The land of Germany produces little beyond the national consumption, except wines, flax, and wool. The quality of the German wines is much inferior to those of France, and the quantity much less. The annual product is stated at two millions of pipes, of 100 gallons each; but a very small part of this finds a foreign market. Flax frequently forming, as before stated, the fallow crop, is important from the employment it affords during the long cold nights of winter to the female members of the peasant's family, and from the trade it creates in the export of yarn and linen cloth. Wool is generally the property of the lord; and its annual clip is frequently the principal revenue derived from extensive possessions. This has induced many to pay great attention to improvement of the staple; and much of it, especially that from Saxony, is superior to the merino of Spain. It is within the last twenty years that the extension of the breed of the fine-woolled sheep has taken place. Those who feel interested in German agriculture will find much valuable information on the subject in the Report of the United States' Commissioner of Patents, for 1847,” p. 239-348, written by Charles L. Fleischmann, Esq.

As a manufacturing country, Germany is pre-eminent, and can supply itself with by far the greater part of all the commodities it needs. Every town, of moderate population, has its woollen, linen, cotton, silk, and iron workshops. Few of these, however, are conducted on a large scale, and, consequently, that minute division of labor, which is so essential to perfection and cheapness of articles, is entirely wanting. Linens are the most valuable products, and are made from the coarse fabries of Westphalia, which are used for negro clothing, to the finest shirting and table linen of Silesia and Saxony. Woollens of all kinds are made, and sufficient for consumption. The cassimeres and Vigonia cloths of the Prussian provinces of the Rhine, are preferred in all markets. The cotton manufactures have increased; but not so rapidly as those of other staples. The most considerable districts for these kinds of goods are:-Saxony, the Prussian provinces of Juliers, Berg, and Cleves; and along the banks of the Ens, in the Austrian dominions. The chief silk establishments are in Vienna, at Roveredo in the Tyrol, at Cologne, and at Berlin. Leather, iron, and steel, and wares prepared from them, are made at home. Porcelain and common earthenware are well made; but the best comes from the royal factories of Berlin and Dresden. The glass-ware of Bohemia, though inferior, is that in common use, not only throughout Germany, but in many other parts of the world. Paper is an article very inferior in quality, but it is largely manufactured. In the preparation of chemicals the Germans are excellent. The minor manufactures are too various to indicate. They consist principally of musical, mathematical, surgical, and optical instruments; with watches and clocks, wooden toys, and plaited straw, in all of which a peculiar superiority is discernible. Most of the trades of Germany are fettered by the laws of the guilds, to which the masters have hitherto been obliged to belong; and this has acted as an impediment to their arriving at that perfection the genius of the people is capable of. The recent constitution, however, abolishes all prescriptive rights, and allows every one to follow his own trade and calling without molestation.

Besides these branches of industry, we may notice also the immense produce of the press, so important in Saxony, Hanover, Wurtemburg, and Bavaria, where very small towns rival in this respect some of the largest cities in Europe, London and Paris excepted. Of these Leipsic

Munich, Stuttgardt, Gotha, Weimar, Carlsruhe, Freyburg, Jena, Dresden, Gottingen, Hanover, Cassel, Frankfort-on-the-Meyn, Augsburg, and Hamburg, are the most distinguished.

The commerce of Germany, in spite of the small divisions of the country and the right of each to its tolls and custom house duties, has been very active and extensive, and is daily increasing. It received a great impetus from the recent commercial league, which embraced most of Germanywhat must it not gain from the total abolition of all state custom houses, and the confirmation of the right of transit, as guaranteed by the new constitution? The internal commerce and industry of the country must of necessity be largely promoted by this important acquisition; and in no less a measure will the foreign commercial interests be beneficially influenced. The principal exports of Germany are the manufactures before mentioned, and a great variety of agricultural and mineral products. The imports. consist of wines, brandy, and other liquors, dried and salted fish, cheese, skins, tar, oil, tallow, leather, potash, copper, iron, West India produce, drugs, cotton, silk, &c. The transit trade is very considerable, and proves a source of wealth to the towns in which it centres. The principal maritime commercial towns are Hamburg, Lubec, Bremen, Emden, &c., and the principal inland trading towns are Frankfort, Leipsic, Augsburg, Nuremburg, Brunswick, Hanover, Cassel, Munich, Carlsruhe, Darmstadt, Weimar, &c., and generally all those towns where any extensive manufactures are carried on. The fair of Leipsic has no rival in the sale of books; and the trade of Hamburg is so great, as to rival that of some of the largest commercial cities of the world.

As already mentioned, Germany is composed of forty sovereign states. The states belonging to Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland, are de scribed under their appropriate heads. The description of those wholly within Germany will form the subjects of the following sections:

BAVARIA.

