1. Why

for so many a year fragments of Athens and Rome

has the poet wandered amid the

and paused ○ with strange and

kindling feelings amid their broken columns their mouldering temples their deserted plains

2. Greece

like Babylon

indeed fell but how did she fall Did she fall

Did she fall like Lucifer never to rise again

3. Rouse ye Romans rouse ye slaves

4. Down

soothless insulter I trust not the tale o

5. Have you eyes Could you on this fair mountain leave to

feed and batten on this moor

call it love for at your age

Ha have you eyes You cannot the hey-day in the blood is tame,

it's humble, and waits upon the judgment and what judgment would step from this to this o

6. Charge Chester charge 7. Who in a sea-fight

on Stanley on

ever thought of the price of the chain which beats out the brains of a pirate or of the odor of the splin

ter which shatters his leg

8. King Charles forsooth

had James no private virtues

virtues

had so many private virtues And

Was even Oliver Cromwell his

bitterest enemies themselves being judges destitute of private And what after all are the virtues ascribed to Charles O trumpets sound a war-note

9. Ho 10. Oh

was there ever such a knight in friendship or in war

as our sovereign lord – King Henry

the soldier of Navarre

The Dash is used chiefly either to mark a sudden change or interruption in the structure of the sentence, or to mark some elocutionary pause.

Note. The Dash, which is of modern origin, has been used so indiscriminately and injudiciously by ill-informed writers, that some critics have insisted on banishing it entirely. This would be only going to another extreme. There are. in many passages, in those particularly which are highly rhetorical, turns of thought, which can be indicated by a dash, and which cannot be indicated by any of the ordinary grammatical points. The dash, therefore, is a necessity in

many kinds of composition. But it should not be used as a substitute for the comma, semicolon, colon, period, or interrogation, as inexpert writers sometimes do mistakenly use it, but should be employed where these regular marks cannot be used, and to express things which they cannot express. The dash, therefore, is incorrect whenever any one of these marks could be substituted for it without changing the meaning. Young writers particularly need to be on their guard in using the dash. Mark every dash as wrong, unless some positive reason for its use can be given, and unless it can be shown that none of the ordinary marks would express the idea.

RULE 1. Construction Changed.-A Dash is used where the construction of the sentence is abruptly broken off or changed; as,

Was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band? Was there everbut I scorn to boast.

RULE 2. Unexpected Change in the Sentiment.—The Dash is sometimes used to mark a sudden and unexpected change in the sentiment; as,

He had no malice in his mind

No ruffles on his shirt.

RULE 3. Emphatic Generalization.-A Dash is sometimes used to mark the transition from a succession of particulars to some emphatic general expression which includes them all;

as,

He was witty, learned, industrious, plausible,- everything but honest.

-

RULE 4. Elocutionary Pause. A Dash is sometimes used to mark a significant pause, where there is no break in the grammatical construction; as,

You have given the command to a person of illustrious birth, of ancient family, of innumerable statues, but-of no experience.

Note. The mark here is purely elocutionary. A good reader will pause some perceptible time after the but, whether there is a mark there or not. The dash serves to indicate to the eye what the good reader will indicate by his voice. This particular use of the dash is pretty well established, and it is not worth while to make any change in regard to it now. But were the matter of elocutionary notation to be undertaken anew, it would seem better to mark this suspension of the voice by a blank space than by a dash, the dash being used for other and very different purposes.

RULE 5. Expressions dependent upon a Concluding Clause. -When there is a long series of clauses or expressions, all dependent upon some concluding clause, it is usual, in passing from the preceding part of the passage to that upon which the whole depends, to mark the transition by inserting a Dash, in addition to the comma; as,

The great men of Rome, her beautiful legends, her history. the height to which she rose, and the depth to which she fell,—these make up one-half of a student's ideal world.

Note. The most common example of this use of the dash is where the grammatical subject or nominative is loaded with numerous adjuncts, so that there is danger of its being lost sight of when the verb is introduced. The insertion of the dash here seems to give the mind an opportunity of going back to the main subject; as, "Every step in the attainment of physical power; every new trait of intelligence, as they one by one arise in the infantine intellect, like the glory of night, starting star by star into the sky,— is hailed with a heart-burst of rapture and surprise."

RULE 6. Rhetorical Repetition.- When a word or an expression is repeated for rhetorical purposes, the construction being begun anew, a Dash should be inserted before each such repetition; as,

Shall I, who was born, I might almost say, but certainly brought up, in the tent of my father, that most excellent general-shall I, the conqueror of Spain and Gaul, and not only of the Alpine nations, but of the Alps themselves-shall I compare myself with this half-year captain?

