa," a very learned and valuable work. After his return to his native country, he became professor of Biblical literature in the Theological Seminary at New York. He also translated the Greek Lexicon of Buttmann and the Hebrew Lexicon of Gesenius; and wrote a "Commen-; tary on the Apocalypse," "Dictionary of the Bible," and "Harmony of the Four Gospels," in English. B. in Connecticut, U.S., 1794; D. 1863. ROBISON, John, rob-i-son, a Scotch mathematician, who became professor of natural philosophy at Glasgow. In 1770 he accompanied Admiral Sir Charles Knowles to Russia, and was made director of the marine cadet academy at Cronstadt. On his return to his native country, he was appointed professor of natural philosophy at Edinburgh. He was the author of the "Elements of Mechanical Philosophy," some of the articles in the "Encyclopædia Britannica," and a curious work entitled a "History of the German Illuminati." B. at Boghall, Stirling, 1739; D. at Edinburgh, 1805. ROBSON, George Fennel, rob'-son, a distinguished painter of landscapes in water-colours, and also eminent as a draughtsman, whose first publication was a view of the city of Durham, with the profits of which he made a tour in the Scottish Highlands, the result of which was a work entitled "Outlines of the Grampian Mountains." This brought him fame and emolument; and he continued to produce many excellent works, the most prominent of Rochester which are a "View of London Bridge before Sunrise," and "Picturesque Views of English Cities."" B. at Durham, 1788; D. 1833. ROB ROY, rob roi', "Robert the Red," a famous Highland freebooter, whose real name was Robert Macgregor, but who took that of Campbell in consequence of the clan Maczeg being outlawed. Previously to the rebellion of 1715, in which he joined the standard of the Pretender, he had been a trader in cattle, but the duke of Montrose having deprived him of his lands, he made reprisals upon the property of the latter. During some time he con tinued to levy "black mail" upon his enemies, notwithstanding every effort made to caprav him. This bold, active, and courageous citas is the hero of one of Sir Walter Scott's res B. about 1660; D. subsequently to 1713. ROBUSTI, Jacopo. (See TINTORETTO.) ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Donalien de Vimeur, ro'-kam-bo, Count de, marshal of Frison, entered the army at the age of 16; in 174 be came aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe, dak of Orleans; and afterwards obtaining the mand of the regiment of La Marche, disti guished himself at the battle of Lafeldt, when He won fresh laurels a he was wounded. Creveldt, Minden, Corbach, and Clostercamp: and, having been made lieutenant-general, in 1780, sent with an army of 6000 men to the assistance of the United States of Amerion Having landed in Rhode Island, he acted a concert with Washington, first against Custa in New York, and then against Coresc Rochambeau was raised to the rank of marshal by Louis XVI, and, after the revolution, wa appointed to the command of the array of the north; but he was superseded by more active officers, and after satisfactorily vindicating conduct, which had been impugned by the journals, retired to his estate, near Vendita, with a determination to interfere no more wh public affairs. He was subsequently arren, and narrowly escaped suffering death during the domination of Robespierre. In 1803 Bora parte granted him a pension, and the cruse of grand officer of the Legion of Honour. 1 "Mémoires" were published in 1809. B. 17; D. 1807. ROCHE, Regina Maria, rofsh, a novelist, am whose productions, which were very popaz S their day, were "The Children of the Ase," "The Nocturnal Visit," "The Monastery of S Columb," &c. B. 1765; D. 1845. ROCHEFORT, William de, roosh'-for, a Frei writer, who was a member of the Acad my d Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, and pa a faithful and elegant translation of Scho "Refutation of Miraba He also wrote a System of Nature," and other works. Lyons, 1731; D. 1788. ROCHEFOUcauld. (See LA ROCHEFOR (See LA ROCHEJAQUE ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, carl of, ro', beste, a celebrated English nobleman and p.. displayed unusual powers of wit and a rig of imagination; but he disgraced Es qualities by the most dissolute principes ad licentious conduct. His days were shred by intemperance, but he died sincerely perks tent. His satirical poems are kevay ba de faced by obscenity and impiety. It attr mentioned to his credit, that before his d Rochon he ordered all his licentious writings to be "Here lies our sovereign lord the king, Nor ever does a wise one." Rodriguez Roderick himself, were slain. Scott, Southey, and Irving have chosen the conquest of Spain by the Moors for the subject of some of their most admirable works. D. 711. RODGER, Alexander, rod'-jer, a modern Scottish poet, was the son of a farmer in Midlothian, who, having emigrated to Hamburg, Alexander joined his mother's relatives in Glasgow, and there became a weaver; and while engaged