formerly called Albula, and took the name of Tiberis from a king of Alba, who was drowned in it. One of it's oldest appellations is said to have been Rumon, whence the city Roma obtained it's name. 8. Near Forum Allieni Ferrara, the Po was divided into two branches: the Northern one was called Volana fl. Po di Volano, and it's mouth Volana Ostium Porto di Volano; the Southern one Padusa fl.22 Po di Primaro, and it's mouth Spineticum or Eridanum Ostium Porto di Primaro: these appear to have been the only natural mouths of the Po, the other five being factitious. The Tiber entered the sea by two mouths; the little island, which they formed, was called Insula Sacra I. Santa, and was sacred to Esculapius, who, it was said, had come there in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus. 9. In the time of Augustus, Italy was divided into the eleven following Regions : 1. Campania and Latium; 2. Apulia and the territory of the Hirpini; 3. Lucania and Bruttium; 4. Samnium and the territories of the Frentani, Marrucini, Vestini, Peligni, Marsi, Æqui, and Sabini; 5. Picenum; 6. Umbria; 7. Etruria; 8. Flaminia, extending between the Po and the Apennines; 9. Liguria ; 10. Venetia, with the territory of the Carni and Histria; 11. Transpadana, or the remainder of Italy between the Po and the Alps. This division is, however, seldom noticed, and will not be found so convenient as the following, which is the one adopted by most geographical writers: 1. Liguria; 2. Gallia Cisalpina; 3. Venetia, with the territory of the Carni and Histria; 4. Etruria; 5. Umbria; 6. Picenum; 7. The territories of the Sabini and Equi; 8. The territories of the Vestini, Marrucini, Peligni, and Marsi; 9. Latium; 10. Campania; 11. Samnium; 12. The territory of the Frentani; 13. Apulia; 14. Lucania; 15. The territory of the Bruttii. The superficial extent of these several provinces, and of the three islands Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, may be seen in the following table: Liguria Gallia Cisalpina or Togata Square Miles. Venetia, with the territory of the Carni and Histria Vestini, Marrucini, Peligni, and Marsi, Territories of the 1,700 Dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cycni. Virg. Æn. XI. 457. ITALIA SEPTENTRIONALIS. 10. LIGURIA was bounded on the S. by the sea, on the W. by the Alps, as far as the source of the Po, on the N. by this river, and on the E. by the country of the Anamani, and by the little river Macra Magra, although it's frontier, in this direction, extended once to the Arno. To the W. it bordered on Gaul, to the N. and E. on Cisalpine Gaul, and a part of Etruria; it contained Genoa, that part of Piedmont which is S. of the Po, and the major part of the Imperial Fiefs of Pontremoli; in all, about 5.800 square miles. 11. Though the Taurini were of Ligurian origin, their country was naturally included in the province of Gallia Cisalpina. The Ligures, called by the Greeks Ligyes and Ligustini, were probably of Celtic origin; they were a vain, unpolished, and deceitful people, although possessed of sufficient courage to resist the invasions of the Romans for a long period of years. Their dominions extended, at one time, from the Arno to the Rhone, and in an earlier age, as far Westward as Spain. 12. Liguria is divided by the Apennines into two parts; that S. of the mountains, called Ligustica ora, and that N. of them. On the summit of Alpis Maritima, near the coast, was Tropæa Augusti Turbia, erected by Augustus, and bearing the names of all the Alpine nations, whom he had conquered, from Histria to Gaul. To the Eastward of it, on the coast, were Portus Herculis Monaci Monaco, founded by Hercules, who had a temple here, and was hence called Monoecius 24; Albium Intemelium Vintimiglia, the chief town of the Intemelii, at the mouth of Rutuba fl. Roya; Albium Ingaunum Albenga, the chief town of the Ingauni, at the mouth of Merula fl. Aroseia, and opposite Gallinaria I. Galinara, so called from it's abounding in a peculiar species of fowl; Savo Savona; Genua Genoa, destroyed by Hannibal, but rebuilt by the Romans; Segeste Sestri; and Lunæ Portus 25 G. of Spezzia. At the source of 23 Apenninicola bellator filius Auni, Haud Ligurum extremus, dum fallere fata sinebant. Vane Ligur, frustràque animis elate superbis, Virg. Æn. XI. 701. Id. XI. 715. The whole coast of Liguria abounded in marble much used by the Romans: Juv. Sat. III. 257. 24 Sil. Ital. I. 586. Virgil, speaking of Julius Cæsar's passage into Italy, previous to his contest with Pompey, says, Aggeribus socer Alpinis, atque arce Monoci 25 Celebrated by Ennius in a verse preserved by Persius; Sil. Ital. VIII. 480. Æn. VI. 830. Pers. Sat. VI. 9. the little river Macra, was Apua Pontremoli, the chief town of the Apuani, who made such a gallant resistance against the Romans: near it Q. Petillius was killed, in a battle with the Ligures. 13. In Liguria, N. of the Apennines, was Tanarus fl. Tanaro, a tributary of the Po; on it were Ceba Ceva, noted for it's cheese Pollentia Polenza, a municipium at it's confluence with Stura fl. Stura, where the Romans under Stilicho were beaten by the Goths under Alaric 26: Alba Pompeii Alba, the birth-place of the emperor Pertinax; and Asta Asti, a Roman colony. In the W. part of the province were the Vagienni, with their chief city Augusta Vagiennorum Bene; and in the N. part, at Montieu di Po, was Bodincomagus or Industria, where the Po becomes navigable, and assumes an Eastern direction. Acqui occupies the position of Aquæ Statiellæ, in the territory of the Statielli; to the E. of whom were the Roman colony Dertona Tortona, Clastidium Casteggio, where Claudius Marcellus gained the Spolia opima, by slaying Viridomarus king of the Gesatæ ", and Vicumniæ Vicomune, plundered by Hannibal. 