from 18 to 20 inches in length, to each end of which strands of colored yarn, 2 feet long, are attached, so as to admit of being passed around the leg and tied in a bowknot in front (plates XXV, XXVI, XXVII).

Bands of flannel or buckskin, handsomely beaded, are sometimes attached to the sides of the pantaloons,

in imitation of an officer's stripes, as well as around the bottom. Colors also are used, in addition to necklaces of claws, shells, or other objects.

Armlets and bracelets also are sometimes worn; these are made of bands of beadwork, though brass wire or other pieces of metal are preferred. Three

of such necklaces are
shown in plate XXVIII.
Bags made of cloth,
and entirely covered
with beads or other-
wise ornamented, are
worn at the side, being
supported by means of
a broad band or baldric
passing over the oppo-
posite shoulder (plate
XXIX). The head is
decorated with disks
of metal and tufts of
dyed horse hair, or
moose hair, and with
eagle feathers, to des-
ignate the particular
exploits performed by
the wearer.

Previous to the advent of white traders, or before they were able to procure by purchase or barter beads of European manufacture, the Menomini claim to have made large beads from shells found in the rivers of Wisconsin and on the shores of Green bay. Quite a variety of large and exceedingly beautiful freshwater shells occur in the rivers of Wisconsin, and it FIG. 44--Snowshoe for women-Ojibwa would be strange indeed if the natives did

type.

not utilize the iridescent pearl for ornamentation when at the same time they used them as knives. Among some of the old mitä" women large beads, together with the elongated shell beads purchased at traders'

stores, are worn-beads of sufficiently primitive appearance to induce one to believe the assertion that their people had made them.

These beads were evidently made from the thick portions, or perhaps joints, of freshwater mussels; they are of the size of buckshot, with a perforation drilled from each side toward the middle. The perforations being somewhat of funnel shape, and showing marked striæ, would indicate that the drilling had been made with other than a metal instrument. On subsequent investigation respecting the manufacture of articles requiring perforation, I was informed that the Menomini used sharp-pointed pieces of quartz and jasper, rotating these rude drills. with the hand and fingers. As regards the use of the bow-drill, either for making fire or for drilling stone or shells, no definite information could be ascertained, as none of the more intelligent or aged natives remembered having seen them in use.

Although fire-sticks were used for making fire and for drilling harder substances, like bone and shell, the aperture drilled was probably not of greater depth than could conveniently be accomplished by rotating by hand the drill point of silicious material used.

As a matter of interest and comparison, it may be appropriate to state in this connection that the Chumash, an extinct tribe who formerly inhabited Santa Cruz island, opposite Santa Barbara, California, formerly made globular shell beads similar to those found in Wisconsin. The tribe referred to were also the manufacturers of the beautiful stone and shell weapons found on the Pacific coast, where the subject of shell and bone drilling may be studied in every variety of ornament. The most interesting shell beads found in this locality are made from the tivola, abelone, etc. The cylindrical shell beads, the smallest of which are three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter and an inch and a quarter in length, have "perforations but little more than a millimeter (or less than one-sixteenth of an inch) in diameter, and the difficulty in making them must have been very great." Large quantities of these beads have been discovered, and some specimens procured by the writer are 4 or 5 inches in length, with a bore just large enough to permit the passage of a broom straw. Even smaller perforations are noted in the work just cited.

In the recent excavation of graves, bundles of thin triangular pieces or spicules of hornstone have been found. Each of these bundles contains several hundred specimens, the individual drills being carefully flaked from a core so as to be almost perfectly triangular longitudinally, gradually tapering to a sharp point. These specimens have an average length of an inch and three-fourths, and a diameter at the thicker end not exceeding one-eighth of an inch.

These delicate drills had no doubt been employed in making the inden tations at the ends of the cylindrical beads, which subsequently served

Wheeler's report U. S. Geog. Survey West of the 100th Meridian, Washington, vol. vii, p. 266, pl. xiii.