5. Newton the great mathematician was a devout believer in Christianity.

6. Spenser the author of the Faery Queen lived in the time of Queen Elizabeth.

7. Strength energy is what you want.

8. Plutarch calls anger a brief madness.

9. The chief work of Chaucer the Canterbury Tales suggested to Longfellow the plan of the Tales of a Wayside Inn.

10. John Chapman Doctor of Medicine. John Chapman M.D. 11. The wisest of the ancients Socrates wrote nothing.

12. A man of prodigious learning he was a pattern of modesty.

RULE 10. The Vocative Case. A noun in the vocative case, or, as it is called in English, the Case Independent, together with its adjunct words, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, or commas.

Examples for Practice.

1. Accept my dear young friends this expression of my regard. 2. I beg sir to acknowledge the receipt of your favor.

3. rise Mr. President to a point of order.

4. Show pity Lord! O Lord forgive!

5. Remember sir you cannot have it.

RULE 11. The Case Absolute.-A clause containing the construction known as the case absolute should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, or commas.

Examples for Practice.

1. Then came Jesus the doors being shut and stood in the midst. 2. A state of ease is generally speaking more attainable than a state of pleasure.

3. Shame lost all virtue is lost.

4. His father being dead the prince ascended the throne.

5. I being in the way the Lord led me to the house of my master's brother.

RULE 12. Inverted Clauses.-An inverted clause, standing

at the beginning of a sentence, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

Note 1. The infinitive mood, especially when used to express object or design, is often inverted in this way; as, "To obtain an education, he was willing to make sacrifices." The expressions To proceed, to conclude, etc., when placed at the beginning of a paragraph, and referring to the whole of it, should be separated from what follows by a colon..

Note 2. In making alphabetical catalogues, compound names, such as John Quincy Adams, are usually inverted, that is, the last word in the name, being the principal one, is put first, and is then separated from the other parts of the name by a comma; as, Adams, John Quincy.

Examples for Practice.

1. Awkward in person he was ill adapted to gain respect.

2. Of all our senses sight is the most important.

3. To supply the deficiency he resorted to a shameful trick.
4. Living in filth the poor cease to respect one another.
5. To confess the truth I never greatly admired him.

RULE 13. Ellipsis of the Verb.-In continued sentences, having a common verb, which is expressed in one of the members, but omitted in the others, the ellipsis of the verb is marked by a comma.

Examples for Practice.

1. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; writing

an exact man.

2. Homer was the greater genius; Virgil the better artist.

3. Semiramis built Babylon; Dido Carthage; and Romulus Rome.

RULE 14. Short Quotations. -A short quotation, or a sen、 tence resembling a quotation, should be preceded by a comma

Examples for Practice.

1. Patrick Henry began his celebrated speech by saying "It is natural to man to indulge the illusions of hope."

2. A good rule in education is "Learn to be slow in forming your opinions."

3. I say "There is no such thing as human perfection."

4. Some one justly remarks "It is a great loss to lose an affliction."

SECTION II.

THE SEMICOLON.

The Semicolon marks a division of a sentence somewhat larger and more complex than that marked by a comma.

Note. The word is compounded of semi, half, and colon, and means a division half as large as the colon.

RULE 1. Subdivided Members in Compound Sentences.When a sentence consists of two members, and these members, or either of them, are themselves subdivided by commas, the larger divisions of the sentence should be separated by a semicolon.

Note 1. If the connection between these members is close, the semicolon is not used. The word "when," introducing the first member, indicates this kind of close connection, and prevents ordinarily the use of the semicolon. "As," and "so," introducing the two members, indicate a comparatively loose connection, and authorize the use of the semicolon, if the other conditions exist; as, "As we perceive the shadow to have moved, but did not perceive it moving; so our advances in learning, consisting of such minute steps, are perceivable only by the distance."

The Rule itself furnishes an example of the semicolon omitted in a sentence beginning with "when."

Note 2. When the members are considerably complex, they are sometimes separated by a semicolon, even though not subdivided by commas; as, "So sad and dark a story is scarcely to be found in any work of fiction; and we are little disposed to envy the moralist who can read it without being softened."

Examples for Practice.

1. Sparre was sulky and perverse because he was a citizen of a republic. Sparre the Dutch general was sulky and perverse because according to Lord Mahon he was a citizen of a republic.

