Cartagena, on the shores of the Mediterranean; Cæsar Augusta Saragossa, on the R. Iberus; Calle Oporto, at the mouth of the Durius; Toletum Toledo, on the Tagus, and Olisipo Lisbon, at the mouth of the same river; Corduba Cordova, and Hispalis Seville, on Bætis fl., and Gades Cadiz, where the last mentioned river formerly entered the sea. In Gaul, we find Narbo Martius Narbonne, and Massilia Marseilles, on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea; Arelate Arles, near the mouth of the Rhone, and Lugdunum Ambarrorum Lyons, at the confluence of this river with the Saone; Geneva Geneva, at the Western extremity of the lake, to which it has given it's name; Basilia Basel, and Colonia Agrippina Cologne, on the Rhine; Augusta Treverorum Treves, on the R. Moselle; Gesoriacum Boulogne, on the shores of the English Channel, opposite Dover; Lutetia Paris, and Rotomagus Rouen, both on the Sequana; Genabum Orleans, and Condivicnum Nantes, both on the banks of the Loire; and Burdigala Bordeaux, at the mouth of the R. Garonne. The chief cities in Albion, were Londinium, London on the R. Thames; Camulodunum Maldon, on the shores of the North Sea; Isca Damnoniorum Exeter, on the R. Exe; Glevum Gloucester, on Sabrina fl.; Eboracum York, on the R. Ouse; Pons Elii Newcastle, on the R. Tyne; and Alata Castra Edinburgh, near the Firth of Forth. The only great town of Ierne, was Eblana Dublin, at the mouth of the R. Libnius or Liffey. In Germany, we meet with Lugdunum Batavorum Leyden, at the old mouth of the Rhine; Castellum Cattorum Cassel, on the Visurgis; Marionis Hamburgh, at the mouth of the Elbe; Susudata Berlin, on the R. Spree; Stragona Dresden, on Albis fl.; Budorigum Prague, on the banks of the Moldau; and Carrodunum Krakau, near the springs of the Vistula. 11. The chief towns in Vindelicia, were, Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg, on Vindo fl., and Regina Regensburg (or Ratisbon) on the Danube: in Rhætia, were, Brigantia Bregenz, at the Eastern extremity of the Lake of Constance, and Tridentum Trent on the R. Athesis: in Noricum, were, Lauriacum Lorch, on the Danube, Jovavum Salzburg, on Jovavus fl., and Virunum Solfeld, near the R. Drave: in Pannonia, were, Vindobona Vienna, Carnuntum, near Presburg, and Aquincum Buda, on the Danube, besides Mursa Esseg, on the Save, and Sirmium Alt Schabacz, on the Drave. The principal cities in the N. part of Italy, were, Aquileia Aquileia, Verona Verona, Mediolanum Milan, and Augusta Taurinorum Turin: in the Western part, were, Genua Genoa, Florentia Florence, Roma Rome, Capua Santa Maria di Capua, Neapolis Naples, and Rhegium Reggio: in the Eastern part, were, Bononia Bologna, Ravenna Ravenna, Ancona Ancona, Brundusium Brindisi, Tarentum Taranto, Sybaris Sibari, and Croton Cotrone. The chief cities in Sicily, were, Messana Messina, Syracuse Syracuse, and Agrigentum Girgenti. In Illyricum, we meet with Senia Segna, ladera Zara, Salonæ Salona, all on the shore of the Hadriatic, and Scodra Scutari, near a lake of the same name. In Mosia, were, Singidunum Belgrade, Viminacium Kostellacz, Nicopolis Nikopol, and Trosmi Matchin, all on the banks of the Danube, besides Naissus Nissa, and Sardica Sophia, inland, and Odessus Varna, on the shores of the Black Sea. In Dacia, we find Zernes Tchernetz, Tibiscus Cavaran, Sarmizegethusa Varhely, Iassii Jessy, and Ophiusa Palanka, at the mouth of the R. Tyras. 12. The principal cities of Thrace, were, Apollonia Sizeboli, and Salmydessus Midieh, on the shores of the Black Sea; Byzantium (or Constantinopolis) Constantinople, on the Thracian Bosporus; Enos Enos, on the coast of the Ægaan Sea; and Hadrianopolis Adrianople, and Philippopolis Filibeh, in the interior of the country. In the Eastern part of Macedonia, we find Philippi Filibah, Amphipolis Tenikeui, Thessalonica Salonica, and Pella Allahkilissia; in the Western part of it, were, Lychnidus near Okhrida, Dyrrachium Durazzo, and Apollonia Pollina. In the N. part of Greece, were, Larissa Larissa, Dodona Gardiki, Buthrotum Butrinto, Ambracia Arta, Delphi Castri, Theba Thebes, and Athenæ Athens: in the Peloponnesus, were, Corinthus Corinth, Argos Argos, Elis Palaiopoli, Olympia Antilalla, Messena Mauromati, and Sparta (or Lacedæmon) Mistra. The islands reckoned to Greece, were, Corcyra Corfu, Leucadia Santa Maura, Cephallenia Cephallonia, Ithaca Ithaca, Zacynthus Zante, and Cythera Cerigo, all of which lie to the W. of it, in the Ionian Sea; Euboea Egripo or Negropont, lies to the East of it, as do also the Cyclades Dodekanisa, and the Sporades. Crete lies to the S. of Greece; it's chief towns were, Cydonia Canea, Cytæum Candia, Cnossus Macritichos, and Gortyna Metropoli. In Europæan Sarmatia, we may mention, Odessus Odessa, Olbia, and Carcine Kherson, on the shores of the Black Sea : Eupatoria Eupatoria, Chersonesus Akhtiar, and Panticapæum Kertch in the Crimea. MODERN EUROPE. 