SEROOSKERKE, a village of the Nether lands, in the province of Zealand, containing 800 inhabitants.

SEROUGE, a village of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey, 80 miles S. W. of Diarbekir.

SEROWICZ, a small town in the south of Bohemia, 25 miles E. S. E. of Tabor. Population 1800.

SERPA, a small but strong frontier town in the south-east of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo, situated on a rocky height near the Guadiana. It has about 4000 inhabitants, and a fertile adjacent district, full of clumps of fig and olive trees. 17 miles S. W. of Mourao, and 100 S. E. of Lisbon.

SERPEISK, a small town in the central part of European Russia, in the government of Kaluga, with 1000 inhabitants. 53 miles W. of Kaluga.

SERPENT ISLANDS, small islands near the north coast of Lake Huron. Long. 82. 45. W. Lat. 46. 2. N.

SERPENTARA, GRANDE and PICOLA, two small islands in the Mediterranean, at the south-east point of the island of Sardinia.

SERPHANT, a village of Syria, supposed to be the ancient Sarepta. 14 miles S.S.W. of Said.

SERPHANTO, SERFANTO, or SERFO, the ancient Seriphos, an island of European Turkey, in the Archipelago, between the island of Paros and the gulf of Engia. It is a rugged and barren spot, producing little else than saffron, and pasture for sheep. The inhabitants, who are Greeks, and in nutaber only 1000, live chiefly in the small town of Serphanto, which has a harbour. The Romans made this island a place of banishment.

SERPOOR, the name of several towns of Hindostan, but none of any consequence. SERPUCHOV, a town of European Russia, in the government of Moscow, on the Oka. It contains no fewer than 19 churches or chapels, besides several public buildings, and has 5700 inhabitants. Its trade is chiefly in corn, cattle, butcher meat, hides, and honey; also in manufacturing canvas. 62 miles S. of Moscow. Long. 37. 2. E. Lat. 55. N.

SERRA, the general name of assemblages of mountains in Portugal, more particular ly of a chain, serra meaning, as in Latin, a saw. The principal of these are the Serra de Azenhao, St Miguel, and St Salva

dor in Alentejo; Culdeirao and Monchique between Alentejo and Algarva; Alcoba in Beira; Estrica in Entre Douro e Minho; Falperra, Marram, and Rebardaos, in Tras os Montes.

SERRA SAN CHIRICO and SERRA PETRONA, two small towns in the east of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona.

SERRA CAPRIOLA, a small town of Italy, in the east part of the kingdom of Naples, province of Capitanata.

SERRAIN, a small town of Hedsjas, in Arabia, 40 miles S. W. of Mecca.

SERRAINA, a cape of the Mediterranean, on the south coast of the island of Sardinia. Long. 9. 31. E. Lat. 39. 23. N.

SERRANA, or PEARL ISLAND, a small island in the Carribean sea, so called from Serrana, commander of a Spanish vessel in the time of Charles V. who was shipwrecked on the coast, and who had lived on the island for four years. Long. 78. 50. W. Lat. 14. 50. N.

SERRANILLA ISLANDS, a cluster of small islands in the bay of Honduras. Long. 80. 10. W. Lat. 16. 10. N.

SERRAVEZZA, VALLE DI, a valley in the grand duchy of Tuscany, about 10 miles from Carrara, containing quarries of white marble, whence Michael Angelo drew the materials for the Medici statues at Florence. See Carrara.

SERRE, a river in the north-east of France, department of the Ardennes, which falls into the Oise, not far from La Fere.

SERRE, a small town in the south-west of the kingdom of Naples, in the Principato Citra, with 1600 inhabitants. 25 miles S. E. of Salerno.

SERRE, river of Brazil, in the country of Matto-grosso, which runs north, and enters the Itenes.

SERRES, a small town in the south-east of France, department of the Upper Alps, with 1100 inhabitants. It has some small manufactures of hats, cloth, and leather. 24 miles W. S. W. of Gap.

SERRET, a village of Anatolia, in Asiatic Turkey, 30 miles W. of Castamena.

SERREY, OF SIERAJE, a small town in the north-cast of Poland, in the palatinate of Augustow. Population 1100. 37 miles N. of Grodno.

SERRIERES, a small town in the southeast of France, department of the Ardeche, on the Rhone. Population 1700. 15 miles N. of Tournon.

SERRIERES, a village in the north of Switzerland, on the lake of Neufchatel, with some manufactures of paper and hardware. 2 miles S. W. of Neufchatel.

