terraneous church, in which as in a fort, it had been necessary to shut up the archbishop's corpse, to protect it from the insults of the royal officers and soldiers; then kneeling down, he stripped off his clothes. Each of the bishops took one of the whips with several lashes, used in the monastaries to inflict ecclesiastical corrections and thence called disciplines. Each one discharged three or four strokes upon the shoulders of the prostrate king, saying" the Redeemer was scourged for the sins of men, so be thou for thine own sin." From the hands of the bishops, the discipline passed into the hands of the monks, who were very numerous, and most of them of Saxon race. The sons of the serfs of the Conquest imprinted the marks of the whips on the flesh of the great-grandson of the Conqueror, and perhaps while their arms were raised to strike, their hearts thrilled and their breasts dilated with some secret joy. After being thus beaten, he persevered in his orisons to the holy martyr, all the day and all the night; he took no food, nor went out for any occasion; but such as he came, such he remained, and did not allow a carpet or anything of the kind to be placed under his knees.”—-Ibid. vol. 3, book 10. NOTE 15, p. 52. Then came her height of sin, her palmy hour. "Innocent III. dont le génie embrassait et dominait l'univers, était aussi incapable de tout ménagement que de toute pitié. En même temps qu'il renversait l'equilibre politique de l'Italie et de l'Allemagne, qu'il menaçait tour à tour les rois de l'Espagne, de la France et de l'Angleterre, qu'il affectait le ton d'un maître avec les rois de Bohême, de Hongrie, de Bulgarie, de Norvége, et d'Armenie, qu'il dirigeait enfin ou réprimandait tour à tour les croisés occupés à renverser l'empire grec, et à lui substituer l'empire latin à Constantinople, Innocent III. comme s'il n'avait eu aucune autre affaire, surveillait, attaquait, punissait toute divergence d'opinions d'avec celles de l'Eglise Romaine, toute independance d'esprit, toute exercise de la faculté de penser en matière religieuse.-Sismondi Hist. des Français, tome 6, part 3, cap. M 24. NOTE 16, p. 55. A son of England braved the angry church. (16) "The great events of Wickliff's life, his repeated attacks on the Church of Rome, his struggles with the monks, and with Courtenay, Bishop of London, his translation of the Scriptures, the protection afforded him by John of Ghent duke of Lancaster, his peaceful death at Lutterworth and the exhumation and burning of his bones forty years afterwards at the command of the Council of Constance, are well known. "Wickliff (says Gilpin, lives of Reformers vol. I. p. 52) was in religion what Bacon was afterwards in science, the great detector of those arts and glosses which the barbarism of ages had drawn together to obscure the mind of man." The persecution of the followers of Wickliff or Lollards, (so called from Walter Lollard a German reformer who was burnt) in which Lord Cobham, Ann Aycliffe and many others lost their lives, will be found related in any of the common English or Church Histories, NOTE 17, p. 56. The faith they loved, the martyred pangs they bore, In blended glory graced a foreign shore. Some gentlemen in the train of Ann, wife of our Richard II., and sister of Wencestaus king of Bohemia, are said to have carried to that country the opinions of Wickliff.-The progress of these opinions there under the conduct of John Huss and Jerome of Prague, the alarm of the council of Constance, its summons to the two reformers to explain their doctrine, the violation of the safe conduct granted them by the Emperor Sigismund, and their consequent martyrdom, the expedition of Sigismund and other German princes against their followers, and the wonderful successes of the Hussites under their invincible chief Zisca, are related by Gilpin (lives of the Reformers vol. I. p. 129-217 2nd edition) De tells us that Zisca had lost the sight of one eye; Mosheim (cent 14, p. 2, c. 3) says that he was blind. We are informed (Gilpin p. 312) that upon his death-bed he ordered his skin to be made into a drum" the very sound of which, added he, will disperse your enemies" that the drum was actually made, that it was used in battle by the Taborites, and had the full effect expected from it. On the premature death of Zisca Oct. 6, 1424, the animosities subsisting between the Calixtins or moderate Hussites, and the Taborites or violent Reformers, were inflamed by emissaries from the council of Basle; the contending parties met in arms at Broda, where the Taborites were nearly exterminated. Their victory weakened the Calixtins, and made immediate way for the re-establishment of Papal and Imperial supremacy in Bohemia. Gilpin, p. 219-328. NOTE 18, p. 57. The olden Wisdom that unheeded slept. "In the year 1453 (May 23,) the city of Constantinople was captured by the Turks under the command of Mahomet 11. after a vigorous defence of fifty-three days. The encouragement which had been shown to the Greek professors at Florence, and the character of Cosmo de'Medici as a promoter of letters, induced many learned Greeks to seek a shelter in that city, where they met with a welcome and honourable reception. Between the Greek and Italian professors a spirit of emulation was kindled that operated most favorably on the cause of letters. Public schools were instituted at Florence for the study of the Greek tongue."-Roscoe's Life of Lorenzo de' Medici. cap. 1. NOTE 19, p. 58. Teutonic skill the master-marvel wrought, To draw its chariot winged coursers lent, Hallam thus remarks on the first printed book, the Latin Bible of 1455.-"It is a very striking circumstance that the high-minded inventors of this great art tried at the very outset so bold a flight as the printing an entire Bible, and executed it with astonishing success. It was Minerva, leaping on earth in her divine strength and radiant armour, ready at the moment of her nativity to subdue and destroy her enemies."-Literary History of Europe, c. 3, p. 211. NOTE 20, p. 58. As the red beacon shot from Ida's height. (19) The celebrated speech of Clytemnestra in the Agamemnon* of Eschylus is here alluded to, where she tells the Chorus how that her husband, by stationing watches on the mountains between Troy and Argos, with directions for each to light his beacon when he should behold a flame on the hill nearest him, had informed her of the fall of Troy. *See Agamemnon, verse 281. Ηφαιστος Ιδης λαμπρόν ἐκπέμπων σέλας. NOTES TO BOOK III. NOTE 1, p. 62. Religion often times half waked before Went home to man and sate and smiled within. The grand idea of Protestantism is well and briefly expressed by Cicero Tusc. Dispul. I iv, cap 4 " Defendat quod quisque sentit; sunt enim judicia libera." Let each defend his own opinion; for private judgment is free. Macchiavelli has also a passage to the same effect (Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, 1 11, cap 58 “Io non giudico, ne giudicheró mai, esser difetto difendere alcuna opinione con le ragioni, senza volervi usare ó l' autoritâ ó la forza' 1 do not, nor ever shall, deem it wrong to defend any opinion with reason, without seeking to employ either authority or force. NOTE 2, p. 63. 'Gainst faith-constraining potency protest. The Protestants derived their name from the Protest signed by the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, with other German princes and |