Macerata, and Camerino were incorporated with the kingdom of Italy; and in 1809 the whole papal dominions were seized, and partly incorporated with France. A revenue of 2,000,000 of francs were assigned to the Pope, who was compelled to take up his residence in France, until the events of 1814 allowed his holiness to resume possession of the States of the Church. In 1848 the spirit of revolution sprung up among the Romans, in common with the whole of Europe, and the Pope, Pius IX., a man of good intentions, but wholly too weak to cope with the tumults of such a period, gave way to the popular clamor. He had previously granted a constitution to his states; but he had granted too much to admit of a retrogade motion, and too little to satisfy the republican spirit which animated the people. The consequence was, that he was obliged to flee from his possessions and leave his government in the hands of the mob. He is now at Gaeta, and it is possible that the final overthrow of the temporal power of the popes of Rome may already have been encompassed.

THE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO.

THE territory of this small state, enclosed on all sides by the legation of Urbino, in the Papal states, consists of a craggy mountain about 2,200 feet high, and some adjacent hillocks, with one town and four villages. It is remarkable on two accounts: it is a republic surrounded by the worst forms of despotism, and it is the smallest as well as the most ancient state in Europe. Area 21 square miles. Population, 7,500.

The legislative powers of government are vested in a council of 60 members, elected for life, and taken in equal numbers from the nobles, citizens, and agriculturists; and in a senate, or tribunal of appeal, consisting of 12 members. The executive is entrusted to two "Capitani reggenti," chosen every six months by the inhabitants at large-they preside in the council of sixty. Justice is administered by a "Commissario." Every family is obliged to furnish to the army an individual capable of bearing arms, amounting in all to 800 or 900 men; but only about 40 soldiers are ordinarily kept on duty. The state supports a hospital, and four superior and two elementary schools.

SAN MARINO, the capital, stands on the side of the mountain above mentioned. Population, 5,500. It is accessible by only one road, and is irregularly built. It has a principal square, in which is the town hall; five churches, in one of which are the tomb and statue of San Marino, the founder of the town; four convents, and three castles. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture and cattle breeding, and in the manufacture of silk. At the foot of the hill is the village of Borgo, at which many of the wealthy Marinos reside.

The town of San Marino grew up round a hermitage formed here by Marinus, or Marino, a native of Dalmatia, afterwards enrolled in the calendar as a saint, in the fifth century. The people have since maintained their independence, but, perhaps, more in consequence of the insignificancy of their territory than from any native pre-eminence in wisdom or valor. It has been several times captured by different adventurers, but the popes have always seen fit to restore it to its owners and its ancient privileges. In 1796 Napoleon offered to increase the territory of the republic; but this

being wisely declined, he presented them with four pieces of cannon. It is under the protection of the Pope.

THE KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES.

THE Kingdom of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, consists of the continental territory of Naples and the Island of Sicily. The continental portion is bounded by the Papal dominions on the N. and N. W., and on all the other sides by the ocean, being separated from Sicily by the Strait of Messina. From the Tronto to Cape Leuco is 230 miles, but to Cape Spartivento it measures 360 miles. Its greatest breadth is 120 miles, in many places 80, and in some only 25 and 20 miles. The superficies is 31,407 square miles. The two great divisions of the kingdom are distinguished as the "Domini al di qua del Faro" (Naples,) and the "Domini al di la del Faro" (Sicily.)

NAPLES.

The Kingdom of Naples lies under the mildest sky of Europe-occupies the most happy situation-and has the richest and most fertile soil. The Appenines, in the north-west, run into Naples as far as the district of Rapollo, where the ridges divide into two branches, the one directing to and terminating at Cape Leuco, and the other to Cape Spartivento. From the main ridge side branches diverge in several directions, partly connected with the principal chain, and partly forming separate groups: among the former are the chains of Sorento and Cenide-among the latter the mountains of Gargavo, in Puglia, which cover a surface of 600 geographical square miles, the Monte Barbaro, and Mount Vesuvius near Naples, and the Volture in Puglia. The geology of these are not well known, but their basis is generally granite and calcareous rock the latter is predominant in the neighborhood of Naples. The Volcano (Vesuvius,) rises in a pyramidal form from the large plain which runs from Capua to its foot, and is separated by deep valleys from the mountains Ottajano and Somma, which seem to have formerly belonged to the same mass. On the summit is a large plain, in the midst of which lies the crater, from which rises a continual smoke, and which often bursts out into dreadful eruptions. The most remarkable of these eruptions were those of A. D. 79, by which Herculanum and Pompeii were destroyed, of A. D. 203, 472,512, 655, 993, 1036, 1306, 1631, and 1730, when the summit of the mountain rose considerably higher and became more pointed, and those of 1760 and 1779. Indeed its activity seems to be on the increase, and its eruptions have become more frequent. The foot of the mountain is populous, and its sides are covered with vines and fruit trees. The magnificent plain of Capua lies over subterraneous fires, and owes its fertility to the volcanic nature of the soil. The steam baths, the sulphurous lakes and grottoes, in this volcanic region, are remarkable.

