Spafford and who has a valuable series of her letters that cover the entire span of life of the Colony.

Many old residents will remember the consternation caused in Chicago by the news of the wreck on Sunday, November 23, 1873 of the French liner "Ville du Havre" for several families of prominent citizens were almost wiped out when in twelve minutes the ship sank with all on board, except the sailors who escaped in the boats. Among those families of Mr. Spaffords, Daniel Goodwin, B. F. Culver and C. C. Waite.

The loss of the four little Spafford girls turned the thought of the parents to things spiritual. Mr. Spafford transferred his large and lucrative law practice to his young partner, John P. Wilson, and joined Mrs. Spafford in establishing in the City of Jerusalem a semi-religious institution which has drawn adherents from all over

the world to its broad philosophy of doing good to all mankind.

The "American Colony" survived the World War, being protected by the Turks and its affairs are administered by the descendants of the Spaffords.

The above facts are drawn from a paper by Mrs. Miller who with Amanda King (Mrs. Farlin), Bertha Honore' (Mrs. Palmer), Mary Talcatt (Mrs. Walter Peck), Stella Dyer (Mrs. Loring), and Anna Lawson (Mrs. Spafford) was a student in Dearborn Seminary from 1857 to 1861. It would be very interesting to present Mrs. Miller's paper in full if space permitted. This emphasizes the fact that the Historical Society would be greatly benefited if funds were available for printing these and some of the other valuable reminiscences of early Chicago that are accumulating in its archives.

Contemporaries of the World War, who have witnessed the national unity, international cooperation, the phenomena of war-time finance, and the use of modern transportation and communication cannot fail to be impressed by the lack of these in the American War for Independ

ence.

During the period of the conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies, the latter were governed by thirteen separate governments. The Stamp Act Congress and the First Continental Congress, the members of which met to consider common grievances, were illegal bodies called by the appeal of one or two states trusting that their neighbors would respond. Transportation and communication were tedious and co-operation difficult. The majority of the people were either hostile or indifferent to the cause of rebellion.

The Patriots, however, proved to be well trained in practical government. When Colonial Governors dismissed troublesome Legislatures, the members usually met in a different location, acted as an illegal Provincial Assembly and gained the recognition of the radicals as the temporary governments. Under these Provisional Governments local Committees of Correspondence and Safety were organized. The work of these committees in raising local troops, furnishing supplies, getting rid of dangerous Tories and co-operating in many ways with the

Continental Congress and the Provisional State Governments was indispensible to the rebellion. It was chiefly through the correspondence of these various bodies that the news of campaigns and events reached the different states and communities.

Many letters and papers revealing the conduct of the Revolution are in possession of the Chicago Historical Society, the most notable of which are those in the Henry C. Van Schaack Autographic History of the American Revolution. Some of the papers in this volume are original letters preserved by Matthew Vischer, Secretary of the Committee of Correspondence and Safety of the City and County of Albany, New York during the Revolution.

Letter of Peter Van Burgh Livingston, President of the New York Provincial Congress, to Samuel Stringer, Chairman of the Committee of the City and County of Albany, June 7, 1775.

New York Provincial Congress, June 7, 1775. Before this comes to hand you will be furnished with our directions dated the 2d instant. We are convinced of the necessity of giving you explicit instructions respecting your conduct, but the variety of business in which this congress has been engaged, and the time which is necessarily taken up in our friendly intercourse with the Continental Congress, and the Colony of Connecticut does necessarily at times occasion

an apparent delay in our directions to you. We highly approve of your zeal and activity in raising troops, but request you not to proceed in making further levies until further orders. The two companies raised in your County already on their march, you will suffer to proceed to join the forces at Ticonderoga but must observe to you, that by the directions of the Continental Congress their pay will stand on the same footing with that of the eastern Colonies, without allowing bounties or clothing to the men and that they are to continue in the service until the last day of December next unless the Continental Congress shall direct that they be sooner disbanded.

Those companies who are under your direction formed, and not sent up, you will continue in pay, if your engagement with them will not justify your discharging them, and request that you send to this congress a return of the officers and men in each company.

