30. Elizabeth threw herself in front of Marie Antoinette exclaim

ing I am the queen

31. Kant said give me matter and I will build the world

32. Whatever happens Mary exclaims Elizabeth I am the wife of the Prince of Spain crown rank life all shall go before I will take any other husband

33. In the regions inhabited by angelic natures unmingled felicity forever blooms joy flows there with a perpetual and abundant stream nor needs any mound to check its course

34. In this way we learned that miss Steele never succeeded in catching the doctor that Kitty Bennett was satisfactorily married by a clergyman near Pemberton that the "considerable sum" given by Mrs. Norris to William Price was one pound and that the letters placed by Churchill before Jane Fairfax which she swept away unread contained the word pardon

35. The daring youth explained everything he presented philosophy in a familiar form he brought it home to men's bosoms he made all smooth and easy

36. Then he shivers his sword in pieces he longs to die the veins of his neck start out they burst his noble blood wells forth

37. Ars in latin is the contrary of in-ers it is the contrary of inaction it is action

38. Make hay while the sun shines for clouds will surely come 39. there are five moods the indicative the potential the subjunctive the imperative and the infinitive

40. Princes have courtiers and merchants have partners the voluptuous have companions and the wicked have accomplices none but the virtuous have friends

41. in his last Moments He uttered these words i fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury

42. Length n A S lengdh equivalent to lengu lencg from lang long the longest measure of any object in distinction from depth thickness breadth or width the extent of anything from end to end the longest line which can be drawn through a body parallel to its sides as the length of a church the length of a rope

*

43. John Tillotson Archbishop of Canterbury obtained great celebrity as a preacher his sermons at his death were purchased for no

*The teacher may multiply indefinitely examples of this kind by referring to any large Dictionary containing the derivation and definition of words. Such exercises are of the greatest importance and value in teaching punctuation. A like use may be made of the sums in Arithmetic and Algebra.

less sum than two thousand five hundred guineas they continue to the present time to be read and to be held in high estimation as instructive rational and impressive discourses

44. Sir Roger L'Estrange enjoyed in the reigns of Charles II and James VII great notoriety as an occasional political writer he is known also as a translator having produced versions of Esop's Fables Seneca's Morals Cicero's offices Erasmus's Colloquies Quevedo's Visions and the works of Josephus

45. Another lively describer of human character who flourished in this period was Dr Walter Charleton physician to Charles II a friend of Hobbes and for several years president of the college of physicians in London

46. Bacchanalian pertaining to the festivals of Bacchus the god of wine which were celebrated by a triumphal procession wherein men and women went about rioting dancing and indulging in all sorts of licentious extravagance

47. Horologe horo hour and loge that which tells or notes is from two greek words signifying together that which tells the hour a sun dial a clock a timepiece

48. Bacon Francis usually known as Lord bacon was born in London England Jan 22 1560 and died 1626 he was famous as a scholar a wit a lawyer a judge a statesman and a politician

49. Early one morning they came to the estate of a wealthy farmer they found him standing before the stable and heard as they drew near that he was scolding one of his men because he had left the ropes with which they tied their horses in the rain all night instead of putting them away in a dry place ah we shall get very little here said one to the other that man is very close we will at least try said another and they approached

50. The clear conception outrunning the deductions of logic the high purpose the firm resolve the dauntless spirit speaking in the tongue beaming from the eye informing every feature and urging the whole man onward right onward to his object this this is elo quence or rather it is something greater and higher than all eloquence it is action noble sublime godlike action

51. But it will be urged perhaps sir in behalf of the California gold that though one crop only of gold can be gathered from the same spot yet once gathered it lasts to the end of time while our vegetable gold is produced only to be consumed is gone forever but this Mr president would be a most egregious error both ways

Diction is that part of Rhetoric which treats of the selection and the right use of words.

Command of Words Important.- No one can be successful as a writer or a speaker, who has not a great number of words at his command, and who has not such a knowledge of the precise meaning of each as to be able in all cases to select just that word which expresses most perfectly the idea intended.

How Obtained. It is not in the power of rules to give one a command of words. To this end, two things chiefly are necessary; an enlarged course of reading, and a habit of observation in regard to the words met with. Linguistic studies are particularly suited to enlarge one's vocabulary. Habitual association with persons of education and refinement has likewise a tendency to increase one's stock of words. Some persons have by nature a special talent for this species of acquisition, and words on almost every subject seem to come at their bidding. Such a talent, whether natural or acquired, is of the greatest importance.