in this way, added to his income by giving lessons in music, for which he had considerable talent. He became connected, in 1819, with a political journal intended to advocate reforms in the representation of the people in Parliament and otherwise, and in consequence was prosecuted and committed to prison for what were then called "revolutionary practices." On his release, he became inspector of cloths at Barrowfield printworks, Glasgow, and ultimately became connected with various newspapers published in the western Scottish metropolis, in which occupation he continued till his death. Rodger published two volumes of "Poems and Songs," which became extremely popular in the west of Scotland. His writings are pervaded by a fine vein of humour; and his political productions show considerable satiric power. In his songs, which are the most valuable of his works, he is more the poct of the home affec tions than of external nature. Personally he was exceedingly popular with his compatriots, was fond of society, and from his kindly and genial humour, was always a welcome guest wherever he appeared. A monument to his memory has been erected in the necropolis of Glasgow. B. 1781; D. 1816. B. in Oxfordshire, either 1617 or 1648; D. 1680. ROCHON, Alexis Marie, rosh-awng, a French astronomer and navigator, who became in 1791 curator of the cabinet of physics and opties to the king. In 1790 he was despatched to London on a mission relative to the reform of the weights and measures, and was subsequently appointed member of the commission for regulating the French coinage, and of the French Institute. In 1790 he constructed a lighthouse at the entrance to the harbour of Brest. He wrote extensively upon scientific subjects, his most important works being, "Memoirs upon Mechanics and Natural Philosophy;" and "Essay on Ancient and Modern Money." He also wrote, "Voyages in the East Indies and in Africa," and a "New Voyage to the South Sea." B. at Brest, 1741; D. 1817. ROCKINGHAM, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of, rok'-ing-ham, an English states. man, who was the son of the first marquis of Rockingham. In 1750 he entered the House of Lords, and immediately afterwards took a foremost part in the debates of that assembly. Horace Walpole, however, in his "Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of the Reign of George II.," makes several uncomplimentary references to the future prime-minister. In 1752 he says of him, "The young marquis of Rockingham en- RODNEY, George Brydges, Lord, roď-ne, a galtered into a debate so much above his force, lant English admiral, who entered the navy in his and partly applied the trite old apologue of twelfth year, and distinguished himself in seve Menenius Agrippa, and the sillier old story of ral actions. In 1759 he became rear-admiral, the fellow of college, who asked why we should and was employed to bombard Havre-de-Graco do anything for posterity, who had never done In 1761 he was sent against Martinique, which anything for us!" His consistent and honour-island, together with Santa Lucia and Grenada, able character, and his steady adherence to the he captured, and for his services was created a principles of Whiggism, nevertheless enabled baronet. Owing to an electioneering contest the young statesman to rise gradually but cer- for Northampton and other causes, he was retainly. He became a knight of the Garter in duced to such a state of pecuniary embarrass1760, and five years later was appointed first ment as to be obliged to reside on the continent, lord of the Treasury, and prime-minister, hold- where, during the American war, he was tempted ing office during a year. Upon the retirement by the Count de Sartines, by brilliant offers, to of Lord North from the head of affairs in 1782, enter into the French service. These overthe marquis of Rockingham again succeeded to tures he refused; of which De Sartines liberally power, and held place until his death, which informed the British government, by whom Sir took place a few months afterwards. B. 1730; George was recalled home, aud obtained a command. In 1780 he defeated the Spanish flect and took several ships. This was soon after followed by a more splendid victory and the capture of the Spanish admiral, Don Juan de Langara. But the most important exploit of this brave admiral was the defeat of the French fleet under Count de Grasse in the West Indies, in 1752, when the French admiral and a number of his ships were taken. For this he was created a peer and obtained a pension. B. at Walton-upon-Thames, Surrey, 1718; D. 1792. D. 1782. RODERICK, rod-e-rik, the last of the Visigothie kings of Spain, was the son of Theodofred, duke of Cordova, who had been deprived of his sight by King Witiza; but Roderick revolted against, and, after defeating, deprived him of his crown. The sons of Witiza sought the aid of the Moors, who prepared to invade Spain; and in 710 landed, under the command of Tarif, at Tartessus, now Tarifa. In the following year the Moors again landed in greater