tember, 1870; "St. Gall's Academy, Boston College, for dayscholars only," at Boston, Mass., with a rector, 7 teachers, and 115 pupils. 10 of the colleges report about 2450 pupils. There are now, therefore, in the United States, 18 Jesuit colleges, and 1 academy, besides the 2 novitiates, with probably between 3000 and 4000 pupils in them all. A "Convent of the Jesuit Fathers" is reported at Toledo, O., with a German church, 2 fathers for the congregation, 3 others for giving missions, and 2 brothers; also a "house of retreat" and a church at Fordham, N. Y. The Jesuits have likewise many other churches, including some at the most important points in this country. They have 3 churches in Boston (St. Mary's, Holy Trinity, Immaculate Conception '), besides 3 chapels; 2 churches in New York city (St. Francis Xavier's and St. Lawrence's), besides the spiritual charge of the Roman Catholics in various hospitals and public institutions, as on Blackwell's Island, Randall's Island, &c.; the church of Our Lady of Mercy at Fordham, St. Joseph's church in Troy, 2 German churches in Buffalo, and 1 church at Ellysville, N. Y.; St. Joseph's and New St. Joseph's churches in Philadelphia, and 10 or 12 other churches, chapels, &c., in that State; St. Ignatius' and St. Francis Xavier's churches (the latter exclusively for colored people) in Baltimore, and about 35 other churches and chapels in Maryland; St. Aloysius' and St. Joseph's churches in Washington, Holy Trinity at Georgetown, and 2 or 3 chapels in the District of Columbia; St. Mary's at Alexandria, Va.; St. Joseph's at Mobile, Ala.; Immaculate Conception at New Orleans, and 2 or 3 others in Louisiana; 2 churches at St. Louis, 2 at Florissant, and about 15 other churches and chapels in Missouri; 3 churches (1 for colored people) and 6 or 7 chapels in Cincinnati, O.; 2 in Chicago, Ill.; 1 (St. Gall's) in Milwaukee, Wis.; 1 at Leavenworth city, and about a dozen in the Osage and Potawatamie (Indian) missions in Kansas; at Lewiston, Idaho, and 5 or more Indian missions in Idaho and Washington Territories; a church

1 A view of the interior of this is given in Chapter XX.

at Helena in Montana, with about 20 stations attended from it; a church at Albuquerque in New Mexico, and 7 chapels attended from it; 4 churches in California, at San Francisco, San José Pueblo, Santa Clara, and Mountain View. The Catholic Directory for 1871 mentions by name 323 Jesuit priests in the United States, as connected with colleges, churches, convents, &c. There are also several hundred scholastics and lay-brothers; and if the blanks and omissions were all filled out, the present number of members of the order in this country would probably be larger than it was 10 years ago, as the number of colleges and churches controlled by them has certainly increased within that period. Their organization is perfect; their subordination is complete; they unquestionably have laid their plans and are mustering their forces and devoting all their powers to possess and to hold this broad land for their master.

CHAPTER X.

MISSIONARY OPERATIONS AND SOCIETIES.

THE apostles were the earliest Christian missionaries, and their commission came directly from the Great Head of the Church (Matt. 28: 19, 20). Rome itself was once a field for missionary labors (Rom. 1: 13). Every country that has been Christianized at all is indebted for this fact to missionaries who came and told the people of Jesus. Many Christian missionaries of early times have been canonized by the Roman Catholic church. St. Patrick, the apostle of Ireland (see Chap. VII.), was a missionary of the 5th century. St. Columba (=Columbas) was an Irish missionary, who labored with success among the Picts and Scots, and died in Iona, one of the Hebrides, A.D. 597. St. Augustine (or Austin) and other Benedictine monks (see Chap. VIII.) were sent into Britain by pope Gregory 1. near the close of the 6th century and baptized multitudes of the Saxons, who had conquered the ancient Britons (the ancestors of the Welsh), among whom the gospel was introduced by missionaries of the 1st or 2d century. In the 8th century, Winifrid, an English Benedictine, who was afterwards called Boniface, "the apostle of Germany," was commissioned by pope Gregory II., and preached the gospel with much success in central and north-western Germany among the pagan Thuringians, Frieslanders, and Hessians; but he was murdered in A.D. 755, with 50 attendants. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, while on a missionary visit to the Prussians, was murdered by a pagan priest in A.D. 996. Yet, by the labors of missionaries and by

other more violent means, Christianity centuries ago became the dominant religion throughout Europe.

