V. CHAP. only in a dense population; for a small vineyard requires the labor of many hands. It is a law of nature, that, in a new country under the temperate zone, corn and cattle will be raised, rather than silk or wine. 1621. 1622. The first culture of cotton in the United States deserves commemoration. This year the seeds were planted as an experiment; and their "plentiful coming up" was, at that early day, a subject of interest in America and England.1 2 Nor did the benevolence of the company neglect to establish places of education and provide for the support of religious worship. The bishop of London collected and paid a thousand pounds towards a university; which, like the several churches of the colony, was liberally endowed with domains. Public and private charity were active; but the lands were never occupied by productive laborers; and the system of obtaining a revenue through a permanent tenantry could meet with no success, for it was not in harmony with the condition of colonial society. Between the Indians and the English there had been quarrels, but no wars. From the first landing of colonists in Virginia, the power of the natives was despised; their strongest weapons were such arrows as they could shape without the use of iron, such hatchets as could be made from stone; and an English mastiff seemed to them a terrible adversary. 1 George Thorp's letter of May 17, 1621, in a marginal note in Purchas, v. iv. p. 1789. 2 Stith, p. 162. 166. 172, 173. 3 Memorial of Religious Charitie, in the State of Virginia, 1622, p. 51-54; Stith, p. 162. 4 Smith, v. ii p. 68; Stith, p. 211. NUMBER AND POWER OF THE ABORIGINES. 193 V. Nor were their numbers considerable. Within sixty CHAP. miles of Jamestown, it is computed, there were no more than five thousand souls, or about fifteen hun- 1622. dred warriors. The whole territory of the clans, which listened to Powhatan as their leader or their conqueror, comprehended about eight thousand square miles, thirty tribes, and twenty-four hundred warriors; so that the Indian population amounted to about one inhabitant to a square mile. The natives, naked and feeble compared with the Europeans, were no where concentrated in considerable villages; but dwelt dispersed in hamlets, with from forty to sixty in each company. Few places had more than two hundred; and many had less. It was also unusual for any large portion of these tribes to be assembled together. An idle tale of an ambuscade of three or four thousand is perhaps an error for three or four hundred; otherwise it is an extravagant fiction, wholly unworthy of belief." Smith once met a party, that seemed to amount to seven hundred; and, so complete was the superiority conferred by the use of fire-arms, that with fifteen men he was able to withstand them all. The savages were therefore regarded with contempt or compassion.5 No uniform care had been taken to conciliate 1 Smith, v. i. p. 129. Compare Jefferson's Notes on Virginia; Quære, xi. p. 129; True Declaration of Virginia, p. 10. "The extent of a hundred miles was scarce peopled with two thousand inhabitants." phy, edition of 1677, b. iv. p. 96. 3 Smith, v. i. p. 177, abundantly refuted by what " Smith writ with his own hand,” v. i. p. 129. Burk, v. i. p. 311, 312, condemned too hastily. 4 Smith's History of Virginia, v. i. p. 129. 5 Bullock's Virginia Examined, Smith, v. ii. p. 66; Purchas, v. iv. p. 1790; State of Virginia in 1622, p. 19; Heylin's Cosmogra- p. 12. VOL. I. 25 V. CHAP. their good will; although their condition had been improved by some of the arts of civilized life. The 1622. degree of their advancement may be judged by the intelligence of their chieftain. A house having been built for Opechancanough after the English fashion, he took such delight in the lock and key, that he would lock and unlock the door a hundred times a day, and thought the device incomparable.' When Wyatt arrived, the natives expressed a fear, lest his intentions should be hostile; he assured them of his wish to preserve inviolable peace; and the emigrants had no use for fire-arms except against a deer or a fowl. Confidence so far increased, that the old law, which made death the penalty for teaching the Indians to use a musket, was forgotten; and they were now employed as fowlers and huntsmen. The plantations of the English were widely extended in unsuspecting confidence, along the James river and towards the Potomac, wherever rich grounds invited to the culture of tobacco; nor were solitary places, remote from neighbors, avoided; since there would there be less competition for the ownership of the soil. Powhatan, the father of Pocahontas, remained, after the marriage of his daughter, the firm friend of the English. He died in 1618; and his younger Should brother was now the heir to his influence. 1 Smith, v. ii. p. 68; Stith, p. 211. 3 Beverley, p. 38; Burk, v. i. p. 231, 232. A MASSACRE AND AN INDIAN WAR. 195 V. the necessity of self-defence, seemed to demand an CHAP. active resistance; to preserve their dwelling-places, the English must be exterminated; in open battle 1622. the Indians would be powerless; conscious of their weakness, they could not hope to accomplish their end except by a preconcerted surprise. The crime was one of savage ferocity; but it was suggested by their situation. They were timorous and quick of apprehension, and consequently treacherous; for treachery and falsehood are the vices of cowardice. The attack was prepared with impenetrable secrecy. To the very last hour the Indians preserved the language of friendship; they borrowed the boats of the English to attend their own assemblies; on the very morning of the massacre, they were in the houses and at the tables of those, whose death they were plotting. At length, on the twenty-second of March, Mar, at mid-day, at one and the same instant of time, the Indians fell upon an unsuspecting population, which was scattered through distant villages, extending one hundred and forty miles, on both sides of the river.1 The onset was so sudden, that the blow was not discerned till it fell. None were spared; children and women, as well as men, the missionary, who had cherished the natives with untiring gentleness, the liberal benefactors, from whom they had received daily benefits, all were murdered with indiscriminate barbarity and every aggravation of cruelty. The savages fell upon the dead bodies, as if it had been possible to commit on them a fresh murder.2 1 State of Virginia, 1622, p. 19. 2 Smith, v. ii. p. 67. 22. CHAP. V. In one hour three hundred and forty-seven persons were cut off. Yet the carnage was not universal; 1622. and Virginia was saved from so disastrous a grave.1 The night before the execution of the conspiracy, it was revealed by a converted Indian to an Englishman, whom he wished to rescue; Jamestown and the nearest settlements were well prepared against an attack; and the savages, as timid as they were ferocious, fled with precipitation from the appearance of wakeful resistance. In this manner, the most considerable part of the colony was saved. A year after the massacre, there still remained two thousand five hundred men :3 the total number of the emigrants had exceeded four thousand.4 The immediate consequences of this massacre were disastrous. Public works were abandoned; the culture of the fields was much restricted; the settlements were reduced from eighty plantations to less than eight. Sickness prevailed among the dispirited colonists, who were now crowded into narrow quarters; some even returned to England. But plans of industry were eventually succeeded by schemes of revenge; and a war of extermination ensued. In England, the news, far from dispiriting the adventurers, awakened 1 On the massacre; A Declaration of the State of Virginia, with a relation of the barbarous massaere, &c. &c. 1622. This is the groundwork of the narrative in Smith, v. ii. p. 65-76, and of Purchas, v. iv. p. 1788-1791. Compare Stith, p. 208-213; Burk, v. i. p. 232-244. 2 State of Virginia, in 1622, p. 18. Purchas, v. iv. p. 1792, says one thousand eight hundred sur- 4 Ibid, p. 219. 5 Ibid, p. 218. 6 Purchas, v. iv. p. 1792; Virginia's Verger, in Purchas, v. iv. p. 1816; Stith, p. 235; Burk, v. i. p. 244. |