SERRIS, a town of Hindostan, province of Bahar, and district of Rhotas. It is the chief town of a small district called Scrris

Columbah. 50. N.

Long. 81. 18. E. Lat. 24.

SERT, a town of Kurdistan, in Asiatic Turkey. Its name and position, as well as the tradition of the inhabitants, point it out as the ancient Tigranocerta, the capital of Tigranes, who peopled it chiefly by the prisoners seized during his invasion of Syria and Cappadocia. In the year 69 A. C. it was taken and plundered by Lucullus, but retained its importance till after the Saracen invasion. It is now only a large village, containing about 3000 inhabitants, partly Mahometans, partly Armenian Christians, accommodated with three small mosques, a college, and Armenian church. It is situated in a small plain, surrounded on every side by high mountains, and is washed by the river Kabour. There are no remarkable monuments of any kind, the country affording no durable materials. The surrounding territory is in a comparatively improved state of culture. The chief of Sert possesses almost absolute authority, and is in every respect a powerful feudal lord. 75 miles S. E. of Diarbekir.

SERVA, a small river of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, which falls into the Sesia to the north of Vercelli.

SERVAN, ST, a considerable town in the north-west of France, department of the Ille and Vilaine, situated at the mouth of the river Rance, about a mile to the south of St Malo, from which it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at low water. It is tolerably built, contains a population of 9000, but covers a space of ground more than proportionally large. It has a fine port, divided into two parts by a rock, on which stands the tower of Solider. One of these divisions is fitted for men of war or large merchantmen; the other for smaller vessels. Its manufactures, consisting chiefly of linen, sail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, are considerable, provisions, and consequently labour being cheap here; ship-building is likewise carried on to some extent. This place is the resort in peace of a number of English families. In time of war it sends out a number of privateers.

SERVERETTE, a small town of the south of France, department of the Lozere. Population 900. 11 miles N. by W. of Mende. SERUG, a village of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey. 12 miles S. of Ourfa.

SERVI, a small island of Greece, near the south-east coast of the Morea, at the entrance of the gulf of Coron. 6 miles N. of Cerigo. Long. 22. 55. E. Lat. 36.

28. N.

SERVIA, an extensive province in the North of European Turkey, corresponding to the Masia Superior of the Romans. Its form is nearly oblong, its length being

about 190 miles, its breadth 100, its superficial extent 19,000 square miles, or somewhat more than the half of Scotland. Its population is not known with certainty, but calculated at nearly 1,000,000. It is an inland province, bounded on the north by a part of the Hungarian frontier, but on all other sides by portions of the Turkish territory, viz. on the west by Bosnia, on the east by Bulgaria, and on the south by Albania.

Face of the Country.-Servia is a very uneven and even mountainous country, its surface containing a number of extensive forests, and large uncultivated heaths. The mountains in the south extend in a regular chain, but throughout the chief part of the province they have no regular connection. One of the highest is that called Haloga, situated to the south-west of Belgrade. The rivers of Servia are on its frontiers, viz. the Save and Danube on the north: the Morawa on its eastern, the Drina on its western boundary, both flow to the northward, until failing into the Danube, after collecting the waters of a number of inferior streams. The Danube, in this part of its course through Servia, is in many places bordered by lofty rocks, some rising almost perpendicular from the river, others appearing to hang suspended above its channel. Some are bare, others covered with wood, but the scenery, different from the scenery of this river in other countries, is picturesque, and even wikl.

Climate and Soil.-The climate of Servia, though temperate, is less mild than might be expected in the 43d and 44th degree of N. lat., the winter being of considerable length, and spring not beginning till April. This is owing partly to the height of the great ridge of the Argentaro or Glubotin mountains, extending along its southern boundary; partly to the number of forests, and the general neglect of cultivation in its interior. In the month of June the southwest winds generally bring on periodical rains, which are succeeded in July and August by days of great heat, although the nights are generally cool and pleasant. September is often a rainy month; but in October and November, the weather is in general pleasant, and on the whole, the climate of Servia is healthy. Its soil also is in general fertile, the cultivated tracks producing abundant crops; but a small proportion of the country is as yet under tillage. The most common products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, and tobacco; also vines, and fruit of various kinds. Cotton is raised in the vallies and other warm spots. Timber is abundant, and would form, with the aid of water communication, a great article of export,