force, at the foot of the rock of Calpe. expedition was under the command of Tarik, and the place of landing was termed Gebel Tarik, which became corrupted into Gibraltar. The Arabs advanced into the interior, and were met at Medina Sidonia by Roderick, with a large but badly-disciplined army. A series of desperate engagements, occupying nine days, ensued, and resulted in the defeat of the Goths, the flower of whose chivalry, together with The RODOLPH OF HAPSBURG. (See RUDOLPH.) RODRIGUEZ, Ventura, ro'-dre-gais, a Spanish architect, who in 1733 assisted in making the designs for the new palace at Madrid. In 1752 be became professor of architecture in the Aca demy of St. Fernando at Madrid. He designed a very large number of the cathedrals, colleges, and churches throughout Spain, and was justly styled by his countrymen the restorer of architec ture in his native country. B. 1717; D. 1755. Roe ROE, Sir Thomas, ro, an English statesman, who in 1614 was sent ambassador to the Great Mogul, at whose court he remained nearly four years; of which embassy he published very curious and interesting account. He subsequently acted in the same capacity at Constantinople. During his residence in the East he made a large collection of valuable manuscripts in the Greek and Oriental languages, which, in 1628, he presented to the Bodleian library. He also brought over the famous Alexandrian MS. of the New Testament, sent from Cyril, patriarch of Constantinople, to Charles I. In 1629 he was sent to negotiate a peace between the kings of Poland and Sweden, in which he succeeded. In 1611 he went as ambassador to the diet of Ratisbon, and on his return was made a privy councillor and chancellor of the Garter. B. in Essex, about 1580; D. 1614. ROEBUCK, John, ro-buk, a physician and natural philosopher, was educated at Edinburgh and Leyden, and engaged in practice at Birmingham, Hevoted his attention particularly to chemical experiments; and, in conjunction with Mr. Garbett, established a sulphuric acid manufactory at Preston Pans, in Scotland, which proved very successful; and in 1759 also founded the celebrated Carron ironworks. An attempt to work mines of coal and salt, on the estate of the duke of Hamilton, however, caused his ruin. B. at Sheffield, 1718; D. 1794. Rogers made many important discoveries in astronomy, as well as inventing some new and excellit forms of astronomical apparatus. In 1681 he was recalled to his native country, and received from the king of Denmark the appointment d professor of astronomy at Copenhagen Hu celestial observations, under the title of "Bass Astronomia," were printed by his pupils in 1735. B. in Jutland, 1644; D. 1710. ROGER OF HOVEDEN. (See HOVEDES.) ROGERS, John, roj'-era, an eminent English divine, who became chaplain to the fact ryst Antwerp, where he assisted Tindal and Cover dale in translating the Bible into English. In the reign of Edward VI. he returned to England, and obtained a prebend in St. Paul's cathedral, where he was a frequent and zealous preac He was the first person executed in the me ceeding reign, being burnt at the stake in Smithfield in 1555. ROGERS, John, a learned English divine, whe became fellow of Corpus Christi College, Op ford. He wrote an able treatise on the ind visibility of the Church, against Hoadly, and Sermons. B. in Oxfordshire, 1679; D. 1729. ROGERS, Woods, an English navigator, who belonged to the royal navy in 1708, when 5c wa invited by the merchants of Bristol to take the command of an expedition to the South S He set sail with two vessels, taking out Imper as a pilot. Passing to the south of Tierra un Fuego, in January, 1709, they entered the Pacific Ocean, and in February arrived at t isle of Juan Fernandez, where they found A ander Selkirk; they then visited the coat d California, crossed the Pacific, and returned i England in October, 1711. Captain Bogers va afterwards employed to extirpate the pros who infested the West Indies. D. 1732 ROEBUCK, John Arthur, a modern English politician, who went at an early age to Canada, but returned to England in his twenty-third year to study for the English bar, to which he was called in 1831, and in the following year was returned as member of Parliament for Bath. This seat he lost in 1837, but was re-elected in 1841. He again lost this seat in 1847, but was returned, unopposed, for Sheffield in 1849. ROGERS, Samuel, an eminent Engish part As an "extreme liberal," he sided with no great was the son of a London banker, in whe party in the house, but chose rather the part of house of business he was placed, after barng an independent critic of the measures which were received an efficient private education. Fra proposed in the national council-chamber. His his earliest years he had a predilection Sư powers as an orator were considerable, though poetry, and, at the age of twenty-three, prostrongly tinged with asperity, a quality which duced his first volume of verses, under the te often brought him into collision with the of "An Ode to Superstition, and other PS Whigs. He