dems and crowns for statues, richly ornamented with stones, cost from $3 to $20. A set of zinc statues for the Christmascrib, consisting of the Infant Jesus, lying with arms stretched forth, Mary and Joseph kneeling, 3 kings, 4 shepherds, 1 angel with the glory round him, and heads of an ox and ass, in all 13 figures, the standing ones 4 feet high, and the others of proportionate size, cost together $677. Statues of composition are imported into the Uni ed States from Munich in Germany and from France; but their prices are not given.

Stools are sometimes used as seats for assistant priests, assistant deacons, cope-bearers, &c. See Bench and Chair and Faldstool above.

A "tabernacle" is a receptacle for something sacred, as for the pyx on the altar (see chapel 3), for relics (see Relic-case), &c.

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Tapers" are small wax-candles (see Candle). Fosbroke's "British Monachism" makes mention of

"Tapers, ornamented with flowers, used on high festivals to burn before particular images, and be borne in procession."

"Tenebra" (Latin darkness) is the name given to the matins and lauds of Maundy-Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday (said on the Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday evenings of Holy-Week), because, during the course of the office, the lights in the church are extinguished. See Chapter XVI.

A "throne," or chair of state, is directed to be prepared for the bishop, at solemn pontifical mass. It should be a highbacked arm-chair, covered with silk cloth, and placed on a platform 3 steps above the floor of the sanctuary, and on the gospel side of it against the side-walls. Over the chair should be a canopy, with hangings all around; and by its side should be 2 wooden stools for the assistant deacons, and another placed a little further forward for the assistant priest. A" throne or small canopy, is required to be erected in the most conspicuous place on or over the altar, for the benediction and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament (see Ostensory).

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"Thurible" (Latin thuribulum) = censer, which see. The herb "thyme " is used in the benediction of bells. See Bells.

Tongs are required to take fire for the censer from the chafing dish.

Torches are used "at the benediction, elevation, and procession of the Blessed Sacrament."

Towels are, of course, needed to wipe the priest's hands after he washes them in the public services.

The "Tract" is a part of the mass described in the preceding part of this chapter.

A "triangle," or triangular candlestick, having

15 brown wax candles arranged on two sides of a triangle, is used during the office of Tenebrae. The triple candle used on Holy Saturday, and composed

of 3 candles of equal height, which are united at the base in a common stock, like a three-pronged fork, is also called a "triangle." See Candles.

The "umbrellino," or "umbrella," is a small umbrellashaped canopy, which is opened

and carried over the priest as he is conveying the host or blessed sacrament in his hands from one altar to another in the same church. Its form, when open, is given in the annexed cut.

Veils are much used in the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. An "altar-veil" =antependium, which see. A "humeral veil" (from Latin humerus =shoulder) is a long veil, with which the priest's shoulders and the host may be covered, as he carries the latter in his hands. A white veil is used for covering the ostensory on the altar, before the benediction with the blessed sacrament (see Ostensory); and on the side-table at the same time is a white "benediction-veil." This benediction-veil is afterwards, when

the benediction is about to be given, taken from the side-table by the censer-bearer and extended on the priest's shoulders; the priest takes the ostensory, turns the back of it to his face, covers his hands with the extremities of this veil, and holds up the ostensory, while he turns to his right towards the people and continues to turn in the same direction till he faces the altar again; he then replaces the ostensory on the altar, and is divested of the benediction-veil, the "benediction with the blessed sacrament" having thus been given while the priest himself was silent. Benediction-veils of "white moire-antique or watered silk, with real gold embroidery, silk lining," cost from $45 to $150 in gold; others, of gold cloth embroidered, or of white damask interwoven with gold and flowers, are of various prices, from $100 in gold down to $6.

The "wafer" is the thin leaf-like bread used in the mass. The material, mode of consecration, &c., are described above. See Bread, Host, and the account of the Mass, above. Water; see Holy Water, &c.

CHAPTER XV.

HONOR PAID TO SAINTS, RELICS, PICTURES, IMAGES, &C.

THE Council of Trent at its 25th session passed a decree "concerning the invocation, veneration, and relics of saints, and concerning sacred images." This decree commands bishops and other spiritual teachers to teach

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"That the saints, who reign together with Christ, offer to God their prayers for men; that it is good and useful suppliantly to invoke them, and to flee to their prayers, help, and assistance, on account of the benefits to be obtained from God through his Son our Lord Jesus Christ, who is our only Redeemer and Savior: . . also, that the holy bodies of the holy martyrs and of others living with Christ, which were living members of Christ, and the temple of the Holy Spirit, to be raised by him to eternal life, and glorified, are to be venerated by the faithful, since through them many benefits are bestowed on men by God:.... moreover, that the images of Christ, of the God-bearing Virgin, and of other saints, are to be had and retained, especially in churches, and due honor and veneration rendered to them; not that it is believed that there resides in them any divinity, or virtue, on account of which they are to be worshiped, or that any thing is to be sought from them, or that confidence is to be placed in images, as was formerly done by the Gentiles, who put their trust in idols; but since the honor, which is shown to them, is referred to the originals which they represent; so that through the images, which we kiss, and before which we uncover the head, and fall down, we adore Christ, and venerate the saints, whose likeness they bear; that through the histories of the mysteries of our redemption, expressed in pictures or other similitudes, the people are instructed and confirmed in the articles of faith which are to be remembered and diligently cherished; that from all sacred images great advantage is derived, not only because the people are reminded of the

benefits and gifts which are bestowed on them by Christ, but also be cause the divine miracles wrought by the saints and their salutary examples are set before the eyes of the faithful, that they may thank God for those, imitate the saints in their own life and manners, and be excited to adore and love God, and to cultivate piety. If any one shall teach or think in opposition to these decrees, let him be accursed. . . .

"The council decrees that it shall be lawful for no one to fix or cause to be fixed, in any place or church, howsoever exempt, any unusual image, unless it be approved by the bishop; also, that no new miracles are to be admitted, or new relics received, except with the recognition and approbation of the same bishop, who, as soon as he has been informed of them, and has taken the advice of theologians and other pious men, may do what he shall judge consonant with truth and piety."

The decree of the council is carefully worded and presents the theory of the subject. The creed of pope Pius IV. (see Chap. II.), the Catechism of the Council of Trent, and all other authorities of the Roman Catholic church, agree in substance with the teaching here given.

"The Litany of our Lady of Loretto," or "Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary," is found in various popular prayer-books for the use of Roman Catholics. As given in "The Garden of the Soul," a prayer-book officially approved by ҠJolin, Archbishop of New York," this anthem occurs twice in it

"We fly to thy patronage, O holy Mother of God, despise not our petitions in our necessities, but deliver us from all dangers, O ever glorious and blessed Virgin."

This Litany consists of ejaculatory prayers for mercy, addressed to God and Christ, of a longer prayer to be brought to the glory of the resurrection, but principally of appeals ("Pray for us") addressed to Mary under each of the following titles:

"Holy Mary, Holy Mother of God, Holy Virgin of virgins, Mother of Christ, Mother of divine grace, Mother most pure, Mother most chaste, Mother undefiled, Mother untouched, Mother most amiable, Mother most