13. THE Western States. The basis of the present Political Divisions of Europe will be found to accord, in a general manner, with that of the ancient Countries above described. In the Westernmost part of the continent, is the Kingdom of Portugal, corresponding nearly with the ancient Lusitania, one of the three provinces into which Hispania was divided: it's chief cities are Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. To the E. of it is the Kingdom of Spain, the chief cities of which are Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Cadiz, and Granada. At the Southern extremity of Spain is the famous fortress of Gibraltar, which the ancients called Calpe, or the Northern Pillar of Hercules; it belongs to the British, and, owing to it's excellent situation, as well as it's amazing strength, is considered the key of the Mediterranean. The Kingdom of France lies to the N. of Spain, and corresponds generally with the ancient Gaul, except that it has lost a portion of its territory to the East, which is now reckoned to Switzerland, and another portion to the N. E., which now belongs to the Netherlands and to the German States; but, on the other hand, it claims the sovereignty of Corsica, which was formerly under the dominion of Italy. Amongst the chief cities of France, we may mention Paris, Strasbourg, Lyons, Marseilles, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Orleans, Brest, and Rouen. To the E. of France, lies the Republic of Switzerland, (or the Helvetic Confederacy as it is sometimes called,) composed of parts of ancient Gaul and Rhætia; it's chief towns are Geneva, Bern, Zurich, and Basel. To the N. E. of France is the Kingdom of the Netherlands, partly in the ancient divisions of Gallia and Germania: it's chief cities are Brussels, The Hague, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam. To the N. of France lies the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the ancient Britannica Insulæ, including England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The chief cities in England are London, Canterbury, Bristol, Liverpool, and York; in Wales, are Caermarthen, Swansea, and Pembroke, in Scotland are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverness; in Ireland, Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Sligo, and Londonderry. There are three small islands belonging to Britain, which lie in the English Channel opposite Dorsetshire, and only a small distance from the N. W. coast of France; their names are Guernsey, Jersey and Alderney. 14. The Central States. Germany is now divided into a great number of independent states, some exceedingly diminutive, whilst others are of very considerable magnitude and importance; they are all formed into a Federative Body, governed by a Diet. Above them is the Kingdom of Denmark, comprising the old peninsula of the Cimbri, and some of those islands, which the ancients reckoned to Scandia: it's metropolis is Copenhagen. To the S. of it lie the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz and Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, the respective capitals of which are Strelitz and Schwerin; the Kingdom of Hanover, with it's metropolis, Hanover; and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, with it's capital of the same name. The Kingdom of Prussia occupies the whole N. E. part of Germany, extending some distance beyond the Vistula; it's metropolis is Berlin, on the R. Spree. It likewise possesses a large extent of territory on the Rhine, (called Rhine- Prussia,) between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the petty states of Germany; the chief towns in it are Cologne and Coblentz. To the E. of the petty states lies the Kingdom of Saxony, the capital of which is Dresden. To the S. of Saxony and Prussia is the extensive Empire of Austria, stretching far beyond the limits of ancient Germany to the Eastward, and including the N. E. part of Italy: it's metropolis is Vienna on the Danube. Between the Austrian Empire and the Rhine, lie the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Wurtemburg, and the Grand Duchy of Baden; their chief cities are Munich, Stuttgard, and Carlsruhe. 