The seas which wash the coasts form several considerable gulfs. All the rivers descend from the Appenines, which run almost through the middle of the country, and have consequently but short courses. The principal are the Garigliano, the Volturno, the Silaro, and the Crati. There are no canals except a few for the purposes of irrigation Lakes are numerous, but there is only one of considerable size, the Lago di Cellano or Fucino, in Abruzzo, which is about 15 miles long, and 9 broad, and which receives

three small rivers, but has no visible outlet. There are numerous mineral springs.

A perpetual spring seems to reign in this beautiful region. The winter is scarcely ever so cold as a New England autumn, and vegetation is never interrupted. In the midst of winter, indeed, the fields are green, the orange trees in flower, the balmy air filled with fragrance, and the sea ever reflects a blue sky; but in the summer days the sun consumes all vegetable life, the heated breeze comes laden with the fiery breath of Africa, and conveys no refreshing dews to the relief of exhausted nature. In the mountain region the weather is colder, and the lofty summits retain for a long period of the year their snowy caps. Some districts are affected with malaria, and a great part of Puglia is a desert, on which, during winter only, innumerable flocks of sheep are fed. The productions are as abundant as they are various and valuable. Corn of all kinds, vegetables and fruit, vines, olives, medicinal plants, &c., are everywhere raised. The animal kingdom is also well represented, and the fisheries are valuable. Vipers, serpents, and tarantulas infest the plain country.

The total population of Naples amounts ts 6,123,000. The people have the same characteristics of the Italians, generally they are lively, cheerful, and witty, but oppressed by the nobility and clergy. The dialect is somewhat like that of Tuscany. The Neapolitans are accused of being very avaricious and lazy. The lower classes are in the profoundest ignorance, but the mountaineers and the Calabrians exhibit more activity and resolution than the rest, especially when acting as banditti. The "lazzaroni" of the cities are a distinguished class, and in many of their points resemble the "loafers" of New-York: the chief difference being that the first are satisfied with a few slices of melon or a little maccaroni, while the latter cannot exist without repeated "drinks" the one eschews drunkenness the other eschews sobriety, but both are lazy, lousy, and light-fingered. The dress of the lower classes is miserable, but picturesque: it principally consists of a brown cloak thrown over the shoulders in graceful folds. The higher classes dress in the French fashion. The Arnauts, who live in Calabria, Basilicata, and some other provinces, are a fine race of men. Their language is the modern Greek, with a mixture of Latin, Italian, French, and Sclavonian words; they rarely intermarry with the Italians. Their priests are called Calojeri, and are allowed to marry.

The Roman Catholic religion is professed by nine-tenths of the people, but considerable toleration is allowed to seceders. No inquisition was ever established in Naples, and no bull of the Pope can be published without the royal assent. The king himself is head of the Neapolitan Church, and has the title of " Beatissimo Padre." There are in the kingdom 27,612 secular priests, 8,455 monks, and 8,155 nuns: total in holy order, 44,222, or one to every 140 of the population.

The sciences and arts are in a most miserable state throughout the kingdom. There are no schools for the lower classes, and the few schools that do exist are in the hands of an ignorant clergy. The university of Naples is a respectable establishment, having a large librariy and numerous professors. The book trade is miserable, and the greater part of the works issued are on theology, antiquities, and the fine arts. There are no newspapers worth reading, all being published under the strictest censorship.

The government is an hereditary monarchy, and at the present time in

the hands of a branch of the Bourbon family. The monarchy in respect of the continental portion was formerly quite unlimited, while Sicily had a parliament of its own. In 1821, however, a "consulta" was established for each that for the continental portion consisting of 16 members, and that of Sicily of 8 members, appointed by the king from lists of candidates. presented by the intendancies, and presided over by a vice-president, also appointed by the king. The two assemblies frequently met in one, termed the "consulta generale," in which a state minister sat as president. In 1837 these "consulta" were permanently amalgamated into one parliament, which sits at Naples. This body, however, has very limited powers, and must of necessity be subservient to the appointing power. The king is morever assisted by a cabinet of nine ministers, and a privy council composed principally of nobles.