Mines of iron have been discovered in se veral parts; but like the mines of salt and other minerals, they are almost entirely neglected, the productive industry of this country being as yet in so backward a state as to be confined to the raising and export of a few articles, such as hemp, wool, flax, and tobacco; to these is added an annual export of cattle and hogs, the latter fed in the woods. The manufactures, still more limited in extent, are of woollen, cotton, and hardware, the whole for home consumption. Improvement is retarded equally by the insecurity of property under so unenlightened a government as the Turkish, as by the total want of canals, and even of carriage roads, except in the immediate vicinity of large towns. Of the latter, Servia reckons ouly Belgrade, Semendria, and Nissa; the other places are villages meanly built, and thinly peopled. There are, however, spread over the country many vestiges of antiquity, in particular castles resembling forts, said to be erected by the Romans.

Manners and Language. The inhabitants of Servia are divided into Servians, Turks, and Jews; the last two are found only in the towns. The Servians, who in habit almost exclusively the open country, are originally a tribe of Sclavonians from Galicia, in Poland, supposed to be of the same race as the Russians. They are not confined to the territory strictly called Servia, but are spread over other parts of Europe, and form a considerable proportion of the population of Hungary. The language of the country has a great resemblance to the Russian; it is spoken not only by the Servians, but by the Bosnians, the modern Bulgarians, the Morlachians, the Sclavonians proper, the Dalmatians, and the Ragusans; all which tribes are sometimes comprised under the general denomination of Illyrians. The Servians are not devoid of spirit; but their natural activity is unimproved by culture, and debased by a bigotted superstition; they observe the numerous fasts of the Greek church with ridiculous scrupulosity.

It

History.-Servia, on the decline of the Roman empire, shared the fate of the other frontier provinces, and was occupied by invaders, from a tribe of whom, called Serbis or Serbi, it received its present name. formed in the middle age a separate and in dependent kingdom, but yielded to the Turks, when, about the year 1365, their arins extended in this direction. The Servians have since experienced not unfrequently the hardships of a frontier province, and still oftener those of a government accustomed to allow its pachas and other provincial governors to practise extortions, and

its military to live at the expence of the inhabitants. A sense of these injuries, and the implacable hatred to the Turks, inspired by their religion and the instigation of their leaders, led to an insurrection on the part of the Servians about the year 1801. This insurrection, at first partial, soon became general, and the Servians flocked round the standard of Czerni Georges, previously known only as the head of a band of robbers, but now honoured with the name of avenger of his country. This chieftain at first confined himself to the forests, and attacked only detached parties of the Turks. In time his followers increased, and found themselves of sufficient strength to meet the enemy in the open country. In December 1806, he besieged Belgrade, took it after an obstinate resistance, and in a great measure expelled the Turks from the country, which he ruled with the authority of a sovereign. The Turks brought from time to time fresh forces against him. These he resisted with various success until 1814, when he judged proper to withdraw into Russia; and by a convention concluded between his country and the Porte in 1815, the Servians acknowledged the sovereignty of the sultan, but observed the free exercise of their religion, as well as their civil rights. Every father of a family pays a ducat of yearly tax to the Porte, and every other individual a piastre; no Servian can settle in Turkey, nor travel in that country, except for commercial purposes. The Turkish division of the country is into four sandgiacats, viz. Belgrade, Semendria, Novibasar, and Kratow.

SERVIA, OF NEW SERVIA, a district in the south-west of European Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslav, between the Dnieper and the Bog. It takes its name from a number of Servian hussars and Pandours, who emigrated hither in 1754, from Moldavia, Walachia, and Hungary. Being a frontier province of the administration, it has a military form. The territory is divided into ten districts, cach occupied by a regiment; and on the southern frontier there is also a regiment of Cossacks.

SERVIAN, a small town in the south of France, department of the Herault, with a population of 2200. 6 miles N. E. of Beziers.

SERVIERES, a small town in the south

west of France, department of the Correze, with 1500 inhabitants. 13 miles S. E. of Tulle.

SERVISTAN, a village of Persia, in the province of Fars, 35 miles S. E. of Schi:as.

SERVITA, a settlement of South America, in the kingdom of New Granada, and province of Pamplona. It contains 400 whites, and 200 Indians.

SERVITZA, a large village of European Turkey, in Thessaly, the chief place of a district of the same name, stretching along the coast of the gulf of Salonica, to the north of Mount Olympus. It is a commercial place, being one of the chief points of communication between Larissa and Salonica. 40 miles N. by E. of Larissa.