15. The Southern States. Italy is likewise divided into several states, varying much in dignity and magnitude. That part of it, which lies to the N. of the Po, and East of the Ticino, is called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, and belongs to the Empire of Austria: it's chief cities are Milan and Venice. To the W. of it, touching upon Switzerland, France, and the Mediterranean, lie Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy, and the other provinces, which constitute the continental territory of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Island of Sardinia forming it's remainder; the chief cities are Turin on the continent, and Cagliari in the island. To the S. of the Po, and East of the Sardinian territory, are the Duchies of Parma, of Modena, and of Lucca, each with it's capital of the same name: to the S. of these is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with it's metropolis, Florence. The States of the Church, governed by the Pope, comprise the central part of Italy, from the Mouths of the Po to the Pontine Marshes; the chief city is Rome. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (or of Naples) includes the Southern part of Italy, and the I. of Sicily; it's capital city is Naples. To the S. of Sicily are the Maltese Islands, which belong to the English, and are composed of the two islands Malta and Gozo: Valetta, their chief city, is one of the strongest places E in the world. To the S. of Austria lies the Empire of Turkey, composed of the Thracian provinces on the Danube, together with Macedonia, parts of Illyricum, Epirus, and Thessaly, Crete and several islands in the Ægæan Sea: it's metropolis is Constantinople. To the S. of Turkey, is the Kingdom of Greece, including the Southern part of ancient Greece, with Euboea and the Cyclades; it's metropolis is Athens. To the W. of Greece is the Republic of the Ionian Islands (or of the Seven Islands, as it is sometimes called) under the protection of Great Britain: their metropolis is Corfu. 16. Northern States. To the E. of Prussia, Austria, and Turkey, is the enormous Empire of European Russia, extending to the utmost Eastern limits of the continent, and to the shores of the Frozen Sea: it's chief cities are Moskow, St. Petersburg, Archangel, Riga, Warsaw, and Odessa. The Kingdom of Sweden and Norway includes the great peninsula of Scandinavia, to the West of Russia, and to the N. of Prussia and Denmark: it's chief cities are Stockholm, Tornea, Christiana, Bergen, and Trondheim. 17. The superficial extent, and the probable population of each country in Europe, will be seen by the following table: CHAPTER IV. ASIA. 1. ASIA was bounded on the West by the Rhipæi M3, the Rivers Rha and Tanais, the Euxine, Ægæan, and Mediterranean Seas, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Arabian Gulf: on the South by the Erythræan Sea and the Indian Ocean: on the East by the unknown regions of the Sina and Seres; and on the North by the Terra incognita of Scythia. Though it was much larger than either of the other Quarters, with which the ancients were acquainted, they nevertheless fancied it much less than Europe; probably from their being more intimately acquainted with the particular provinces of the latter continent, than with those of the former, as by far the greater part of Asia was only known to them from the reports of their merchants. As Asia is the largest Quarter of the Globe, so also is it the most dignified; in it, mankind had their origin, kingdoms and empires took their rise, the arts and sciences were first taught-but, above all, in it, Almighty God revealed His will, His power, and His mercy to man, and in it, in the fulness of time, the Son of God accomplished the recovery of our fallen race. 2. Asia is remarkable for the fertility of it's soil', which abounds with all the necessaries and luxuries of life. The origin of its name is of very remote antiquity: the Lydians asserted that it was derived from Asius, one of their kings, but the Greeks, on the other hand, deduced it from Asia, one of the Oceanides, who married Iapetus, and became the mother of Atlas, Prometheus, &c. It seems to have been originally used to denote only a small part of Asia Minor, probably the province of Lydia, for here, at the mouth of the Caystrus, we find the Asia Palus 3 mentioned at a very early period, besides 2 1 An pingues Asiæ campi collesque morantur? Hor. Epist. I. iii. 5. Horace also, at Sat. I. vii. 19, styles it Ditem Asiam.' * Virgil (Æn. II. 557) calls Priam Regnatorem Asiæ.' 3 Τῶν δ ̓, ὥστ ̓ ὀρνίθων πετεηνῶν ἔθνεα πολλὰ, |