captured. Of the nineteen men who left the Kennedy farm, ten were killed, four escaped and five were captured. Of the inhabitants and attacking parties, five were killed and nine wounded.

Virginia was in an uproar. The long feared attack on slavery had been attempted. The baser element wanted to kill Brown but the better class could not help admiring his courage. All were alarmed at the possible extent of the conspiracy and demanded to know who supported the raid. The Virginians cared little for the guilt of the philanthropists who had no political influence but tried to fasten the blame on Seward, Chase, Sumner and Hale, leaders of the Republican party.

Brown's trial began two days after his capture and before the wounds he received when captured were healed. At first the counsel for the defense was assigned by the Court but later lawyers from the North came in Brown's behalf. The first counsel for the defense forwarded a plea on the grounds of insanity but Brown himself raised a protest and declared himself perfectly sane. The eye-witnesses of the raid, the special investigating committee sent by Congress and others who interviewed Brown while in prison all gave evidence that he had no sign of insanity and that his courage, coolness and self-control was to be admired. The man himself was apparently mentally sound although his deeds were unquestionably insane. The secret of his actions was that he drew his inspirations from a literal acceptance of the Old Testament. He loved to think of the wonders God had wrought for Joshua and Gideon. With God's help the walls of Jericho were attacked with only 300 men. He was doing God's work and he felt sure he could perform the same wonders.

On the fifth day of the trial the verdict was brought in declaring the prisoner "Guilty of treason, and conspiring and advising with slaves and others to rebel, and murder in the first degree." It was the only decision possible. The papers of Judge Parker, a valuable part of the collections give evidence that the trial was a fair one. "I feel entirely satisfied," Brown declared, "with the treatment I have received on my trial. Considering all the circumstances it has been more generous than I expected; but I feel no consciousness of guilt."

The old Puritan was executed on December 2. When passing out of the prison on the way to the scaffold he handed a paper to a guard on which he had written:

"I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might have been done."

These are the last words of John Brown and the original paper is now on exhibition at the Chicago Historical Society.

To the very last moment it was feared that Brown would be rescued. As he was taken to the scaffold, the cavalry was placed in command of the sentinels, cannon were placed at various points and scouts and rangers were on duty outside the enclosure.

After the victim was on the scaffold and the noose about his neck, it was ten minutes before the sheriff received the signal. The delay would seem to be unbearable. But Col. Preston who stood near Brown watched him closely but could not detect a single sign of fear. The execution was followed by a period of solemnity and quietness.

The effects of the Harper's Ferry Raid are quite obvious. The whole South was set aflame. During his imprisonment, Brown wrote many letters which were published in Northern newspapers and which won their readers to a sympathy with the man whose deeds had horrified many of them. The publicity during the episode fomented the anti-slavery sentiment to a dangerous point. One of the most interesting contemporary opinions of the episode is the prophetic statement of Horace Greeley:

"Its present effect is bad, and throws a heavy load upon us in this state . . . but the ultimate effect is to be good It will drive on the slave power to new outrages . . . It

...

presses on the irrepressible conflict; and I think the end of slavery in Virginia and the Union is ten years nearer than it seemed a few week's ago."

The Creation of the National Land Policy

(Concluded from March issue)

Another departure from the ordinance was the sale of large tracts to land companies. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper had signed the soldier's petition of 1785. Tupper helped survey the Four Ranges and his information led to the call for the people of Massachusetts who wanted to buy land in the Ohio to meet in their respective counties and send delegates to the Bunch of Grapes Tavern in

Boston. Here the delegates met and organized the Ohio Company. General Rufus Putnam, General Samuel Holden Parsons and Rev. Manasseh Cutler were sent to apply for a private purchase of lands and promote their scheme in Congress.

The petition of the Ohio Company was considered and referred to a committee which reported July 14, 1787. The corporate ownership of a large tract was against the ordinance and under ordinary conditions would have been rejected. But the finances of the nation were in terrible condition. Shay's Rebellion had been put down but much bitterness still lingered. The Federal Convention was in cession at Philadelphia to consider possible plans for the revision of the Articles. On July 13, the Ordinance of 1787 was passed and the next day the report on the petition came before Congress.