Each province is governed by an "intendante;" at the head of every "circondario" is a "sub-intendante," and in every commune a syndic or mayor. These officers have only executive powers. Each of the divisions has also a council, variously appointed, but these bodies can only deliberate on such subjects as are presented to their consideration.

Justice is administered by a supreme court of cassation, in the capital; high civil courts at Naples, Aquilla, &c.; civil and criminal courts in the provincial capitals, by a judge "d'instruzione' in each district, and by a" consiliatore" in each commune. Judges usually hold their appointments for three years. Trials are public; and the code of laws, as well as the forms, established by the French, have been generally adopted, except, that trials by jury are yet unknown.

There is an indescribable richness of vegetation tnroughout this country. The corn, wine, and oil produced and exported, turn the balance of commerce completely in favor of Naples. Agriculture, however, is carried on in a most wretched manner, the peasants are poor, and the soil is the property of great landlords, to whom they pay rent, mostly in kind. The peasants live usually on Indian corn and vegetables, reserving their wheat for exportation. The Neapolitans do not understand the cultivation of the vine; nevertheless, the wines of Vesuvius are good, and the oil of Puglia, though inferior to tha of Lucca and Genoa, is an article of great demand. Silk is extensively produced, and the wool is of good quality. The fisheries are important. The country does not seem to be rich in metals; while iron is produced in small quantities only. Sulphur and alum form the great staples of the kingdom. Marble, alabaster, lava, puzzolane, and salt, are also wrought.

There are no manufactures of any consequence. Commerce is entirely in the hands of foreign merchants, who import what the country wants, and export what it produces. Though there are several excellent harbors, and the country is most favorably situated, the natives confine themselves to the coasting trade. The articles of export are corn, wine, oil, silk, sulphur, fish, salt, &c. The commerce of the interior is facilitated by fairs and markets; but the roads throughout the kingdom are miserable, and must prove disadvantageous to commercial intercourse.

The kingdom is divided into 15 intendancies, as stated in the following table:

These intendancies are subdivided into districts, circles, and communes.

NAPOLI, (NAPLES,) the capital of the kingdom, and one of the largest cities in Europe, is situated on the northern shore of a beautiful bay, opening to the west, in N. lat. 40° 50', and E. long. 14° 22′; about 120 S. E. of Rome. Nothing can be more beautiful than Naples when viewed from the bay, rising as it does from the sea on an aphitheatric slope, crowned with the sombre castle of San Elmo. The city is 9 miles in circumference, and contains about 350,000 inhabitants; but though the buildings are lofty and solid, and some of the streets wide and straight, yet, relatively to its extent and importance, it contains few edifices which can be compared with those of the other great cities of Italy. Its churches, overloaded in the interior with gilding, pictures, and other ornaments, are little remarkable for their dimensions or architecture; and nearly the same may be said of the palaces and other public edifices. The royal palace, the king's ordinary residence, is, however, remarkable for its vast extent, the architecture at its front, its magnificent stairs, and the beauty and richness of its rooms. There is another royal palace on the Capo di Monte, overlooking the city; and a third, named di Chiatamone, remarkable for its delightful situation and its hanging garden. The other principal buildings worthy of notice are: The large edifice of the Studii Publici, or University; the Royal Museo Borbonico, now enriched with antiquities, and a collection of paintings, in a building originally erected for the Studii, which were transferred to the Convent of Gesu Vecchio, in 1790; the Reclusorio, or poor's house; the hospital for incurables, and that of the Annunziata, to which is annexed a well-endowed foundling hospital; the arsenal; the archbishop's palace; the theatre of St. Ferdinand, the finest, in respect of its architecture, of the ten which the city possesses; the Vicario, or Castel Capuano, an old palace, now occupied by the courts of justice; the Theatre of San Carlo, one of the largest and finest in the world; and the palace of the royal ministers, or of the Finances, finished in 1826, and remarkable for its architecture and great size. Among the numerous churches, the only one worthy of particular notice is the new cathedral or church of San Gennaro (Januarius), the patron saint of Naples, whose head, and two small vessels filled with his blood, are preserved in a chapel called El Tesoro. The blood of the saint is VOL. II.

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