respects the Eastern nations, it lies towards the Evening, and was enveloped in shade, when they were enjoying the light of the day, or was the last land, which was lit up, by the brilliant beams of the Evening Sun before he sank into the depths of the Ocean: hence, therefore, it may have been properly styled the land of the Evening, or of shade, in the same manner, and, for the same reason, that the Greeks applied the epithet of Hesperia to Italy. It is very probable, that the name was, at first, given only to a small part of the continent (as was the case with Asia and Africa), and that it became afterwards extended to other, and more distant, regions: from the tradition concerning the princess Europa, it may have been, at first, used to denote Crete, or possibly a part of the mainland round it and the islands of the Ægæan Sea; the Thracian mountain Rhodope seems to bear a name somewhat related to it.

3. The limits of Europe towards Asia are variously given in different times, and by different authors. The Hellespont, the Thracian Bosporus, and the Euxine Sea, are invariably allowed to be it's boundaries towards the South; but, in the upper regions, we are left to choose between the rivers Phasis and Tanais. Indeed, in the earlier times, Europe could not be said to have any definite boundary towards the N. E., for, though the ancients agreed, that the termination of the earth in this direction was likewise the termination of our continent, yet, they were altogether ignorant both as to it's extent, and it's being inhabited by man. Those, who placed the common boundary between the two continents at the R. Phasis, continued it along the Araxes into the Caspian Sea, and this last (as they erroneously imagined) being connected with the Hyperborean Ocean, formed the true natural limits of the two great divisions of the globe. But, the more generally received boundary of Europe on this side, was that which passed through the Palus Mæotis, ascended the Tanais to it's source, and, then, struck out Eastward into the unknown regions, till it reached the Rhipaan Mountains, and the shores of the Frozen Ocean.

4. The principal mountains of Europe, are, the Pyrenæi M3. or Pyrenees, separating Spain from Gaul, and stretching across the Isthmus, which divides the two countries, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. The loftiest range of mountains in the whole continent is that formed by the Alpes or Alps; it divides Italy from Gaul, and, sweeping round from the Mediterranean, through Rhætia and Illyricum, reaches the confines of Mosia, where it assumes the name of Hæmus Balkan or Emineh, and, after separating the latter province from Macedonia and Thrace, it terminates on the shores of the Euxine Sea. The chain of the Apenninus 6 or Apennines, traverses the whole of Italy, from the foot of the Alps on the borders of Gaul, and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, to the Southernmost point of the country, opposite the Island of Sicily. The chain of the Pindus, still called Pindus or Agrafa, is a branch of the Hamus; it runs through the middle of

5 'Η μὲν ὅσοι Πελοπόννησον πίειραν ἔχουσιν,
Ηδ ̓ ὅσοι Εὐρώπην τε καὶ ἀμφιρύτους κατὰ νήσους,
Χρησόμενοι.

Hom. Hymn in Apoll. 291.

• Umbrosis mediam qua collibus Apenninus
Erigit Italiam, nulloque a vertice tellus
Altius intumuit, propiusque accessit Olympo,
Mons inter geminas medius se porrigit undas
Inferni Superique maris:-

Lucan. II. 396.

Macedonia and Greece, loses itself in the tops of Parnassus Lyakoura, and Helicon Zagora, but finally terminates in Sunium Prom. C. Colonna, to the S. of Athens. The Hercynii Ms. are now known by several appellations, such as the Erz, Giant Mountains, &c.; they stretch right across Germany, in an Eastern direction, from the banks of the Rhine to the springs of the Vistula, where they assume the name Carpates Carpathians. Here, they divide into two branches, one of which called Bastarnicæ Alpes, strikes Southward, through Dacia, and across the Danube, till it joins M'. Hæmus; the other, known as the Peucini Montes, trends Eastward through Sarmatia, to the banks of the R. Borysthenes, and the shores of the Palus Mæotis. Sevo Mons now called Koelen or Fiell, is a rugged chain of mountains, running North and South through the whole of Scandinavia, parallel with it's Western coast, and separating Sweden from Norway. The Hyperborei or Rhipæi Ms. Oural Ms., the great natural barrier of the continent towards the N. E., stretch from the shores of the Frozen Ocean, in a Southern direction, to the head of the Caspian Sea.

