Note 3. Sometimes, in quoting from another, we wish for convenience to give only the substance of his meaning, but not his exact words. In such a case, we may show that the wording has been thus altered, by using only one inverted comma and one apostrophe, instead of two. Thus: The last six commandments are, 'Honor thy father and thy mother, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet.' Unless we indicate in this way, or by express remark, that the phraseology has been altered, we should in quoting be careful to give the exact words of the author, especially where the quotation is from Holy Scripture. Any alteration whatever in the words inclosed in quotation marks is regarded as dishonest, unless in some manner we distinctly indicate that such alteration has been made. Note 4. Quotation marks are not proper when we state the opinion of others in language of our own; as, Socrates said that he believed the soul to be immortal. If this expression be changed, so as to give the exact words of Socrates, then the quotation marks will be needed; as, Socrates said, "I believe the soul to be immortal." Note 5. Short phrases from foreign languages are usually printed in italics, instead of being inclosed in quotation marks; as, He believed in the principle of nil admirari. Titles and names of various kinds are sometimes marked in this way; as, The Tempest is regarded by some as one of Shakespeare's earliest plays. This practice, however, is not so much in vogue as it was, the tendency at present being to use, in all such cases, the quotation marks instead of italics. RULE 2. When a quotation incloses within it another quotation, the external quotation has the double marks, and the one included has only the single marks; as,— It has been well said, "The command, 'Thou shalt not kill,' forbids many crimes besides that of murder." Some one has said, "What an argument for prayer is contained in the words, 'Our Father which art in heaven!' Note 1. If the inclosed or secondary quotation ends the sentence, as in the second of the preceding examples, three apostrophes will there come together, of which the first will belong to the inclosed quotation, and the other two to the original. Note 2. When an inclosed quotation itself contains words or phrases that are quoted, those words or phrases have the double marks; as, "Trench says, 'What a lesson the word "diligence" contains!"" Note 3. The preceding note provides for a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. When the sentence becomes more involved than this, the additional degrees of quotation cannot be expressed without producing confusion, and may therefore be omitted; as, It is written in the Gospel, "Jesus answered the Jews, 'Is it not written in your law, I said, ye are gods?'" If, in this sentence, it were attempted to carry out fully the marking of quotations, the words would stand thus, "It is written in the Gospel, Jesus answered the Jews, "Is it not written in your law, 'I said, “ye are gods"'?"'" Note 4. When an interrogation or an exclamation mark comes at the same place with the quotation marks, the interrogation or the exclamation mark should be placed inside of the quotation marks, if it is a part of the passage quoted but if it refers back to something preceding the introduction of the passage quoted, the interrogation or exclamation mark should be outside of the quotation marks. Thus: People talk about the "passing crowd." Yet, if we consider rightly, is there not something of momentous interest in this same "passing crowd"? Here the question goes back beyond the quotation, and therefore the interrogation point should stand outside of it. When Lord Suffolk said in Parliament, "It is lawful to use all the means that God and nature have put into our hands," Chatham quoted the expression with an exclamation of scorn and surprise, "That God and nature have put into our hands"! Here the exclamation is not Suffolk's, but Chatham's, and therefore should be put outside of the quotation. RULE 3. When several consecutive paragraphs are quoted, the inverted commas should be placed at the beginning of each paragraph, but the apostrophes only at the end of the whole quotation. Note 1. If the several paragraphs thus quoted do not come together in the original, but are taken from different parts of the book or essay, each several paragraph should begin and end with quotation marks. Note 2. If the extract forms but one paragraph, but is made up of several detached portions taken from different parts of the book or essay quoted, the fact that the extracts are not continuous may be shown, either by inserting several points (....) at each place where there is a break, or by inclosing each detached portion with quotation marks. Note 3. In some publications, the inverted commas are inserted at the beginning of each line of a quotation, no matter how long. The London Times always punctuates in this way. So do some American newspapers. The practice is more common in England than in America, but as it encumbers and disfigures the page without any real advantage, the tendency in both countries is towards the simpler method prescribed in Rule 3. Examples for Practice. 1. This definition Dro Latham from whom we borrowed it illustrates in his work on the English Language p 359 by the expression a sharp-edged instrument, which ineans an instrument with sharp edges. 