Manasseh Cutler, who was acting as agent for the Ohio Associates left for Philadelphia while the Ordinance of 1787 was being considered and came back on July 17 to find a strong opposition to the petition. Cutler then threatened to go to the states for the purchase of lands if Congress refused. This statement had its proper effect. Col. Duer, Secretary of the Treasury Board suggested to Cutler that if he would extend the contract and take in another company secretly, the grant would be secured. This clever advice was followed and on July 23 an agreement was reached for a sale. The first terms offered by Congress were not satisfactory and Cutler insisted on better terms supported by the same threat of going to the states.

Only eight states were represented in Congress at the time and it took real diplomacy on the part of Cutler to get the required number of votes. According to Cutler's own statement, the support needed was secured largely by his announcement that he would support General St. Clair, President of Congress, for governor of the Northwest Territory.

Two contracts were signed on October 27, 1787. One for the Ohio Company for 1,500,000 acres and the other for the Scioto Company for 5,000,000 acres. These tracts lay between the Seven Ranges and the Scioto on the Ohio. The exterior lines were to be run by the United States while the interior were to be surveyed by the company according to the Ordinance of 1785. The township system remained in tact. Section 16 of every township was reserved for

education and sections 8, 11, and 26 for the future disposition of Congress. The reservation of one section of each township for religion was a New England feature of the contracts which failed to pass in the ordinance, and a provision for two townships for the foundation. of a university was entirely new.

The price of the lands was fixed at one dollar per acre instead of fifty cents, the original offer. One third of the price was knocked off for bad lands and incidental expenses, which reduced the price to 66% cents. The actual price paid was only about 8 or 9 cents per acre, for the certificates of indebtedness were then worth only 12 cents on the dollar.

Congress proposed that $50,000 be paid with the contract and the balance when the survey of the exterior lines was completed. This was opposed, however, because the agents of the Ohio associates would not permit the Scioto Company to jeopardize them. They insisted that $50,000 be paid with the contract, $50,000 with the surveys and the balance in six equal payments. A deed for $1,000,000 worth of land was to pass when that amount was paid and other deeds were to pass as agreed upon later. Part of the tract was to be entered and occupied until the deeds could pass.

The success of the Ohio Company encouraged other companies to petition for large tracts of the public domain. John Cleve Symmes, a representative from New Jersey in Congress in 1785-89, petitioned for one million acres between the Great and Little Miamis on the Ohio. He wanted the same terms as those of the Ohio Company but would accept one township for an academy. His petition was referred to the Board of Treasury.

Royal Flint and Joseph Parker and their associates petitioned for two tracts; two million acres on the Ohio and one million on the Mississippi.

Other such applications were made, but the Symmes Purchase was the only one carried through. When the new constitution was being ratified, the public credit of the country, due to the sale of large tracts of lands, had begun to improve. The almost worthless securities began to rise in value and served to increase the cost of western lands. Not only did further applications for tracts cease, but the existing companies found themselves embarrassed by the improved credit of the nation, and by Indian wars. These contracts became a source of trouble to the new government and made

that form of disposition of the public domain undesirable. Such experience made this departure from the land policy of the Ordinance of 1785 only a temporary one.

The Federal government inherited from the Old Congress the land policy which had been created in the last years of its existence. It was reenacted and remained to be developed and stabilized under the new central government.

Accessions

Some Recent Gifts to the Museum

Four hundred and sixty lantern slide views of Chicago; also on deposit 1160 negatives on glass, prints of views in the Chicago region and a large number of film negatives. From the collections of the late C. R. Clark. Gift of Mrs. C. R. Clark of Blue Island, Illinois.

Lincoln and Hamlin "voted" ballot of the 1860 campaign found among papers in the office of the clerk of the Circuit Court in Shawneetown, Illinois, during a recent case in court. Gift of George Hanlon.