2. Bellasys the English general embezzled the stores because we suppose he was the subject of a monarchy. Bellasys embezzled the stores because he was the subject of a monarchy.

3. The most ridiculous weaknesses seemed to meet in the wretched Solomon of Whitehall pedantry buffoonery garrulity low curiosity the most contemptible personal cowardice.

4. Men reasoned better for example in the time of Elizabeth than in the time of Egbert and they also wrote better poetry.

5. Milton was like Dante a statesman and a lover and like Dante he had been unfortunate in ambition and in love.

6. This is an inconsistency which more than anything else raises his character in our estimation because it shows how many private tastes and feelings he sacrificed in order to do what he considered his duty to mankind.

RULE 2. Clauses and Expressions having a Common Dependence. When several clauses or grammatical expressions of similar construction follow each other in a series, all having a common dependence upon some other clause, they are separated from each other by a semicolon, and from the clause on which they all depend, by a comma.

Example: "Philosophers assert, that nature is unlimited in her operations; that she has inexhaustible treasures in reserve; that knowledge will always be progressive; and that all future generations will continue to make discoveries."

Note. If the clause on which the series depends comes at the end of the sentence, it is separated from the series, sometimes by a colon, and sometimes by a comma followed by a dash. Thus: That nature is unlimited in her operations; that she has inexhaustible treasures in reserve; that knowledge will always be progressive; and that all future generations will continue to make discoveries: these are among the assertions of philosophers.

If we think of glory in the field; of wisdom in the cabinet; of the purest patriotism; of the highest integrity, public and private; of morals without a stain; of religious feeling without intolerance and without extravagance,- the august figure of Washington presents itself as the personation of all these.

Examples for Practice.

1. Mr. Croker is perpetually stopping us in our progress through the most delightful narrative in the language to observe that really Dr. Johnson was very rude that he talked more for victory than for truth that his taste for port-wine with capilliare in it was very odd that Boswell was impertinent and that it was foolish in Mrs. Thrale to marry the music-master.

2. To give an early preference to honor above gain when they stand in competition to despise every advantage which cannot be attained without dishonest acts to brook no meanness and to stoop to no dissimulations are the indications of a great mind.

RULE 3. Sentences Connected in Meaning, but without Grammatical Dependence. When several sentences follow

each other, without any grammatical dependence, but connected in meaning, they are usually separated from each other by semicolons.

Example: "She presses her child to her heart; she drowns it in her tears; her fancy catches more than an angel's tongue can describe."

Note. In all the cases which come under this Rule, two features are essential. First, each of the several members forming the continued sentence should be complete in itself, so that it might grammatically stand alone, with a period following. Secondly, these several members should have some underlying thread of connection in the thought. Authors differ in regard to the punctuation, in these cases. Some insist on separating the members by a period. By such a course, however, we lose one important means of marking nice changes of thought. Others use the colon, instead of the semicolon, for these purposes. This was the case formerly much more than now. The best usage at present is, to employ a period, a colon, a semicolon, or a comma, according to the degree of complexity or simplicity of the several sentences, and the degree of closeness or looseness of connection in the thought. If the connection is close, and the suc cessive members are short and simple, the comma is used; if the members are somewhat longer, and especially if any of them are at all complex, the semicolon is used; if, in addition to this, the connection in the thought is but faint, the colon is used; and when the connection almost disappears, the period is. used. The connection in the thought does not disappear entirely until the close of the paragraph.

Examples for Practice.

1. Stones grow vegetables grow and live animals grow live and feel.

2. The summer is over and gone the winter is here with its frosts and snow the wind howls in the chimney at night the beast in the forest forsakes its lair the birds of the air seek the habitation of men.

3. The temples are profaned the soldier's oath resounds in the house of God the marble pavement is trampled by iron hoofs horses neigh beside the altar.

RULE 4. The Clause Additional.- When a sentence complete in itself is followed by a clause which is added by way of inference, explanation, or enumeration, the additional clause, if formally introduced by some connecting word, is separated from the main body of the sentence by a semicolon; but, if merely appended without any such connecting word, by a colon.

1. Apply yourself to study; for it will redound to your honor.

2. Apply yourself to study: it will redound to your honor.