Note. This kind of repetition is sometimes called by elocutionists the Echo.

RULE 7. Reflex Apposition.-Words at the end of a sentence, and standing somewhat detached, and referring back by apposition to preceding parts of the sentence, should be separated from the previous portions by a Dash; as,

The four greatest names in English poetry are among the first we come to,Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton.

Kings and their subjects, masters and their slaves, find a common level in two places, at the cross, and in the grave.

Note. The dash here is said by some to indicate the omission of namely, or that is. It is true that one of these expressions might be inserted in most cases that come under this rule, but the passage would thereby lose in rhetorical force, The dash, in this case, as in Rule 4, is in fact purely elocutionary.

RULE 8. The Dash Parenthetical.

- Parenthetical expres

sions are sometimes included between two Dashes, instead of the usual signs of parenthesis; as,—

The smile of a child-always so ready when there is no distress, and so soon recurring when that distress has passed away-is like an opening of the sky, showing heaven beyond.

The archetypes, the ideal forms of things without, if not, as some philosophers have said, in a metaphysical sense, yet in a moral sense,-exist within us.

Note 1. If, when the parenthetical part is removed from a sentence like one of these, the portions remaining require no point between them, no points besides the dashes will be required at the beginning and end of the parenthetical expression. Thus, in the first of the foregoing examples, if the parenthetical part be left out, the remaining portion will read, "The smile of a child is like an opening," etc. But if the parenthetical part be left out of the second example, it will read, "The archetypes. the ideal forms of things without, exist within us," with a comma at the place where the two dashes come in. In such cases, there must be two commas in the parenthetical form of the sentence, namely, one before each of the dashes, as in the example.

Note 2. If the parenthetical words express a question or an exclamation, they must be followed by an interrogation point or an exclamation point, before the concluding dash; as, Religion-who can doubt it?—is the noblest theme for the exercise of the intellect.

Note 3. The question, whether the marks which separate parenthetical words from the rest of the sentence shall be dashes, commas, or marks of parenthesis, is left a good deal to the fancy of the writer. The subject will be more particularly explained in the section on the Parenthesis.

Note 4. When one parenthetical expression is included within another, that which is least connected in construction should be set off by the marks of parenthesis, and the other by dashes; as,

"Sir Smug," he cries, (for lowest at the board

Just made fifth chaplain of his patron lord,

His shoulders witnessing, by many a shrug,

How much his feelings suffered -sat Sir Smug,)

"Your office is to winnow false from true;

Come, prophet, drink; and tell us what think you."

RULE 9. Titles run in.- When a title, instead of standing in a line by itself, over a paragraph, is run in, so as to make a part of the paragraph, it should be separated from the rest of the line by a dash; as,—

FIDELITY TO GOD.- Whatever station or rank Thou shalt assign me, I will die ten thousand deaths sooner than abandon it.- Socrates.

Note 1. If, at the end of a paragraph, the name of the author or of the book from which the paragraph has been taken is given, it is separated from the rest

of the paragraph by a dash. See the word Socrates at the end of the preceding example.

Note 2. The word chapter or section, occurring on the same line with the title, is separated from it by a dash; as,

CHAPTER I.- Punctuation.

RULE 10. Question and Answer.- If question and answer, instead of beginning separate lines, are run into a paragraph, they should be separated by a dash; as,—

Who made you? - God. What else did God make? - God made all things. Why did God make you and all things?-God made all things for his own glory.

RULE 11. Omissions.— The dash is used to mark the omissions of letters or figures; as,—

General W-n captured the Hessians at Trenton.

Matt. 9: 1-6. [N. B. This is equivalent to Matt. 9: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.]

RULE 12. Examples on a New Line.- A dash usually follows as and thus, when the example following them begins a new line.

For examples, see nearly all the preceding rules and notes.

Examples for Practice.

1. Almost all kinds of raw material extracted from the interior of the earth metals coals precious stones and the like are obtained from mines differing in fertility.

2. The inferiority of French cultivation which taking the country as a whole must be allowed to be real though much exaggerated is probably more owing to the lower average of industrial skill in that country than to any special cause

3. Each of these great and ever memorable struggles Saxon against Norman villein against lord Roundhead against Cavalier Dissenter against Churchman Manchester against Old Sarum was in its own order and season a struggle on the result of which were staked the dearest interests of the human race

4. Time was growing to be of high worth and

from causes

which justified a good deal though not quite all of their delay the English at this time were behindhand –