Abraham Lincoln Portrait. Steel engraving from photograph by Hesler, 1860. Gift of Mrs. R. M. Ashcroft.

Miss Colby's account of her part as a flower girl in President Lincoln's funeral procession in Chicago. Clipping from newspaper article published during the Lincoln Centennial, 1909. Gift of Miss Francelia Colby.

Some Recent Gifts to the Library

"The History of the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington as First President of the United States," edited by Clarence Winthrop Bowen, N. Y., 1892. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Meeker.

"Memoirs of Abraham Lincoln in Edgar County, Illinois," compiled by the Book Committee of the Edgar County Historical Society, 1925. Pamphlet. Gift of the Edgar County Historical Society.

"Abe Lincoln as a Babe-as a Boy and Youth: An Overlooked Interview with Dennis F. Hanks, May, 1892-A Cousin and Close Companion of Lincoln." Supplement to the Shelby County Leader, February 11, 1926. Gift of T. B. Shoaff & Son, Shelbyville, Illinois.

Copy of letter from George Bryan Porter, the last territorial governor of Michigan to Andrew Jackson, Detroit, December 15, 1832, denying accusations made against himself and others connected with him in negotiating a treaty relating to the purchase of Indian lands. Typewritten manuscript. Gift of Walter C. Wyman.

A letter of James A. McCall, A.L.S. to Simpson McCall, Chicago, October 9, 1834, telling of the growth of Chicago, business conditions, wages paid, cost of living, etc. Manuscript. Gift of J. Max Golding.

Map of Chicago and Adjacent Towns by Emil Heubach, Nov. 1876. "Report of the Secretary of War communicating in Answer to a Resolution of The Senate; A Report and Map of the Examination of New Mexico, made by Lieutenant J. W. Abert," Washington, D. C. 1848; Constitution of the State of Illinois adopted by the Convention Assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; Funeral of Joseph Medill. Excerpt the Chicago Tribune, March 22, 1899. Gift of Mrs. Francis E. Rossiter.

"Lafayette Centennial Celebration at Shawneetown," compiled by Mrs. Harriet H. Hayes, December, 1925. Gift of Mrs. H. H. Hayes.

Notes on Sewee, Indiana and Indian Remains of Christ Church Parish, Charleston Co., South Carolina," by Anne King Gregorie, Charleston, 1925. Pamphlet. Gift of The Charleston Museum.

New Members

Sustaining Annual

Kerwin, R. M.
Scribner Kirk, Mrs. W. Radcliffe
Kirkland, Lloyd G.
Klaner, Fred
Krost, Mrs. Gerard N.
Lawless, Ben W.
Lee, J. Owen

Alford, Aubrey A.
Ames, Rev. Edward
Barbee, Robert E.
Barrett, Dr. Channing W.
Bosworth, Mrs. Frederick A.
Bourque, Dr. N. Odeon
Burrows, Miss Louisa Libby
Byfield, Herbert A.
Cadwallader, John C.
Carroll, James J.
Clark, Wallace G.
Claussenius, George W.
Colby, Lester B.
Cutter, Irving Samuel
Davidson, John L.
Davis, Elmer J.
Dovenmuehle, George H.
Eller, Emanuel
Elmore, Grover C.
Farley, J. K., Jr.
Farnsworth, George
Fenton, John R., Jr.
Finneran, Martin W.
Gleason, John J.
Gehl, Dr. William H.
Guthrie, Luther L.
Hand, Armin F.
Hibber, George
Hopkins, Willard F.
Hultgen, Dr. Jacob F.
Hurley, Ira W.
Iverson, S. Charles
Iverson, S. Charles
Johnson, Nels M.
Jordan, John G.
Kreuscher, Dr. Philip H.

J.

Lind, Frederick A.
Longcope, Mrs. T. M., Jr.
Lunt, Miss Cornelia G.
McCrann, G. A.

McNitt, Mrs. Willard C.
Moulton, William Albert
Neff, Nettleton

Piotrowski, Nicholas L.
Reilly, Leigh

Rolnick, Dr. Harry C.
Rosen, John F.