became queen's counsel in 1843, and Between the appearance of his first publicam was also chairman of several companies. As an and that of his second, "The Pleasures of he author he produced a "History of the Whig mory," which was given to the world in 174, he Party;" "The Colonies of England;" and like-travelled upon the continent and in Scotland S wise contributed to the "Westminster Review." years later he brought out another volume, In 1855 he moved for an inquiry into the con- which he remained silent during fourteeny dition of the army before Sebastopol, which for he added nothing to his poetical works at being carried against the Aberdeen ministry, the year 1812, when he published a fra they resigned. As chairman of that committee, entitled "Columbus." During this interval? he acted in such a manner as to earn from the ever, he had retired from active partic,pat nation the gratitude due to the efforts of an the affairs of the bank, and had given honest and independent politician. B. at Ma- to the cultivation of the friendship of the clas dras, 1801. brities of his time. "The house of Rages a St. James's Place, became a little parasita beautiful, where, amid pictures and other jects of art, collected with care and arri with skill, the happy owner nestled ia fastidia ease, and kept up among his contemporaris 4 character in which something of the Hima was blended with something of the Monak "Jaqueline" was put forth in 1s14; Il Life" in 1819; and in 1822, the poet, then si years of age, produced the first port of ca Italy." The complete edition of 12s 'a. poem was not published until 1s38, when . peared in a magnificent form, harag S illustrated, under his own direction, by Stet! Turner, and Prout, at a cost of £10,000. Uy to ROELAS, Juan de las, ro'-ai-las, a celebrated Spanish painter, who is supposed to have studied under Titian, at Venice. "No one," says Ford, in his "Handbook of Spain," "ever painted the sleek grimalkin Jesuit like Roelas.' His best works are, the "St. Iago," in the cathedral of Seville; a "Holy Family with Jesuits," and a "Nativity." B. about 1560; p. 1625. ROEMER, Olaus, re(r)'-mer, a Danish astronomer, who was educated at Copenhagen, and, on visiting Paris in 1671, became mathematical tutor to the dauphin. He also received a pension from Louis XIV., assisted Cassini and Picard in making the survey of France, and, during his ten years' stay in the kingdom, Ε Rogers his ninety-first year he wrote an occasional piece, composed, like all his works, with laborious slowness, and polished line by line into elegance. That Rogers was a shrewd observer and brilliant talker, besides a poet, is evinced by the publication of his "Table Talk," which appeared after his death. "We have in his works a classic and graceful beauty," says an eminent critic; "no slovenly or obscure lines; fine cabinet pictures of soft and mellow lustre, and, occasionally, trains of thought and association that awaken or recall tender heroic feelings." He had been in the habit of taking constant exercise till within a short time before his death, and was at last only prevented from appearing in public by an accident with which he met in the streets. B. at Newington Green, near London, 1762; D. 1855. Roland became the chief of the Huguenots in the reign of Louis XIII.; but upon the taking of Rochelle and the establishment of peace in 1629, he retired to Venice, where he was chosen generalissimo of the armies of the republic against the imperialists. He was subsequently recalled by the king, who employed him in the Grisons against the Germans and Spaniards. But the duke in 1637 gave up his commiand, and entered the service of the duke of SaxeWeimar, by whose side he received a mortal wound at the battle of Rheinfelden. He wrote the "Interests of Princes;" "The Perfect Captain; or, an Abridgment of Cæsar's Commentaries;" "On the Government of the Thir teen Cantons;" and Memoirs. B. in Brittany, 1579; D. 1638. ROHAN, Louis, Prince of, generally called the Chevalier de Rohan, who became colonel of the guard under Louis XIV., was a brave but unprincipled man, and engaged in a plot to deliver Quillebœuf to the Dutch, which being dis covered, he was sentenced to death. B. about 1635; executed, 1674. ROGERS, Henry, a modern English essayist, who received his education at Highbury College, and, for some time, officiated as an Independent preacher. Relinquishing this employment in consequence of ill-health, be became professor of the English language and literature in UniROHAN, Cardinal de, a French prelate, who versity College, London, which post he subsequently vacated to assume the chair of philo- became the dupe of the Countess de Lamotte sophy at Spring Hill Independent College, and others, by whom he was induced to purBirmingham. He contributed extensively to chase for Queen Marie Antoinette a magnificent the pages of the " Edinburgh Review;" and collar of diamonds, in the hope of obtaining selecting subjects similar with those which had her favours. On the discovery of the affair, he