The KINGDOM OF BAVARIA, or Baiern, consists of two perfectly distinct portions; the larger situated in the basins of the Danube and the Meyu, and the smaller to the westward of the Rhine. It contains the ancient duchy of Bavaria, a part of the palatinate of the Rhine, the bishopric of Wurtzburg, and several other adjacent territories, portions of the old German empire. The king is representative of the two electors, viz. the Duke of Bavaria, and the Pfalsgraf, or Count Palatine of the Rhine. The kingdom was constituted by Napoleon in 1804, and received its present extension in 1815. The public revenues amount to about $12,500,000 per annum, raised chiefly from imposts. The army consists of 58,239 men, but of these 17,000 are always on furlough, or absent on leave. The gov ernment is a constitutional monarchy with two chambers, and the religion of the state Roman Catholic. The kingdom, for administrative purposes is divided into eight circles, viz:

Munich, the capital, is situated on the Issar, in a flat and sterile plain, entirely destitute of beauty. It is now one of the finest cities in Germany, and contains many wide and straight streets, bordered with foot pavements, and lined with elegant houses and magnificent hotels. The "Hof," or king's palace, is one of the largest in Europe, and though irregular in its original plan, has lately been remodelled by Baron Klenze. The picture gallery is a fine building, and contains a magnificent collection of paintings, and the sculpture gallery is equally grand, with a good amount of statuary. Munich has a large number of learned societies, and its buildings dedicated to the fine arts alone are commensurately more numerous and splendid than in any other city. There are many pretty villages around the capital, which are much visited on holidays.

Nurnberg, anciently an imperial city, is situated on the Pegnitz, in the middle of a sandy but fertile plain, 90 miles N. by W. of Munich. Few towns in Europe present a lovelier picture than is to be found in the interior arrangements of its buildings, and the furniture of its houses, of the manners and customs of the middle ages, when Nurnburg was one of the richest, most industrious, and most commercial cities in Europe. It still maintains an important rank for trade and industry, though its popu lation is reduced to 38,000.

Augsburg, another late imperial city, is built at the confluence of the Wertach with the Lech. It contains the principal depôt of arms, and has a very ancient and interesting Gothic church, and its Bishop's palace still contains the hall where the Protestant Confession of Faith was presented to the Kaiser, Charles V., in 1530. But this cradle of Protestantisin is filled with all kinds of Catholic relics and records of miracles; every street indicates the national religion, and almost every house has its painted, carved, or plastered saint on its front. Augsburg is noted for its gold-work, jewelry, horologerie, mathematical instruments, cotton-factories, and other productions, which place it in the first rank of German manufacturing and commercial cities. It is connected by railroad with Munich.

Ratisbon, of Regensburg, also a late imperial city, lies on the right bank of the Danube, at its confluence with the Regen. Its streets are narrow, and well paved, and lined with very high houses in the German style. It contains several fine buildings, particularly the "Rath-Haus," in which the Diet of the empire used to assemble from 1662 to 1806. The bridge across the Danube measures 1090 feet in length. Its trade is very consid erable, and it is noted for its goldsmith's work, jewelry and beer. The monument to Kepler, raised by the citizens, is a splendid token of esteem.

Wurtzburg, late capital of a sovereign bishopric, lies on the Meyn, in a country remarkable for cultivation and beauty. Wurtzburg is noted for industry and trade. It is far from being a fine city, but contains much worthy of notice.

Bamberg is a well-built, industrious, commercial city, situated upon the Rednitz, 124 miles N. by W. of Munich. Kronach is a place of considerable note for its coal mines, and is the entrepôt of the timber trade, which this country carries on along the Rhine as far as Holland. Passau, at the confluence of the Inn and Ilz with the Danube, is strongly fortified, and enjoys considerable commerce. In the citadel is a noted shrine, with the image of the "Virgin Mother of God," which is visited by multitudes of pilgrims; and which is said to have shed tears when the French were in Passau. A liquor is distilled from the breasts, which the profane declare to be spring water, but which to the faithful recipient tastes like rich milk!

Speyer, or Spire, is a small commercial town on the left bank of the Rhine, in the Palatinate, but more noted in its histories than for its present importance. Landau, 17 miles south-west of Speyer, is one of the imperial fortresses of Germany. It forms a regular octagon, having eight curtains covered by seven bulwarks, three redoubts, seven lunettes, and a fort or citadel with three whole and two half bastions, the whole being surrounded by deep ditches supplied by the Queich and a canal.

WURTEMBURG.