5. The elevations of these and some other great mountains of Europe, above the level of the sea, will be found in the following table:

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS

6. The principal countries in Europe known to the ancients, were, Hispania now Spain and Portugal, at the S. W. extremity of the continent; it was also called Iberia, from the river Iberus, and Hesperia Ultima, on account of it's being the most Western part of the_mainland of Europe. To the Ñ. E. of it, was Gallia now France, surnamed Transalpina, and Comata, to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina or Togata, which was a province of Italy: the Greeks called it Galatia. To the N. of Gallia, and separated from it by the Oceanus Britannicus or English Channel, lay Albion Great Britain, and Ierne Ireland, the two most famous and most beautiful islands in the whole world: they are unitedly called the Britannica Insulæ, or British Islands, and have obtained by the valour, talents, and ingenuity of their inhabitants an unparalleled and immortal glory. They were the outmost lands known to the ancients, and have become, by reason of their admirable situation, the great connecting link between the Old and New World. To the N. E. of Gaul was Germania or Germany, North of the Danube; below it, were Vindelicia, Rhætia, Noricum, and Pannonia, which, likewise, in a general way, make up a part of what we now call Germany. To the E. of Gaul, and S. of Germany, was Italia Italy, a long peninsular country, stretching far into the Mediterranean Sea, and separated from the island of Sicily by a very narrow channel: it was called Hesperia by the Greeks, on account of it's Western situation with respect to their country: the two Islands of Corsica and Sardinia, likewise reckoned to Italy, lie about midway between it's Northern coast and the shores of Carthage in Africa. Illyricum was below Pannonia and Noricum, and only separated from the N. E. part of Italy by the chain of the Alps: it was

situated on the E. shores of the Hadriatic Sea, and included Dalmatia and the North Western part of European Turkey. To the E. of Illyricum, on the Southern side of the Danube, was the province of Moesia, and on the N. side of the river was Dacia : both these, generally speaking, are in the Northern part of European Turkey. To the S, of Moesia, lay Thracia and Macedonia, and to the S. of the latter, again, was Græcia or Hellas; these last three still preserve their names of Thrace, Macedonia and Greece, the two first and the upper part of the last constituting the Southern part of European Turkey. To the S. E. of Greece, lay Creta I. or Candia, blocking up, as it were, the entrance to the Egean Sea.-To the N. of Germany, was the enormous peninsula of Scandinavia or Sweden, of which the ancients knew but very little; it's Western part appears to have been called Nerigos or Norway. To the East of Scandinavia and Germany, and to the N. of Dacia, lay that vast country called Sarmatia Europæa, now European Russia; it was peopled by various races of Scythian savages, concerning whom the ancients knew little more than their names, excepting such as dwelled immediately on the borders of the Black Sea.

7. The various sizes of these countries compared with each other, may be seen from the following table:

STATISTICAL TABLE OF ANCIENT EUROPE.

8. The principal rivers of Europe are, in Spain, the Iberus Ebro, which runs into the Mediterranean Sea, and caused the whole country to be called Iberia; the Durius Douro, the Tagus Tagus [or Tajo], the Anas Guadiana, and Bætis Guadalquivir, which empty themselves into the Atlantic Ocean. In Gaul, are, the Garumna Garonne, Liger Loire, Sequana Seine, and Mosa Meuse, which flow into the Atlantic and British Oceans; and the Rhodanus or Rhone, which runs into the Mediterranean. Amongst the most important rivers in Albion, are, the Tamesis or Thames, the Sabrina Severn, and the Glota or Clyde: in Ierne, we find the Sena or Shannon. The greatest rivers of Germany, are, the Rhenus or Rhine, the frontier be

tween it and Gaul, and the most beautiful river in Europe; the Visurgis Weser, Albis Elbe, Viadrus Oder, and Vistula Vistula, which forms the boundary between Germany and Sarmatia Europæa; the three first of these run into the German Ocean, the two last into the Baltic Sea. The two great rivers of Italy are, the Padus (or Eridanus) Po, which flows into the Hadriatic, and the Tiberis Tiber (or Tevere), which runs into the Mediterranean Sea. But, by far the largest and most important river in Europe is the Danubius (or Ister) Danube, which rises on the borders of Gaul and Germany, separates the latter country from Vindelicia, Noricum, and Pannonia, and flows, with an Easterly course, between Moesia and Dacia into the Euxine Sea: it receives, in it's way, several considerable tributaries, as the Dravus Drave, and Savus Save, on it's right bank, and the Tibiscus Theiss, and Porata Pruth, on it's left bank. In Sarmatia, we meet with the Hypanis (v. Bogus) fl. Boug, and the great Borysthenes (v. Danapris) Dniepr, which both empty themselves into the Euxine Sea; the Tanais or Don, flowing into the Palus Mæotis, and the Rha or Volga which enters the Caspian Sea, and is chiefly in the continent of Asia. Besides these the ancients appear to have been acquainted with the Carambucis fl. Dvina, which runs past Archangel, into the Frozen Ocean, as well as with the Chesinus or Southern Dvina, and the Rhubon Neman, which both run into the Baltic Sea.

9. The following table will convey a better idea of the actual, and comparative lengths of these rivers :

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF EUROPE.

10. The chief cities of Ancient Europe, were, in Spain, Tarraco Tarragona, Saguntum Murviedro, and Carthago Nova