been formerly chosen by Lord Macaulay, he won was, in 1785, brought to trial before the Parliaa high position by his able and elegant treatment and acquitted, but was exiled from the ment of them. A collection of his essays, French court. B. 1734; D. 1803. ROHAULT, Jacques, ro'-holte, a French philo critical, historical, biographical, and speculative, was published in 1850, and again, in an enlarged sopher, who became a zealous defender of the form, in 1855. As a writer upon the religious Cartesian system, of which he published a po opinions of the present time he was very suc-pular view. Of this work Dr. Samuel Clarke cessful, and produced, among other popular gave an edition, with notes, adapting it to the "The Eclipse of Newtonian system. He was also the author of works upon that subject, "Elements of Mathematics," and a treatise on Faith," and a "Defence" of that book, in reply to Mr. Francis Newman. He also wrote "The Mechanics. B. at Amiens, 1620; D. 1675. Life and Character of John Howe, M.A.," with an analysis of his writings; and "General Introduction to a Course of Lectures on English Grammar and Composition." B. at St. Albans, Herts, 1806. Re ROLAND, ro-land, a celebrated hero of chivalric romance, was one of the paladins of Charlemagne, whose nephew he is by some stated to have been. His character was that of a brave warrior,-devoted and loyal. He was ROGET, Peter Mark, ro'-zhet, a modern phy-appointed commandant of the Marches of Britsician and physiologist, who studied his profes- tany by Charlemagne, whom he afterwards ac sion at Edinburgh, and afterwards settled in companied to the conquest of Spain. practice at Manchester, where he became phy- turning from that expedition, he fell into an sician to the lunatic asylum and fever hospital. ambuscade at Roncesvalles, where, together He repaired to the metropolis at a later period, with the flower of the French chivalry, he and was elected fellow and secretary of the perished in 778. His adventures are celebrated Royal Society, and lecturer on physiology at the in the famous continental romance entitled the Royal Institution of Great Britain. His works "Chanson of Roland." He is also the hero of were both numerous and important, the chief the "Roland Amoureux" of Boïardo, and of the of them being one of the Bridgewater trea- "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto. The town of tises; treatise on "Physiology and Phrenology;" Rocamadour, in France, pretends to be in posarticles for the "Encyclopædia Britannica" and session of the "Durandal," or the celebrated the "Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine;" and sword of Roland. ROLAND DE LA PLATIERE, Jean Marie, a papers published in the "Transactions" of various learned and scientific societies. He was a French statesman, who was designed for the fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and of church; but, relinquishing his studies, became the Astronomical, Zoological, Geographical, and engaged in commercial pursuits. In time, his Entomological Societies. Apart from the scien-commercial abilities being very great, he became tific researches which engaged his pen, he pro-inspector-general of the manufactories of Piduced an excellent work, entitled "A The saurus of English Words and Phrases, arranged and classified so as to facilitate the Expression of Ideas, and assist in Literary Composition." B. in London, 1779. ROHAN, Henry, Duke of, ro'-an, Prince of Leon, distinguished himself by his bravery at the siege of Amiens, and thereby obtained the friendship of Henry IV., after whose death he 693 cardy, and afterwards of those of Lyons, of his wife, he ran himself through the body, in Law;" and several treatises supplied to the 1793. He wrote some works on the cotton and "Statistical Annals of Milan." A monument to linen manufactures, "Letters from Switzer- his memory was raised at Milan. B. near Pisland, Italy, Sicily, and Malta," and a "Dic-cenza, 1761; D. at Milan, 1835. tionary of Manufactures and Arts." B. 1732. ROMAINE, William, roʻ-main, an English ROLAND, Marie Jeanne Philipon, the wife of divine and theological writer, who, upon enter the preceding. Her father was an engravering into orders, became a frequent preacher named Philipon, who was eminent in his pro- fore the university of Oxford, till his strongy fession, and gave her an excellent education. Calvinistic sentiments caused him to st At the age of twenty-five she married M. Ro- his appointments at that seat of learner. land, though there was a great disparity in He then removed to London, where he ca their ages. She rendered important services to tinued to preach in various churches, to large him in his capacity of minister of the interior; congregations, almost till his death. He was and most of the official writings which he the editor of Calasio's "Concordance to the published were the production of her mas- Hebrew Bible," in which he made some more, culine mind. On his flight, she was sent to the rantable alterations to serve the Hutchinserim