land ceded in the 1st article. The United States further agree, to cause the tracts reserved in the 2nd article, to be surveyed as soon as practicable.'.

There are several other articles to this treaty, but they are unimportant and are therefore omitted. The treaty was ratified by the Senate and promulgated on May 17, 1838, and by it the possessions of the Six Nations in Wisconsin were reduced to the present reservation of the Oneida on Duck creek, near Green bay, containing about 61,000

acres.

By a treaty made October 18, 1848, between the United States and the Menomini Indians, the latter agreed to cede, sell, and relinquish to the United States "all their lands in the State of Wisconsin, wherever situated." For this they were to receive certain lands ceded to the United States by the Ojibwa Indians of the Mississippi and Lake Superior in the treaty of August 2, 1847, as well as some other lands ceded (and not yet assigned) to the Winnebago, land which was guaranteed to comprise not less than 600,000 acres. There was also a money consideration. This treaty was ratified January 23, 1849. Another treaty supplemental to this was made May 12, 1854, because of the desire of the Menomini to remain in the state of Wisconsin, and their special unwillingness to remove to the Ojibwa country west of Mississippi river which had been assigned them. Consequently, all lands which had been granted to them by the treaty of 1848 were relinquished, and in consideration thereof the United States gave them "for a home, to be held as Indian lands are held, that tract of country lying upon the Wolf river in the State of Wisconsin, commencing at the southwest corner of township 28 north, of range 16 east, of the fourth principal meridian, running west twenty-four miles, thence north eighteen miles, thence east twenty-four miles, thence south eighteen miles, to the place of beginning, the same being townships 28, 29, and 30, of ranges 13, 14, 15, and 16, according to the public surveys." This treaty was assented to by Osh'kosh and Keshena, and was proclaimed August 2, 1854.

On February 11, 1856, another treaty was made by which the Menomini ceded to the United States a tract of land, not exceeding two townships in extent, and selected from the western part of their reservation, for the purpose of giving a reservation to the Stockbridge and Munsee Indians. This treaty was proclaimed April 24, 1856.

PRESENT LOCATION

Under the treaties with the United States, the Oneida, the Stockbridge and Munsee, and the Menomini have each their respective reservations. The Oneida, numbering over 1,200, have a reservation of 60,800 acres near Green bay; the Stockbridge and Munsee Indians, numbering about 250, occupy a reservation southwest of the Menomini, containing 60,800 acres, while the Menomini are located on a reservation of ten townships, equal in round numbers to 360 square miles or

Coll. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin for 1855, vol. ii, 1856, p. 447.

230,400 acres. The reservation is located in the northeastern interior of the state of Wisconsin. The tract embraced within its limits is well wooded and is filled with lakes and rivers, affording an abundance of game and fish (see plate 1).

The Indians removed to their present home in October, 1852, most of them ascending Wolf river in canoes; yet today a canoe is looked upon by them with as much interest and curiosity as it would be in an eastern city, so rarely is one found.

By an act of Congress of February 13, 1871, provision was made for the sale of a portion of the Menomini reservation, but as the consent of the Indians was not obtained, no portion of their lands have yet been disposed of.

POPULATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

According to the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1892, the "whole number of Menomini reported on the reservation is 1,335, with 343 children of school age." To this should be added about 300 representatives of the tribe scattered throughout the country east of the reservation, at Oconto, Menomonee, and several other places. This would raise the aggregate population to 1,635, which corresponds with the number estimated during the summer of 1893.

But little is known of the early population of the Menomini tribe, inasmuch as in most instances reference is made to villages, or simply to the warriors. If an estimate is to be based on the number of fighting men, various processes may be adopted to determine the approximate population of the entire tribe.

In the Paris documents of 1718, number VII,3 the statement is made that "The Puans and the Folle Avoines are not numerous; each nation may number 80 or 100 men. . . All these tribes are very industrious, and the women are four times more numerous than the men." Here we have a specific comparison of numbers between the males and females, but when Charlevoix arrived at the mouth of Menomonee river, in 1721, he found a village of this tribe, and says: "The whole nation consists of this village, and that not very numerous."4

Lieutenant Gorrell, commandant of La Bay (Green Bay) in 1761, states that "There are, by both French and Indian accounts, 39,100 Indian warriors, besides women and children, depending on this post for supplies." Among the tribes enumerated he mentions 150 warriors of the Folles Avoines, occupying two towns at La Bay. According to numerous comparisons made, as pertain to other tribes, this would place the entire population at about 750 souls, thus allowing five to

1 According to the land surveys, about 10,000 acres additional are embraced in lakes and meandered streams.

2 Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1872, Washington, 1872, p. 20.

3 Docs. Coll. Hist. New York, vol. 1x, Albany, 1855, p. 889.

4 Journal of a Voyage to North America, vol. 1, London, 1781, p. 61.

Gorrell's Journal, Coll. Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, vol. i, 1854, p. 32.

each warrior. In Purcell's enumeration of "warriors, gun-men,' ”1 etc, the Creek and Seminole Indians had about one warrior in three of the population; the Chickasaw one in four, the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Catawba one in three. If the same ratio should be applied in the enumeration of the Menomini, the population of that tribe would be nearer 600.

There appears to have been a rapid increase in the population subsequently if we may credit Dr Morse, who visited Green bay in 1820, with reference to the subject of removing to that country the New York Indians. He says, "The Menominees, or Folles Avoines, have 600 warriors, 900 women, 2,400 children, total 3,900; they live in ten villages, north-west of Green Bay, on Menomine river, which is their north-east boundary, but chiefly on Fox river, on and near Winnebago lake." A few are mentioned, also, as scattered at other places. In this enumeration the proportion of warriors to the whole number would be about one to six and a half.

According to an enumeration made in September, 1842, the popula tion was found to be 2,464,3 but in 1850 they were estimated at only 500 souls. In 1856 the number reported was 1,930, while in 1857 the total number was given as 1,697, comprising 358 men, 425 women, and 914 children; the discrepancy being doubtless due to inaccuracy in counting and not to death. Great difficulty has been experienced at various times in endeavoring to obtain an accurate census, as Indians are frequently governed in their statements and conduct by the motive which they conceive to prompt the agents or other authorities in procuring such enumeration. When, for instance, they believe that it is to their advantage to exaggerate their population, women have been known to report themselves with their family, and to increase the latter by borrowing an infant to swell the number; when, a few moments later, the same infant, wrapped in another blanket, would be brought forward by another woman to add to her household. On the contrary, if the question of population be such that it would be advantageous for the Indians to report as small a number as possible, scarcely any infants could be readily found.

The report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1863 places the Menomini population at 1,724 souls, while some years later (in 1872) the population on the reservation was 1,362. The report of the same. officer for the year 1882 places the population at 1,500; for the year 1884 at 1,400; for 1890 at 1,311, and for the year 1892, as above stated, the total is given as 1,335, not including those residing at and in the vicinity of Oconto, who number about 300.

The Menomini Indians are rapidly adopting the pursuits of civilized people, considering the comparatively short period of time since they

1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, 1795 pp. 99-100.

2 Report to the Sec. of War, New Haven, 1822, p. 51.

Report Commissioner Ind. Aff.. Washington, 1843, p 440

4 History of the Catholic Missions, John Gilmary Shea, New York (1854?).