The troops taken at St. John's who are with you should remain at liberty, and they may probably be of service in instructing your inhabitants the military; if they refuse earning their bread in this or any other way, it is however the intention of this Congress, that they shall receive their subsistence out of the colony provisions.

Inclosed we send you a copy of a letter from the Continental Congress and their resolves respecting the appointment of Commissaries for receiving supplies of provisions at Albany.

Inclosed also is a copy of the resolve of the Grand Congress to discourage any Incursions into Canada; but this has in some measure been anticipated by a former resolution of this House already published as well as your request respecting our letter to Governor Thrumbell, copy of which has been sent you by Coll. Ten Broeck. We are Gentlemen

Your most Obedt. humble Servt.

To Mr. Samuel Stringer, Chairman of the SubCommittee of the City & County of Albany.

P. V. B. Livingston, President.

Letter of James Warren, President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, to The Committee of the City and County of Albany, June 28, 1775:

In Provincial Congress, Watertown, June 28, 1775.

Gentlemen,

This Congress have Received your very obliging Letter (by Mr. Price) of the 23d Ult and they Chearfully Embrace The oppurtunity to

forward to you by the Same hand as Particular an Account of the Late Engagement With the Enemies of America as We in the Present Hurry of our Publick affairs are able to Do, on the Night of the 16th Instant a body of our Troops took Possession of a hill in Charleston where they began some Entrenchments, but as soon as the Morning Light appeared they were Fired upon by Some of the Ships in Boston Harbor and also from a Battery on Cops Hill (Cooxs Hill) which is on Boston side, Soon after Several Ships & Floating Batteries Drew up as Near as Possible on Each Side Charlestown Neck in and on With their cannon to annoy our People and Prevent any Recruits going from our main Body to their Relief, About Two Oclock P. M. a Large Body of Regular Troops Consisting of several Thousands under the Command of Lord Howe Suddenly Crossed Charles River and Landed near the Hill on Which our People were Poasted, they Immediately marched up in order to force our Infants Entrenchments, but our People Gave them so Warm a Reception that they thought best to Retreat but soon Renewed their attempts, but were Repulsed the Second Time with Great Slaughter, but on their Third Attempt our People (being almost Destitute of ammunition as the Enemies Constant fire from their Ships and Floating Batteries had Prevented any Supplies from our main Army) Were obliged to Retreat with the loss of about 50 men killed and 200 wounded as near as has yet been ascertained and about 30 taken Prisoners many of whom were Wounded and Some of them are Since Dead of their Wound, The Loss on the Part of our Enemies is much Greater, Some persons who were on the field of Battle soon after the fight affirm they saw 800 men Dead on the Ground and that there were as many more wounded, The Lowest accounts we have had is 1000 Killed and Wounded among which are 84 Commissioned officers-On the Same (Consisting of near 500 Houses and other Buildings) Was by those Bloody Incendiaries Lit on Fire and Consumed to Ashes.

We Cannot However Gentlemen but assure You that Notwithstanding our present Distressed Situation we feel a Peculiar Satisfaction in finding our Patriotick Brethern of the City and County of Albany so cordially Interesting themselves in our Particular Welfare and So kindly offering us their assistance as Well as Manifesting their Zeal for the Rights and Liberties of America in Genneral and it is our Ardent Desire to Cultivate harmony and friendship with all our Neighboring Brethern and we hope you will

not fail to continue your favours, and we assure You that we Shali always take Pleasure in conveying to you any Intelligence that Shall afford Sattisfaction.

As to the Bennevolent Donations you mention Which are Collected for our Distressed Brethern, as the transporting of the Article you make mention of is almost impracticable, think it had better be Exchanged for Cash or Some Nessasary Specie Which may be more Easily Transported.

We are sorry to hear there is any Prospect of an Attack Upon Ticonderoga, but we trust those Important fortresses are Sufficiently Garisoned, and Doubt not but our brave countrymen Stationed there will be able to Repell any force that can be sent against them from Canada.

Finnally Brethern we ardently wish that the Great Supreme being who Governs all things may so Direct all our Millatary operations that they may Speedily Issue in the full Restoration and Peacable Possession of the Natural and Constitutional Rights and Liberties of Every American.

