But this statement would not be true of the remainder of the numerous tribes of Indians located between Mississippi river and Pacific ocean, as an almost uninterrupted experience of twenty-four years has taught the present writer. I have before me a collection of arrows made by the Coyotero Apache at Camp Apache, Arizona, tipped with arrowheads of iron, jasper, and bottle-glass, in which 65 per cent have the notch for the arrowhead in the same plane as the notch for the string; 4 per cent in which the two notches are at right angles, while in the remaining 31 per cent the plane of the notch for the arrowhead appears alike in no two instances, and presents various degrees between the vertical and horizontal planes, as mentioned in the preceding class. In other examples which I have before me, and which embrace a number of iron-tip arrows made by the Crow Indians, no attempt at any system is perceptible, the planes of the arrow notches occurring at almost every angle from the plane of the string notch.

With reference to the hunting-arrows of the Menomini, 15 per cent present the plane of the arrowhead at right angles to the plane of the string notch, while the remaining 85 per cent are made without regard to any care whatever in so far as the plane of the arrowhead notch corresponds with that of the string notch.

The second class of arrows already referred to embraces such as have the head or point formed from the same piece from which the shaft itself is fashioned-a thick piece of pine, cedar, or ash-having been shaved down from the thickness desired for the head to that required for the shaft. The head of a common form of bird-arrow is shown in plate XXXI, a. Specimens of this type usually measure from seven-eighths of an inch to an inch and an eighth in diameter, the head being from 24 to 3 inches long. The arrows are 28 inches in length, though the feathers of which there are three, as usual-are only 2 in length. The latter are glued to the shaft without the usual sinew wrapping at either end. The anterior part of the web of the feathers is nearly an inch wide, but it slopes abruptly to the level of the shaft at the nock. The nock expands slightly, while the notch is shallow and circular. The shafts are painted red or blue from the nock to the anterior part of the feathers, at which point four bands of color-alternately blue and red-encircle the shaft. The posterior portion of the head is longitudinally painted with alternate stripes of red and blue, terminating in a transverse band of red at the base. The anterior part of the head is uncolored.

Another variety of arrowhead is fashioned of the same piece of wood which forms the shaft, and is represented in plate XXXI, d. The projections on the sides of the head are merely the stubs of branches or roots. A third variety of bird-arrow is simply a continuation of the ordinary thickness of the shaft, rounded at the apex, or perhaps even slightly sharpened to a point, as shown by plate XXXI, c.

Still another interesting variety is shown in plate XXXI, e, in which thorns of large size have been attached to the head of the shaft by

means of sinew thongs. The points of the thorns have been broken off, but still serve admirably for bird shooting.

RELEASE

It may be appropriate to remark that in arrow release the thumb and forefinger are used in grasping the arrow, the forefinger being bent so that the second joint is pressed toward and opposite to the ball of the thumb, a method affording a maximum of strength. The bow is firmly grasped, the arrow lying across the top of the hand and on the left side of the bow. In rapid shooting, the arrows are taken one by one from the quiver as wanted, thrown quickly across the left hand and the notch fitted to the string as the right hand is pulled back for release. The quiver at such times is thrown upward toward the shoulder that the arrows may easily be taken therefrom.

PENETRATION

With reference to the penetration of the arrow, much depends on the bow. I have examined a bow belonging to Long Soldier, a Sioux hunter of magnificent. physique, who formerly dwelt at the now abandoned agency of Grand River, North Dakota. The string of this bow I could scarcely pull at full arrow length, even when standing on the bow and pulling the string with main strength. This was perhaps the strongest bow used in the Sioux camp, and the report was current, and doubted by none, that Long Soldier had often shot arrows entirely through the body of the buffalo. In this case it is of course to be understood that the arrow encountered no large bones. Bows and arrows were used long after the introduction of firearms, as the former could successfully be used in hunting game and shooting down sentinels without revealing the presence of an enemy.

It is well known to those familiar with the subject, that as late as ten or fifteen years ago, when hostile Indians were still thoroughly in prac tice with the bow and arrow, that it were safer to stand before an Indian's rifle at 80 yards than at the same distance when he was armed with bow and arrow. Since these more primitive weapons have been discarded, however, the Indians have become much more expert with the rifle, as has many times been shown.

BOWS AND BOWSTRINGS

The bows of the Menomini are made of a single piece of wood, generally without sinew backing. Ash is commonly selected, unless hickory can readily be obtained. To prevent the wood from becoming brittle, the bow is frequently sized with deer brains.

It may be of more than ordinary interest in this connection to note that some of the older men of the Menomini claim to have seen bows, made by members of their tribe, consisting of two pieces of wood, glued together lengthwise, and wrapped at intervals with buckskin or sinew.

Professor Mason's remarks' pertaining to compound bows do not refer to a certain form which, so far as I am aware, is now found only in Arizona and Nevada, among the Chemehuevi, and in the Orient among, I believe, the Japanese. This bow consists of two distinct pieces of wood, of almost equal size, glued together longitudinally. The most beautiful specimens of workmanship noticed anywhere amongst the Paiute and Chemehuevi were observed at the mouth of several small tributaries to Colorado river, in southeastern Nevada. These bows were graceful in form, being curved in the shape of the traditional "Cupid's bow." They are less than 3 feet in length, and are about three-fourths of an inch thick at the grip, but thinner and broader at the curve of the limbs, gradually narrowing down toward the nocks. Two species of wood of equal size were used in their manufacture, the flat surfaces being glued together lengthwise from end to end, then scraped down to the required dimensions and polished. Ash formed the front, or, more properly, the back, of the bow, while the inner side of the curve was of cedar. Having been glued, the entire back was covered with sinew, the edges of which extended around the lateral edges toward the cedar portion. This backing added to the strength and elasticity of the bow, which was furthermore increased by seizings of sinew strands tied about the bow at the grip, at the nock ends, and at one and sometimes two equidistant points between these places, each wrapping being perhaps as broad as the palm of the hand.

These bows, like those of the Menomini, were occasionally anointed with deer brains to prevent brittleness and consequent fracture, the extremely high temperature and dry atmosphere during the greater portion of the year being very severe on the elastic properties of the few kinds of wood available for bow-making in the arid southwest. The bowstrings used by the Menomini are of sinew, obtained in the way previously described.

QUIVERS

The quivers of these Indians were formerly made of skins with the fur remaining thereon, as well as of dressed buckskin, but they are now fashioned from coarse cloth or flannel, decorated with brightly colored patches, small bells, and other pendants.

MODERN STONE ARROWPOINTS

As before stated, the Menomini Indians admit having manufactured stone weapons until "several generations ago." But they actually used stone arrows within a comparatively recent period, and these, on account of their rarity and the superstition connected therewith, have been retained to this day and used as amulets by the mitä'wok.

The discontinuance of the manufacture of stone weapons is attributable to the introduction of improved firearms, axes, and knives, and to

Smithsonian Report for 1893, pp. 631-679, plates xxxvi-xciv.