Extemporaneous Translation.-One method, strongly recommended by Prof. Marsh, for acquiring a ready and wide command of words is the practice of extemporaneous translation, that is, of reading off into English a book, or a newspaper, which is in a foreign language. Authors who are accustomed to express only their own thoughts, form for themselves unconsciously a comparatively narrow vocabulary. The practice of extemporaneous translation forces one into new trains of thought, demanding new words and forms of expression, and thus enlarges continually his vocabulary,

and lifts him out of the rut of pet words and stereotyped phrases into which he would otherwise fall.

Habit of Referring to the Dictionary.- For acquiring an accurate knowledge of the meaning of words, much may be done by judicious training, both at home and at school. Students should be sent to the dictionary, every hour of the day, and in every exercise where a question can arise as to the meaning of a word, until the habit is fully established, in the mind of the learner, of giving a peremptory challenge to every word whose meaning is not thoroughly known.

Study of Etymology.- A proper study of the etymology of words, with suitable exercises for practice in combining them, conduces to the same end: and for this purpose, a good manual of instruction in the derivation and meaning of words is an indispensable requisite of the school-room.*

Divisions of the Subject. The qualities of Style most needed, so far as Diction is concerned, are Purity, Propriety, and Precision.

Note. These topics have, in former treatises on Rhetoric, been treated under the head of Sentences. But they clearly belong to the subject of Diction. They are attributes, not of sentences, but of words, the materials out of which sentenees are made.

I. PURITY.

Diction, when Pure.- An author's diction is pure when he uses such words only as belong to the idiom of the language, in opposition to words that are foreign, obsolete, newly coined, or without proper authority.

Standard of Purity.-The only standard of purity is the practice of the best writers and speakers. A violation of purity is called a Barbarism.

1. Foreign Words.

Pedantry and Affectation. It savors of pedantry and affectation to introduce unnecessarily into discourse words from foreign lan

*Webb's Manual of Etymology is recommended as an excellent manual for this purpose.

guages, as from the French, the Latin, and so forth. This fault is most common with persons whose attainments are comparatively limited, and who are ambitious of showing off what little learning they have. Ripe scholars, whose knowledge of languages is extensive and profound, rarely interlard their discourse with foreign terms.

Foreign Words Domesticated.-Sometimes a foreign word acquires a special historical significance, or it is adopted, unchanged from its original form, as an English word; as, the fiat of the Almighty, the shibboleth of party, the palladium of liberty, an ignis fatuus, an ignoramus, a cabal, a quorum, an omnibus, an incognito, an anathema, an item, a paradise. In such cases, where the foreign word is one whose meaning has become familiar to ordinary readers, when, in fact, it expresses that meaning more precisely than any translation could do,- there may be more pedantry in translating a word than in using it in the form with which the public is already familiar.

2. Obsolete Words-New Words.

No Absolute Standard.—A word is not necessarily to be rejected because it is new. New words are continually coming into use. This is the general law of all languages. So long as they are living languages, they are subject to perpetual change, old words dropping out and new ones coming in. No absolute rule can be given for determining when an old word has become so far obsolete as to make it unsafe any longer to use it, or when a new word has sufficient sanction from writers and speakers to give it a claim to be considered good English. A few examples will illustrate this.

Throughly, formed legitimately from the preposition through, was staple English in the time of Spenser. It is now obsolete, except for the purpose of quaintness or drollery.

Outsider. No one now would hesitate to use the word outsider. Yet prior to the convention which in 1844 nominated Mr. Polk for the Presidency, the word had no better claim to being English than insider, undersider, uppersider, rightsider, leftsider, etc. At that convention, according to Prof. Marsh, when an undue pressure was made upon the delegates, by those from without who were not delegates, some one, with a happy audacity of language, described it as a pressure from the "outsiders;" and this term, caught up by the reporters, so suited the convenience of the public that it went at once into general circulation, and it has since fairly established itself as a constituent part of the language. Intensify.—It is rather startling to be told that the word "intensify" is not yet fifty years old. Coleridge, in his Biographia Literaria, tells us that he deliber