2. The words all-wise, incense-breathing, book-seller, noble-man are compounds. and 3. the soul 4. Saltoun There is but one object says Augustine greater than and that one is its Creator o Let me make the ballads of a nation said Fletcher of and I care not who makes the laws 5. When Fenelon's library was on fire God be praised said he that it is not the dwelling of a poor man 6. Stop a moment here said Corinne to Lord Nevil as he stood under the portico of the church ○ ○ pause before drawing aside the curtain which covers the entrance of the temple o 7. A drunkard once reeled up to Whitefield with the remark Whitefield I am one of your converts I think it very was the reply for I am sure you are none of God's 8. Sir Walter Scott's novel Mr likely best. Guy Mannering is one of his SECTION XI. APOSTROPHE, HYPHEN, CARET, ETC. Note. The other marks used in composition are either so purely grammatical, or they relate so much more to printing than to authorship, that the consideration of them may be despatched very briefly. 1. The Apostrophe (') is a comma placed above the line. It is used chiefly to mark the omission of a letter or of letters; as, O'er for over. 2. The Hyphen ( - ) is used to separate a compound word into its constituent parts, or to divide a word into its syllables for the purpose of showing the pronunciation; as, Neo-Platonic, de-riv-ative. 3. The Caret ( A ), used chiefly in manuscript, shows where something has been omitted, and afterward interlined; as, as, his He has just finished Λ letter. 4. The Index, or Hand ( ') calls special attention to a subject; Terms, invariably cash in advance. 5. The Paragraph (¶), inserted in a manuscript, denotes that a paragraph should begin at that point. 6. The Brace() is used to connect several items under one head; as, The Liquids are { m n r 7. Marks of Ellipsis are sometimes a long dash, sometimes a succession of stars, or of points; as, He denounced C- -s [Con gress] for its venality, and threatened to impeach W *** [Webster] and A. . . . [Adams]. 8. The Accents are three, the acute ( ́), the grave (`), and the circumflex (^). 9. The Marks of Quantity are two, the long () and the short (~). Under this head is sometimes put diaeresis ("). 10. The Cedilla is a mark like a comma placed under the letter c, in words taken from the French, to denote that the letter has in that case the sound of 8; as, façade [pronounced fa-sad]. 11. Marks of Reference are the asterisk or star (*), the dagger (†), the double dagger (†), the section (§), parallel lines (||), the paragraph (T). 12. Leaders are dots used to carry the eye from words at the beginning of a line to something at the end with which they are connected; thus, 13. Double Commas Inverted are used to show that a word is to be supplied from the line above. (See example under No. 12, where "supplies the place of the word " page.") 14. The Title-page of a book is that which contains the title, and is usually the first page. 15. Running Titles, or Head-lines, placed at the top of the page to show the subject, are usually printed in capitals or small capitals. 16. Captions, or Sub-heads, are headings placed over chapters or sections, but standing in the body of the page, not at the top. 17. Side-heads are titles run into, or made part of, the line. 18. A Frontispiece is a picture opposite to the title-page. 19. A Vignette is a small picture, not occupying a full page, but mixed up with other matter, either on the title-page, or in any other part of the book. 20. Italics are letters inclined to the right. They are so called because type of this kind was first used by Italian printers. Note 1. In manuscript, one line drawn under a word shows that it should be printed in italics; two lines, that it should be printed in SMALL CAPITALS; and three lines, that it should be printed in CAPITALS. Ordinary letters are called Roman, as opposed to Italic. Note 2. Some writers use Italics to mark emphatic words. This is a weak and foolish device, and cannot be too strongly condemned. Note 3. In the English Bible, words are printed in italic to show that they are not in the original, but are supplied by the translators to complete the meaning. 21. The principal kinds of type are the following: English, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p. Pearl, a, b, c, d, e, f. g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v. w, x, y, z. Brilliant, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. 22. Leads are thin plates of type-metal, by which the lines may be spaced further apart. Matter thus spaced is said to be leaded. Matter not leaded is called solid. 23. Composing, as a part of the printing business, is putting matter in type, or setting up the type. 24. The amount of printed matter is counted by ems, that is, by the number of spaces of the length of the letter m. 25. A Folio is a leaf or sheet of paper with a single fold, that is, making two leaves or four pages. 26. A book is called a Folio when the sheets on which it is printed are so folded that each sheet makes but two leaves. It is called a Quarto, when each sheet makes four leaves; an Octavo, when each makes eight leaves; a Duodecimo, when each makes twelve leaves; a 16mo, 18mo, 24mo, 32mo, 48mo, 64mo, 96mo, etc., according as each sheet makes 16, 18, 24, 32, 48, 64, or 96 leaves. SECTION XII. CAPITALS. RULE 1. Title-Pages and Headings.- Title-pages and the headings of chapters should be entirely in capitals. Note. The head-line of the page is usually in a kind of type called small capitals. The headings of sections smaller than a chapter are sometimes printed in |