Scaar, Frank

Sergel, Mrs. Charles H.

Shotwell, Alfred H.

Smith, Dr. Harold S.
Sollitt, Sumner

Stevens, Mrs. Fannie E.
Stuekart, Fred
Thorne, Clayton L.
Tyler, Alfred C.
Uhlemann, Edward W.
Veeder, Mrs. Albert H.
Wakeley, Charles R.
Walling, Willoughby G.
Whealon, Emmett
Winston, Mrs. C. A.
Wolf, Albert M.

Woodmansee, Mrs. Fay
Young, Mrs. Elsa Rose G.

Sustaining Life

Jirka, Dr. Frank J.
McErlean, Charles V.
Ross, Mrs. Robert E.

Goodman, Mrs. William O. Whiting, Lawrence H.

Governing Annual

Gallaur, Carl
Lackner, Mrs. Francis

Lenox, John Powell

A.

Lee, Mrs. Francis G.

Weber, Frank C.

Necrology

Pogue, Edmund DeWolf

Sheridan, M. K.

CHICAGO SOCIETY

BULLETIN

Chronicle and Comment

The Arbor Day Celebration of the Sesquicentennial of Johnny Chapman (Johnny Appleseed) was held in Thatcher Woods, Cook County Forest Preserve, on Saturday afternoon, April 17. Owing to the weather the attendance was not so large as had been hoped, but several hundred people braved the raw cold wind and enjoyed the program which was given.

Mr. Jens Jensen, Chairman of the Johnny Appleseed Sesqui-Centennial Committee, presided. Dr. James Lattimore Himrod, lecturer for the Chicago Historical Society and author of the true story of Johnny Appleseed, made the opening address. Those who have heard Dr. Himrod need not to be told that he was at home in this thing. His rare gifts as a public speaker have never shown to better advantage. He was followed by Dr. J. C. Blair, at the head

of Illinois. Dr. Blair made a great tribute to the heroic though eccentric pioneer who paved the way for the great apple industry of the middle western states. His address was a beautiful tribute to Johnny Appleseed and the others who made his work possible. Mrs. Lucy Honeyfield Russell and Mrs. Leona Fitzgerald Rohen sang beautifully appropriate solos. The Camp Fire girls, under the direction of Miss Janet Smith, gave their beautiful tree-planting ceremony, and the Girl Scouts also gave a very pleasing demonstration along similar lines.

Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, President of the Chicago Historical Society, presented the grove, on behalf of the Committee, and Mr. John F. Delaney, representing President Anton J. Cermak, of the Cook County Commissioners, in receiving the grove promised that it would be faithfully cared for.

Mrs. John Colbert, a direct descendant of Elder Brewster, of the ninth generation, planted a tree in his memory as tradition tells us that he planted the first appleseed in New England.

Mrs. Ada Chapman Atchison of St. Louis, a granddaughter of Richard Chapman who was a cousin of Johnny Appleseed, was introduced and made very fitting remarks. Mrs. Atchison verified the statements made by Dr. Himrod that Johnny Appleseed visited Illinois in 1836, when he assisted in planting an orchard on Judge Trimble's farm near Casey. He also planted an orchard at Mt. Olivet in Madison County, and visited with his cousin Richard Chapman who planted the first apple orchard in Illinois in 1818, the year that Illinois was admitted to the Union. Mrs. Atchison told how her father planted cherry trees along the highway near their home in order that the school children and the birds might have an abundance of cherries in the springtime, a generous thing to do indeed.

The Spafford Letters

If any of the members of the Society possess letters of Mr. or Mrs. Horatio G. Spafford, they are requested to send them to the Librarian in order that these may be available for reference in a life of Mrs. Spafford which is being written by her daughter Bertha, Mrs. Frederic Vester, who with her husband and family have been the head residents of the American Colony at Jerusalem since the death of Mrs. Spafford, the founder of the Colony, in 1923. This material is being assembled by Mrs. Mary Morgan Miller who for fifty years corresponded with Mrs.