P. S. Some make the number of our killed and missing to be Near a Hundred.

We are Gent'n. with greet Respect your most Humble Servt. By Order of Congress Jas. Warren President.

Letter of Major General Philip Schuyler to the Albany Committee of Safety, written from Saratoga, July 13, 1775:

Gentlemen,

I was in Hopes that the Ship Carpenters at Fort George and Ticonderoga would have been sufficient for the work intended to be done there, but from the Information I have just received I foresee that I shall want ten more, I therefore by the Favor of you to forward that number with all possible Dispatch to Ticonderoga, the Counterpart of any Contract that you may enter into with them You will please to transmit me a Copy of, and I hereby engage to pay them; the Time which they are to be employed must be left indeterminate as I cannot possibly say how long they will be wanted.

I am

Saratoga July 13th, 1775

Gentlemen with much

Respect Your most Obdt.
Humble Servt.

Ph: Schuyler.

An interesting letter of Col. William Tudor, Judge-Advocate General on Washington's Staff,

We have not a Week pass without it's furnishing a Subject for Speculation. The different Manoeuviers of the Troops and the Tories are almost constantly exciting our Contempt and Indignation. The disgraceful Expedition to Salem to rob a private Enclosure of some Cannon & Carriages & their hasty Retreat, without in the smallest Degree effecting their Purpose, has much chagrined the General. You will read a very particular Account of this pitiful Attempt in the Boston Papers for the last Monday of Feb. under the Salem head-and you may rely upon it (for I have taken Pains to make a particular Enquiry) that the affair is there related without the least colouring. To which I refer you-But I cannot avoid copying from the Massachusetts Spy of March 2d. a short Piece (under the Fiction of a translation) that sets the matter in a very striking Light.

"Cæsar, though celebrated for an heroic mind, was liable to be betrayed by the villainous Toad eaters at his Table, into low Freaks; in the Prosecution of which he would sometimes disgrace even his most worthy officers-for such undoubtedly was Caius Lessala. This brave, sensible, polite man, was dispatched from Castellinum two Hours after Sun set, on the fifth of the Kalender of March, (answering to our 25th of Feb.) with near 300 picked men in a Galley, under verbal Orders to land at Marmoreum & proceed to Saleminum while the Inhabitants of both places, were engaged in celebrating a solemn Institution. Lessala was not to open his written Orders till he reached the Causeway. He conducted the Affair with a Dispatch & Propriety worthy of his Character, expecting to find he had been sent to surprise one of Pompey's fortified Magazines. But great indeed was his Chagrin, when he read that his Errand was only to rob a private Inclosure in the North Fields of that Village. He suddenly returned to Castellinum mentioned some obstruction of a fly Bridge, & with not a little Resentment in his Eyes, told Cæsar that the Geeze were flown-The base Courtiers enjoyed the Hum which they had contrived against the Veteran: & laid their Heads together to dupe Cesar."

Last Monday Dr. Warren delivered an Oration against the fatal effects of Standing Armies in free Governments. There was a prodigious Concourse of People present & amoungst them in the most conspicuous Part of the House about

40 Officers. The Oration was spirited-yet free from particular reflections on mercenary Troops -the red Coated Gentry behaved with tolerable Decency till after the Doctor had finishedwhen taking Exception at the Words of the Vote that was put for the Appointment of an Orator for the next year-One of them cried out fie! fie! this Exclamation was seconded by 2 or 3 othersand the People thinking it was the cry of firegreat Confusion was occasioned-many of the Women jumped out of the Windows-& much mischief would have ensued, had not the Gent. in the Desk very strenuously exerted themselves to restore Quiet, which after some Time they effected.

The pronouncing this Oration, must be construed as a public affront to Mr. Gage in both his Stations as General of the Army & Governor of the Province-in the first-as it was a Reflection in general on Standing Armies in Time of Peace & in the other as it was in a Town meeting held directly contrary to an Act of Parliament to inforce which his Excellency came to Boston. Nor is it a small Proof of the Spirit of the Inhabts. who in Defiance of a Fleet & army with the Musels of their Guns at their Doors, dared tell them that they were an illegal Body of men and the Tools of Tyrants.