prison of the Abbaye, and, after an imprison- doctrine. B. at Hartlepool, 1714; D. in Leada, ment of some weeks, was released; but she had 1795. scarcely reached her own house before she was again apprehended. In her last confinement she wrote an interesting work, entitled "An Appeal to Posterity," or Historical Notices, Anecdotes, and Memoirs of herself. At length she was dragged before the revolutionary tribunal, and sentenced to the guillotine, which she endured with great fortitude, saying, as she looked on the statue of Liberty, "O Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!" B. at Paris, 1754; guillotined, 1793. ROLLIN, Charles, rol'-la, a celebrated French writer, who, after studying in the college of Plessis and at the Sorbonne, became successively professor of languages, rhetoric, and eloquence. În 1694 he was appointed rector of the university of Paris, where he revived the study of Greek, and introduced many important regula. tions in the academical exercises. His principal works were, an edition of Quintilian; treatise on Studying and Teaching the Belles Lettres;' "Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, and Babylonians History of Rome from the Foundation of that City to the Battle of Actium ;" and "Miscellaneous Pieces." B. at Paris, 1661; D. 1741. ་ ROLLO, rol'-lo, a chieftain of Norway, who, being driven from that country by the king of Denmark, lauded in Normandy, which was ceded to him by Charles the Simple in 911. Rollo embraced the Christian religion in the following year, and was baptized by the name of Robert. He assumed the title of duke of Normandy, married Giselle, the daughter of the French king, and was the ancestor of William the Conqueror. D. either in 920 or 927. ROMAGNOSI, Gian Domenico, ro-man-yo-se, a distinguished Italian jurist, who became doctor of law of the university of Parina in 1786. He commenced practice as an advocate, and soon becaine celebrated. He also published several legal works, which were well received in Germany, as well as in his native country. In 1808 he was invited by Napoleon I. to Milan, to assist in the compilation of a criminal code. In the following year he became professor of civil law in the university of Pavia. On the downfall of Napoleon in 1814, he lost all his public appointments, and henceforth devoted himself to private teaching and to the composition of works on jurisprudence. His legal treatises, which are regarded as among the soundest in the whole range of Italian legal literature, were very numerous. The best known are, "Code of Criminal Procedure for the Kingdom of Italy;" Fundamental Principles of Administration;" "Introduction to the Study of Universal Public ROMANA, Don Peter Caro y Sureda, Marqu la, ro-ma'-na, a Spanish general, disia himself in the campaigns against the French a the Pyrenean frontier, from 1793 to 1785; mi commanded the auxiliary Spanish ecr d 14,000 men which was sent to the north of Germany by Napoleon; but when Spain s against the domination of France, La R aided by an English squadron, succeeded b embarking his troops from the island of From and conducting them home in safety. Durk 1809 and 1810 he displayed great talents both a a general and a statesman. B. 1761; D. 151. ROMANO, Giulio, ro-ma'-no, a celebra Italian painter and architect, whose fan Dyna was Pippi, was the disciple of Ratla, he made him his heir. His greatest pictures a "The Fall of the Giants," and "The Bats Constantine." He built some fine structur at Mantua, where he was patronized by th duke. B. at Rome, 1492; D. 1516. ROMANOFF, Michael, ro-ma-noc', czar er peror of Russia, was elected by a council of states at Moscow in 1613; but had to cele the rival pretensions of Sweden and Pok After a short war, he concluded a peace F Sweden in 1617, by which he ceded to Guitar Adolphus a large portion of territory. In the lowing year he signed a truce with Ladisl king of Poland, who had advanced to the ras of Moscow. Directed by the sage courses i his father, Michael would have advanced s civilization of his country, had not his dat prematurely taken place in 1615. He left throne to his son Alexis. The dynasty of kmanoff reigned in Russin from the year (6) until 1762, when it became extinct in the p son of the empress Elizabeth, who died wi.ku issue. It was succeeded by the dyary Holstein-Gottorp, with which it was con by ties of marriage, Charles Peter Urie, ~ reigned after Elizabeth, under the ran Peter III., being the son of her sister AD Petrowna, duchess of Holstein-Gottur, daughter of Peter the Great. ROMANUS I., ro-mai-nus, emperor of the East, was an Armenian, and became a dier in the army of the emperor Bas life he saved in a battle against the Nat which proved the foundation of his ... Constantine VI., whose daughter he est associated him in the empire in the year! He displayed great military talents, and 1.. other eminent qualities added the vi. humanity and piety. D. 918. ROMANUS II., called the Younger, was 1* son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, whe |