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words Him' and 'you' are made antithetic, on the supposition that care' in the first member of the sentence has a kindred meaning to 'careth in the second. That this cannot be so appears by reference to the original: πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν επιρρίψαντες ἐπ' αὐτὸν ὅτι αὐτῷ μέλει περὶ ὑμῶν—casting all your solicitude upon Hím, for Hé' càreth-foryou. This meaning will be conveyed by giving emphasis to Hé, slightly pausing after it, and likewise to careth, continuing the inflection over the following words.

The anti

1 John iv. 20.- If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar; for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath séen, how can he lóve Gód, whom he hath not séen? thesis is between seen and not seen. which is sometimes laid on the first quite unnecessary.-Wood.

The stress

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hath' is

1 John v. 16. I do not say that he shall pray for it' ου περὶ ἐκείνης λέγω ἵνα ἐρωτήση. emphasis should be given to

it.'

A strong

Rev. iv. 11.-Thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are, and were created (εισὶ, καὶ εκτίσθησαν). In the usual mode of reading the last four words, the verbs' are' and 'were appear to be equally auxiliaries to 'created,' and are made antithetic to each other:'àre and wére created.' That they are not really so is evident on referring to the original Greek. The whole means that for God's pleasure all things both exist (iii), and for the same end they were originally created. The sense requires a pause after are,' and emphasis on that verb as well as on created,' but none on' were:' they are, and were-created.'

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Though errors of pronunciation in the public ministering of a Clergyman are trifles in comparison with "truth of doctrine and innocency of life," still they ought to be carefully avoided. Deviations from the common usage of speaking arrest the attention of the higher classes of society, interrupt the current of thought, and turn it from the matter to the manner-from the meaning of the words to the pronunciation of them. And not only is this effect produced upon the giddy and irreligious, but sometimes even upon the grave and devout. This consideration gives to the subject an importance which will influence the student who is anxious to perform his duty, in every respect, and towards all classes of hearers, to the best of his ability; and may, perhaps, induce him to devote a little time to the perusal of the following pages, in which are incorporated some of the remarks and rules of Walker and other writers, on the subject of pronunciation.

PRONUNCIATION.

Dr. Johnson's general rule, that "those are to be considered as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words," has been justly censured by Mr. Walker. It has already led to much innovation, and, in many cases, pro

duced diversity of pronunciation where previously there was uniformity. For example: those who are guided by the spelling, sound the final unaccented vowel distinctly in heaven, open, evil, reckon, reason, &c., in which words it formerly was always suppressed. (See Sections 13, 14, 15.) They likewise sound the a distinctly in the terminations of such words as noblemen, combat, &c., instead of adopting the obscure, intermediate, neutral sound which approximates to the sound of u. (See Section 9 b.) They also give to some consonants in certain situations their alphabetic sounds, instead of admitting after them that liquid sibilation which constitutes an analogy that runs through the language: thus they say vir-tue for vir-tshue, na-ture for na-tshure, cen-sure for censhure, &c. (See Section 6 b.) By following the above-mentioned principle, these discrepancies of pronunciation must increase to an infinite extent, because the words in most common use are those which are pronounced with the widest deviation from the spelling. Instead, therefore, of admitting a rule which tends to make "confusion worse confounded," Walker recommends that the analogies and tendencies of the language should be studied, as the best guides in orthoëpy. But as Johnson's rule is much more easily adopted than Walker's, it is not surprising that the former should have more followers; among whom, it is very natural that young Clergymen should be included, particularly at the commencement of their professional labours. Hence are heard extraordinary changes in the pronunciation even of the most common words in the Church Service, in defiance of decided

custom thus, are, have, bu-rial, apos-tle, epis-tle, folk, idol, covet, covenant, &c., &c., are frequently sounded exactly according to the spelling, instead of being sounded in the usual manner, as if they were spelt thus: arr, hav, ber-ri-al, apos-sl, epis-sl (the silent in both these words), foke, idul, cuv-et, cuv-e-nant, &c., &c. If the learned Lexicographer's principle were adopted, what strange changes in pronunciation would be required in reading the following sentences, in which none of the words printed in italics are sounded according to the spelling:

The common usage of English people in talking their native tongue proves that they do not trouble themselves as to the spelling of the words. It surely is an evil custom, and savours of affectation, to talk otherwise than their fathers, mothers, brothers, and relations have talked. If the professors of colleges and other places of education would give their attention to the principles of English pronunciation, they would see reason not to sanction the fashion of pronouncing many common words in unusual ways-sounding the final syllables exactly as they are spelt in evil, devil; heaven, leaven; heathen, even; reason, season; beacon, deacon; often, softly; &c., &c.

"No man," says the ingenious author of The Theory of Elocution,' "has a right to question any customary manner of sounding a word, who is unacquainted with the general rules that secretly influence custom. Should the investigation necessary for arriving at these data be deemed too laborious, then let it not be thought too much to follow implicitly an orthoëpist like Walker, who really had made the investigation: excepting only in those cases in which to agree with him would be to violate indubitable usage-cases which will * Smart's Theory, &c., p. 43.

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sometimes occur from the variation of usage since his Dictionary was written." But where is this usage to be learned? Partly from the writers on orthoëpy Perry, Jameson, Knowles, Smart, Richardson, and Webster. Walker's remark, also, will serve to guide us: "Neither a finical pronunciation of the court, not a pedantic Grecism of the schools, will be denominated respectable usage till a certain number of the general mass of speakers have acknowledged them; nor will a multitude of common speakers authorise any pronunciation which is reprobated by the learned and polite."

Though Pronouncing Dictionaries are in every one's hand, still some advantage may be derived from bringing into one view what Walker (with whose opinions all modern orthoëpists generally agree) considered to be some of the remarkable tendencies which prevail in the pronunciation of the language.*

REMARKABLE TENDENCIES OF PRONUNCIATION.

1. Compound and derivative words generally shorten the vowel which is long in the primitive words thus, heroine from hero, Christian from Christ, vineyard from vine-yard, Christmas from Christ-mass, Michaelmas from Michael-mass, breakfast from break-fast, forehead from forehead; meadow from mead, primer from prime, knowledge from know, nothing from no, &c.

2. The antepenultimate accent generally shortens

*The student may consult with great advantage Smart's 'Practical Grammar of English Pronunciation,' a work which deserves to be generally known.

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