SERVOLO, ST, or ST SERF, a maritime village of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, 4 miles S. E. of Trieste. Here is made a large quantity of bay salt.

SERVONG, a town on the north coast of Sumatra. Long. 96. 18. W. Lat. 5. 3. N. SERWELL, a sinall district of Afghanistan, province of Cabul. It is situated between the 34th and 35th degrees of N. lat. but is very imperfectly known to Europeans. SESA, a village of Nubia, on the Nile, 210 miles S. S. W. of Syene.

SESEME QUIAN, a river of the United States, in Indiana, which runs into the Illinois. It is 60 yards wide at the mouth, and navigable for boats 60 miles.

SESIA, a river of the Sardinian states, in the Milanese, which rises among the Alps on the borders of the Valais, flows through an extensive valley to which it gives name, and dividing into two branches, falls into the Po between Casal and Valenza. It has a course of about 80 miles, but is not navigable.

SESIAL, a town on the north-west coast of Timor. Long. 125. 26. E. Lat. 8. 51. S. SESMA, a small town of the north-east of Spain, in Navarre, between the Ebro and the Ega, 36 miles S. S. W. of Pampeluna.

SESQUITTE, a settlement of New Granada, in the province of Guatavita, which contains 100 housekeepers. 9 leagues N. of Santa Fe.

SESSA, or SEZZA, a town in the northwest part of the kingdom of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro, situated at the foot of Mount Massico. Though small, and indifferently built, it is the see of a bishop. Several vestiges of Roman antiquities are found in the neighbourhood. Population only 3800. 29 miles N. N. W, of Naples, and 72 S. E. of Rome.

SESSAY, a parish of England, North Riding of Yorkshire, 5 miles N. W. of Easingwold.

SESSE, OF SEZZA, a small town of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical States, situated on an eminence near the Pontine marshes. It was called Setia or Setinum by the an cients; and was celebrated by Martial and Juvenal for its wines, which are now, however, of very middling quality. In the neighbourhood are vestiges of an ancient temple of Saturn. The surrounding district, though from insalubrity ill cultivated, claims the attention of the naturalist

by its products, viz. Indian figs, aloes, and fruit of various kinds. Population 5000 35 miles S. E. of Rome.

SESSOLO, a small town of the Continenta Sardinian states, duchy of Montferrat, district of Alba, near the Bormida.

SESTINO and SESTO, two small towns & the grand duchy of Tuscany, in the Florentine territory.

SESTO, a small but fortified town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese, situated on the Ticino, near where that river flows out of the Lake Maggiore. A number of inscriptions and other antiquities were found here in the 16th century. 28 miles W.N.W. of Milan.

SESTOLA, a small inland town of Italy, situated on a hill, 17 miles S. of Modena. SESTOS. See Dardanelles.

SESTRA, a river of Russia, which seperates Finland from the government of St Petersburg, and falls into the gulf of Finland.

SESTRABEK, a small town of European Russia, in the south of Finland, at the mouth of the Sestra, 23 miles W. N. W. of St Petersburg. On the other side of the river there is a very large manufactory of arms of different kinds; also of anchors and other instruments, and articles of iron, the whole employing about 6000 persons.

SESTRI DI LEVANTE, a small town of the north-west of Italy, situated on a peninsula in the gulf of Genoa. It is defended by a castle, and on the west side of the peninsula is a large bay, which forms a good roadstead. The Genoese have here a number of country houses, and the environs are delightful. Quarries of marble are wrought in the neighbourhood. Population 4000. 12 miles W. of Brugnetto.

SESTRI DI PONENTI, a small town of the north-west of Italy, situated on the coast of the gulf of Genoa. In the neighbourhood are mines of chalk and alabaster. 4 miles W. of Genoa.

SESTRO, CRO, a large and beautiful village on the Grain coast of Africa, where good water may be procured.

SESTRO, GREAT, one of the largest and most populous towns on the Grain coast of Guinea, carrying on a great trade in Guinea pepper and ivory. The French had once a settlement there, which they have now abandoned.

SESTRO, LITTLE, a small town situated eight miles to the south of the Rio Sestro.

SESTRO, RIO, a river of Western Africa, which crosses the Grain coast, and falls into the Atlantic, in Lat. 5. 30. N. about 20 miles N. W. of the river Sangwin. It affords good anchorage, and its environs are very fertile, but unhealthy.

SETAPORE, the name of several towns

in Hindostan, but none of any consequence.

SETBY, a village of England, in Lincolnshire, 4 miles from Wragby.

SETCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koeitchoo. The surrounding district is full of mountains, which yield cinnabar and mercury The inhabitants are rude in their mann and almost wholly ignorant of the Chinese sciences. Long. 108. E. Lat. 27-10. N. SETCHIN, a city of China. of the second rank, in Quangsee. Long. 136 81. E. Lat 22. 48. N.

SETCHING, a city of China, of the first rank, situated in a mountainous district of the province of Quangsee, bordering on Yunan. Long. 105. 54. E. Lat. 24. 17. N., SETCHLEY, a village of England, in Norfolk, 5 miles S. of Lynn Regis.

SETCHUEN, a province of China, on the western frontier, bounded on the north by Chen-si, on the east and south by Houquang and Yunan, and on the west by Thibet. This province is mountainous, yet being traversed from west to east by the great river Yang-tse-kiang, it is highly fertile, and in a state of complete cultivation. It is particularly noted for its sugar cane, silk, orange and lemon trees, and its rhubarb is the best in China. The mountains produce iron, tin, lead, excellent loadstone, and lapis lazuli. It has a breed of small but handsome and swift horses, which are highly esteemed; and it abounds with the animal that produces the musk. Among a variety of other birds is a species of hen, with wool like that of sheep, instead of feathers. Salt is procured by evaporation, from wells among the mountains. This province contains 10 cities of the first rank, with 88 of the second and third, besides a great number of fortified places. The population was stated to sir George Staunton at 27 millions.

SETEEF, a town of Algiers, the ancient Sitipha, once the capital of a part of Mauritania, and distinguished by the obstinate resistance it made against the Saracens. The old city is now in a state of complete ruin, presenting scarcely one fragment of the Roman walls, pillars, or cisterns. The fountains, which continue to flow very plentifully near the centre of the city, are equally delightful and convenient. 50 miles S. W. of Constantina.

SETEGANTI, a river of South America, in the province of Darien, which enters the river Cupe.

SETENIL, a small town in the south of Spain, in Granada, beautifully situated on a rocky eminence, 11 miles N. of Ronda. SETERRA, OF SETRES, a small seaport on the Grain coast of Africa.

SETHRON, a village of Lower Egypt,

on the southern bank of the Lake Menzaleh.

SETIA, OF SETTIA, a small town on the north coast of the island of Candia or Crete, situated on a bay of the same name, with 4000 habitants. It was anciently called Cythæum, and is the see of a Greek archbi shap. 44 miles E. S. E. of Candia. Long. 26.3. E. Lat. 35. 3. N.

SETINES. See Athens.

SETLE, a village of Turkish Armenia, 30 miles S. W. of Akalzike.

SETMURTHY, a hamlet of England, above Derwent, in Cumberland, 4 miles E. N. E of Cockermouth.

SETON. See Portseton.

SETSCH, a small town of the east of Bo hemia, 9 miles W. S. W. of Chrudim. SETTALA, a small town of Austrian Ita

in the Milanese, situated between the ver Adda and Milan.

SETTE, a country or district of Western Africa, in the track of country between Benin and Loango. It is governed by a mani or chief, who pays homage to the king of Loango. It is traversed by a river of the same name, on the banks of which is a town also of the same name, situated about 160 miles to the north of Loango. The river falls into the Atlantic, in Lat. 2. 15. S.

SETTE COMMUNI, or THE SEVEN COMMUNES, a district of Austrian Italy, situated between the Brenta and the Astico, and extending from the neighbourhood of Vicenza to the frontier of Tyrol. Its territorial extent is about 100 square miles, and it consists of lofty mountains and cliffs, intersected with narrow and sterile vales. The soil being throughout extremely poor, the pasture in the vallies and on the sides of the mountains is, with the exception of wood, the only valuable product of the district; the chief branch is the breeding of cattle, whom in the winter months it is necessary to drive to the low country for food. The inhabitants amount to about 30,000.

SETTIMO TORIN, a small town of Piedmont, province of Turin, situated on the river Sangal. Population 2300.

SETTIMO VITTONE, another small town of Piedmont, with 1700 inhabitants.

SETTLE, a market town of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, very pleasantly situated on the eastern bank‍ of the river Ribble, at the bottom of an almost perpendicular rock of limestone, from the top of which is a fine prospect of an extensive vale, bounded on all sides by craggy mountains. This vale, which, from being watered by the Ribble, has acquired the name of Ribblesdale, is not surpassed by any in England for richness of verdure. Like most of the other towns and villages