We had a most extraordinary Exhibition here last Thursday. As the Populace of Boston have thought fit to repeal the tarring & feathering Act; The Kings Troops have thought fit to revive the Id. Statute, & in consequence of such a Determination gave us a Speciman of a Royal Mob.-The Soldiers have been encouraged by their Officers to take every method of tricking the unwary. An honest Countryman, on Wednesday was inquiring for a firelock; a Soldier heard him & told him he had one which he would sell-away goes the Ignoramus & after paying the Solder very honestly for the gun (which by the way was an old one without a Lock) was walking off when a half Dozen seized him & hurried the poor Fellow away under guard, for a breach of the Act against trading with a Soldier. And after keeping him in Duress all night, the next morning instead of carrying him before the Magistrate who on complaint would have fined him (as has been the Case in several Instances.) The Officers Condemned the man without a hearing to be tarred & feathered. Which was accordingly executed. After stripping him naked & covering him with Tarr & Feathers they mounted him on a one horse Truck & surrounding the Truck with a guard of 20 Soldiers with fixed Bayonets accompanied

with all the Drums & Fifes of the Regiment (4th) & a number of Officers, Negroes, Sailors, etc. exhibited him as a Spectacle through the principal Streets of the Town. They fixed a label on the man's back on which was wrote "American Liberty or a Speciman of Democracy," & to add to the Insult play'd Yankee Doodle.

O Britain! how art thou fallen! Is it not enough that British Troops who were once the Terror of France & Spain, should be made the instruments of butchering thy Children. But must they descend also to Exploits too infamously dirty for any but the very meanest of the Mobility to practise? What a wretched Figure will the Boston Expedition hereafter make in the historic Page!

It is with much regret I acquaint you of the Death of our young Friend Hill. he died last friday night of a Mortification of the Bowels. His Excess of Modesty gave him an Air of Reserve, but he was worthy-& is much lamented by a large Circle of Acquaintances & Friends.

Pray give my Respects to Mr. Mifflin & Mr. Secretary Thompson-& assure them I am not unmindful of their Favours.

I am very sincerely your Friend & Servant

Wm. Tudor.

I never write Letters for the News PapersHowever if any thing I can say can be any way serviceable to the common Cause-you are at Liberty to make what you please of any Scribbleation of mine-Yet I beg your Caution.

Accessions

Some Recent Gifts to the Library "Lincoln and Prohibition," by Charles T. White; New York, 1921. Autographed copy. Gift of Charles T. White.

"Lincoln in Springfield." Sketches by Virginia S. Brown; 1925. Autographed. Gift of the Author.

Memoir of Abraham Lincoln-President Elect of the United States of America, His Opinion on Secession, Extracts from the United States Constitution, to which is Appended an Historical Sketch on Slavery-Reprinted by Permission from "The Times" London, 1861. Gift of Charles Inches Sturgis.

"Recollections of 12 Years I Served in the 5th U. S. Infantry," by Capt. Nelson Thomasson. Address delivered before the Illinois Com

mandery of the Loyal Legion, March 4, 1926. Gift of the Author.

"The Holland Land Company," by Paul Demund Evans. Publications Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. XXVIII. 1924. Gift of The Buffalo Historical Society.

"Yearbook of the Society of Indiana Pioneers" 1925. Compiled and Edited by Charles N. Thompson. Gift of The Society of Indiana Pioneers, through Charles N. Thompson.

The Missouri Compromise and Presidential Politics-1820-25," edited by Everett Bomerville Brown; St. Louis, 1926. Gift of The Missouri Historical Society.

"Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio,” volume 4, part 3. Edited by William C. Mills, 1926. Gift of the Editor.

"Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio Publications," edited by Beverley W. Bond, Jr., Cincinnati, 1925. Gift of The Historical Society of Ohio.

"William Allen-A Study in Western Democracy," by Reginald Charles McGrane, Columbus, 1925. Gift of The Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.

"The Wilderness Road to Kentucky-Its Location and Features," by William Allen Pussey; New York, 1921. Gift of the Author.

"The Old Time Country Doctor," by William Allen Pussey-Reprint from the Journal of the American Medical Association, August 22, 1925. Gift of the Author.