The KINGDOM OF WURTEMBURG adjoins Bavaria on the West, and is situated in the middle of the ancient Suabia, extending also into Franconia. It is one of the kingdoms erected by Napoleon, at the period of the dissolution of the empire, in favor of the then Duke of Wurtemberg. It is divided into four circles, viz:

There are four garrison towns in the kingdom, viz. Stuttgardt, Ludwigsburg, Ulm, and Heilbron. The consists of 19,170 men.

army

Stuttgardt, the capital, is situated on the Nesenbach, not far from its confluence with the Neckar, in a damp, unhealthy valley, surrounded with vine-covered hills. The king's palace is the most imposing edifice. The environs are by far more interesting than the city itself, the surrounding heights affording ample room for recreation and pleasure.

Few other towns in this kingdom are worthy of notice, but almost all are intimately connected with some bright pages of history.

BADEN.

The GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN consists of a long narrow strip of country, extending along the north and east sides of the Rhine, from near Mannheim to the Lake of Constance, a distance of nearly 300 miles along the river. Two sides border on Switzerland and France; and the greater part of the remaining border is formed by Wurtemburg. The general aspect of the country is more mountainous than level, the Black Forest and a part of the Odenwald comprising at least one-third. The climate and soil are alike propitious to agriculture. The forests yield great wealth, and the rivers not only diffuse fertility and beautify the landscape, but being navigable, tend to encourage commerce. The Germans compare Baden to a black-pudding (blatwurst) on account of its disproportionate length, but at the same time acknowledge its fertility in regarding it as " das Eden Deutschlands," the paradise of Germany. The Grand Duchy is divided into four circles :

Carlsruhe (Charles' rest,) the capital, is a fine modern city, regularly built in the form of a fan, with its principal streets, 32 in number, diverging from the Grand Ducal Castle. This castle or palace is a very neat building, with a fine collection of paintings, mostly French, and the pleasure grounds attached are extensive and well-kept, but gloomy. The streets of the city are broad, well-paved and clear. Leopoldhafen is the port of Carlsruhe, on the Rhine. In the immediate neighborhood are Amaliens and Ludwigslust, two palaces, with fine gardens; and a few miles further, Durlach, the former residence of the Margraves of Baden, with a college and mint. Brucksal, Pforzheim, and Rastadt have extensive baths. Baden, from which the grand duchy takes it name, called also Baden-Baden, is a pretty little town, 20 miles S. by W. of Carlsruhe, and five from the Rhine, celebrated for its mineral waters, which are frequented by thousands of strangers. The town is irregular and ill built, partly situated on a lofty acclivity, and partly scattered along the banks of a rivulet, in a beautiful valley, adorned with vineyards and enclosed by fine wooded heights, crowned with picturesque ruins. The waters are principally used for bathing, and are calculated to relieve rheumatic complaints, contractions, and skindiseases. There are altogether 13 warm springs, varying from 54° Reaumer downwards. These waters early attracted the attention of the Romans, and the town of Baden was their Civitas Aurelia Aquensis.

Constance is an ancient Roman town, but much fallen from its former importance. It has some trade, and a port on the lake. Numerous villages, noted chiefly for their mineral baths, and fine old castles, lie around the

town.

Freyburg is a thriving commercial town, situated on the Treisam, an affluent of the Rhine. Its cathedral and university are the great attraction. South-east of Freyburg is the Hollenthal, (infernal valley,) through which General Moreau effected his celebrated retreat in 1796. It is a most stupendous defile, so narrow as barely to leave room for the road, and the roaring torrent that passes through it; while the rocks on both sides are so lofty, and approach each other so near, as totally to exclude the rays of the sun. Yet, through this dangerous gorge, nearly a mile in length, did Moreau conduct his army in the most perfect order, with an enemy behind him. Several towns are located on the Black Forest.

Mannheim, at the confluence of the Neckar with the Rhine, is the largest city of Baden, alike remarkable for the regularity of its streets and the tastefulness of its buildings. It was formerly the residence of the Electors-Palatine of the Rhine, whose palace is a very large building, and contains a rich library and collections of curiosities. Mannheim is a free port, and carries on considerable trade. Heidelberg, twelve miles south-east of Mannheim, is chiefly noted for its university.

HOHENZOLLERN.

The Hohenzollern possessions are divided into the two principalities of HOHENZOLLERN-HECKINGEN and HOHENZOLLERN-SIGMARINGEN, which are almost entirely surrounded by the territory of Wurtemberg, and touch Baden on their south-west side. The government of both are very similar, being limited sovereignties with one chamber, and the Roman Catholic is the public religion.

Hechingen, a small town with 3,000 inhabitants, on the Starzel, is the capital of one of the principalities; and Sigmaringen, a still smaller town, on the Danube, is the capital of the other. It is in contemplation to annex