14. GALLIA CISALPINA or TOGATA, was the largest of the Italian provinces. It was bounded on the E. by the Adriatic Sea, Tartarus fl. Tartaro, and Benacus L.28 L. di Garda; on the N. by a line drawn from the head of this lake to M. Cervin, in the Pennine Alps; on the W. by the Alps themselves; and on the S. by the Po, the Apennines, and the little river Rubico 29 Fiumicino: it was by crossing this last river with an armed force, when forbidden to do so by the Roman people, Julius Cæsar declared war against the Senate and Pompey. To the E. it bordered on Venetia, to the N. on Rhætia, to the W. on Gaul, and to the S. on Liguria and Etruria. It contained Piedmont, N. of the Po, Lombardy, or the Milanese, the duchies of Parma and Modena, and the Northern part of the Papal States (including the provinces of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna); in all, about 16.600 square miles. It was also called Citerior, with respect to Transalpine Gaul, and Togata, from it's cities having the rights of Latin cities. Claudian, however, implies the contrary : O celebranda mihi cunctis Pollentia sæclis! 29 Anne lacus tantos? te, Lari maxime, teque Bell. Get. 635. Propert. IV. x. 39. Virg. Georg. II. 160. 29 Jam gelidas Cæsar cursu superaverat Alpes; Lucan. I. 185. 15. It formed, anciently, a part of the dominions of the Tusci, who were driven from it by the numerous migrations of the Gauls, and subsequently confined within the contracted limits of Etruria. When the Gauls had completely established themselves in their new possessions, they made still greater inroads on Italy, and after some time, succeeded in beating the Roman armies, and seized upon Rome itself 30. Though driven back by the bravery of Camillus, they continued to harass their enemies, till at length their own Cisalpine territory was wrested from them, and Roman colonies were established in it. During Hannibal's invasion they afforded him great assistance, and again enjoyed their freedom; but, shortly after the termination of the second Punic war, they were once more reduced to subjection, and their territory was made a Roman province. Prior to the reign of Augustus, the territory of the Veneti was considered as forming a part of Cisalpine Gaul. 16. Gallia Togata was divided by the Po, into Transpadana and Cispadana, so called with respect to Rome. The principal rivers in the TRANSPADANA were, Duria Major fl. Doria Baltea, which rises in the Graian Alps; Ticinus fl.31 Ticino, memorable for the defeat which P. Corn. Scipio suffered on it's banks from Hannibal; it rises in Adula M., and runs through Verbanus L. L. Maggiore, into the Po. Addua fl. s Adda, has its source in the Rhætian Alps, and, after traversing Larius L. 33 (called also Comacenus) L. di Como, it likewise enters the Po; not far from its source, are the springs of the Ollius Oglio, which passes through Sevinus L. L. Iseo, and joins the great river. Mincius fl.34 Mincio, running from the country of the Tridentini into Benacus L. L. di Garda, and Tartarus, or Hadrianus fl. Tartaro, the Eastern boundary of the province, are the last two rivers worthy of mention; like all the others, they are tributaries of the Po. 17. In the South Western part of the province were the Taurini, who opposed Hannibal, after his passage of the Alps; he took and plundered their city, Augusta Taurinorum Turin, on the Po, but it was afterwards raised to the rank of a colony by the Romans. To the W. of it was Segusio Susa, the chief town of the Segusini, on Duria Minor fl. Doria Riparia, and immediately S. of the latter was Ocelum Usseau, the capital of the Garoceli. On the Duria Major, were the Salassi, who long harassed the Romans, and resisted their attacks till they were totally subdued by Terentius Varro, and sold as slaves: their chief towns were Augusta Prætoria Citta d'Aosta, built in honour of Augustus, on the site of Varro's camp, and colonized by Prætorians; and Eporedia Ivrea, built by the Romans, at the advice of the Sibyl, to check the incursions of the Salassi. The Libicii and Lævi were E. of the Salassi; their chief towns were Vercella Borgo Vercelli, on Sessites fl. Sesia, and Novaria Novara, on Novaria fl. Gogna. Between the rivers Ticinus and Addua, were the Insubres, the most powerful tribe of Cisalpine Gaul: their capital was Mediolanum Milan, a splendid and flourishing city, surnamed Novæ Athenæ, from the liberal arts being there highly cultivated; it was situated on Lambrus fl. Lambro, and a little N. of it, near Rho, were the Raudii Campi, famous for a dreadful slaughter of the Cimbri, by Marius 35; Ticinum Pavia, near the junction of the Ticino and Po, and Laus Pompeia Lodi Vecchio, founded by the Boii; but afterwards colonized by Strabo Pompeius, father of Pompey the Great, may also be mentioned amongst the towns of the Insubres. The Orobii, a Greek colony, were N. of the Insubres; their chief town was Comum Como, situated at the South Western extremity of Larius L.; it was the birth-place of the younger Pliny, and was called Novum Comum 36, after Cæsar had increased the number of it's inhabitants, by settling a colony of 5,000 there; Bergomum Bergamo, was also in their territory. The Cenomani, of Gallic origin, were the Easternmost people in the Transpadana; they were the only Cisalpine Gauls, who took the side of the Romans against Hannibal, though they subsequently fought against them: Brixia Brescia was their capital, near Mela fl.37 Mella, flowing into the Oglio. Their other cities were, Cremona Cremona, on the Po, which suffered much during the second Punic war, as well as in the civil contentions of Augustus, and was at last destroyed by the partisans of Vespasian, in the war with Vitellius; it was, however, soon afterwards rebuilt with considerable magnificence: Mantua Mantua, surrounded by the Mincius, shared in the miseries of Cremona 38; it was of Tuscan origin, and |