The establishment of the mendicant orders in the 13th century gave a new impulse to missionary zeal. Some Dominicans and Franciscans were soon sent into Tartary, China, and other countries of Asia as well as into various parts of Africa. The desire for the conversion of the heathen stimulated the passion for maritime discovery which distinguished the 15th century. Says the Penny Cyclopedia:

"About 1430 pope Martin V. granted plenary indulgence to the Portuguese who conquered pagan and infidel countries. Columbus himself was strongly urged to discovery by the desire of propagating the Roman Catholic religion. . . . On the return of Columbus to Spain from his first voyage, the results were formally announced to pope Alexander VI. . . . . . . The natives whom Columbus brought to Spain were baptized, the king and the prince his son acting as sponsors. In his second voyage to the New World, Columbus was accompanied by priests with church vessels and ornaments, and they received orders to bring the natives within the pale of the church by 'fair means.'

"The conduct of Cortez in Mexico is an example of the spirit in which conversion was attempted in the New World. Having cast down and destroyed the altars in one of the Mexican temples, a new altar was erected, which was hung with rich mantles and adorned with flowers. Cortez then ordered 4 of the native priests to cut off their hair and to put on white robes, and placing the cross upon the altar, he committed it to their charge. They were taught to make wax-candles, and Cortez enjoined them to keep some of the candles always burning on the altar. A lame old soldier was left by Cortez to reside in the temple, to keep the native priests to their new duties. The church thus constituted was called the 1st Christian church in New Spain [= Mexico]. Father Almedo, who accompanied Cortez in his expedition, explained to the Mexicans the mystery of the cross.' He then showed them an image of the Virgin, and told them to adore it, and to put up crosses in their temples instead of their accursed images. When the Mexicans began to feel the power of Cortez, some of the chiefs conciliated his favor by presents. 20 native women were presented to him, who were baptized by one of the ecclesiastics, and Cortez gave

one to each of his captains. These were the first Christian women in New Spain.' The natives, both of India and the New World, soon perceived that one of the means of conciliating their conquerors was to make a profession of Christianity. In Hispaniola [= St. Domingo, and Hayti], many natives did this in order to oblige and conciliate Columbus. In 1538, Andrea Galvano, governor of the Molucca islands, sent a ship commanded by Francis de Castro towards the north, with orders to convert as many as he could to the Christian faith.' Castro himself baptized many of the principal chiefs of Amboyna. Many similar facts might be adduced to show that at this period true religion made little or no progress in newly discovered countries; and yet during the 16th century not a fleet sailed for India or America without its missionaries."

The kingdom of Congo in Western Africa was a missionary field of the Roman Catholic church for 2 centuries after its discovery by the Portuguese Diego Cam about 1484. Dominican, Franciscan, and other missionaries went to Congo in large numbers, and enjoyed there the powerful protection and aid of the Portuguese government; early in their work the king of Congo and other high officers embraced the Roman Catholic faith; every public officer in the land was bound, on pain of dismission, to assist the priests in obtaining a general observance of all the rites and ceremonies of the church; and in a few years, it is said, the whole nation, with only here and there a rare exception, had been baptized, and thus become nominally Christian. The king of Portugal sustained a Jesuit college and a Capuchin monastery at San Salvador, the capital; there were also in that then flourishing city of 40,000 inhabitants a cathedral and 10 other churches. The people of the land were brought to attend mass with great scrupulousness; they submitted to baptism, said the rosary, and wore the crucifix; they scourged themselves cruelly in the churches, and carried great logs of wood long distances to the convents, in order to obtain the pardon of their sins; and for several generations they are said to have observed with apparent earnestness the Roman Catholic rites and ceremonies. Yet there was no real and per