2. The Cattieu

the Romans, who were here severely beaten. chlani were W. of the Trinobantes, in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and part of Oxfordshire; their chief towns were Durocobrivis Dunstable, and Verolamium Verulam, near St. Albans, the town of Cassivelaunus, taken by Cæsar; it was a municipium, and was subsequently destroyed in the war between Boadicea and the Romans. 3. The Dobuni, farther W., inhabited parts of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire; their chief towns were Durocornovium, or Corinium Cirencester, near the source of the Thames, and Glevum, or Glebon Gloucester, on the Severn. 4. The Cornavii' were above the Dobuni, in Cheshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and in parts of Flintshire, Shropshire, and Worcestershire; to them belonged Viroconium Wroxeter, on the Severn, near Shrewsbury, Bonium Bangor, on the Dee, and Deva Chester, likewise on the Dee; this last was a Roman colony, and the station of the 20th Legion. 5. The Coritani were to the E. of these, in the shires of Derby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Leicester, Rutland, and Northampton; amongst them may be enumerated, Lindum Lincoln, on the R. Witham, Ratæ, or Raga Leicester, and Lactodorum Towcester. 6. The Iceni, or Cenimagni, erroneously called Simeni, were S. E. of the Coritani, and N. of the Trinobantes, in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. They were a brave nation, who, on being pillaged by the Romans 29, and their queen, Boadicea, with her daughters, shamefully insulted, took up arms against them, in conjunction with their neighbours, defeated them in several engagements, and destroyed Camulodunum and Verolamium; but they were conquered in their turn by Suetonius Paulinus, A.D. 61. Their chief cities were Venta Icenorum, the capital, Caister, near Norwich, Garianonum Burgh Castle, near Yarmouth, on Garienus fl. Yare, and Durolipons Cambridge.

28. Other towns and stations of the Trinobantes were, Villa Faustini Dunmow, Ad Ansam Witham, Othona Ithancester, a station of the Milites Fortenses, Canonium Chelmsford, Cæsaromagus Brentwood, Durolitum Leyton, and Sulloniaca Brockley Hill; Convennos I. is now Canvey I. opposite Sheppey. Amongst the Cattieuchlani may be noticed, Salenæ Salndy, Magiovintum Fenny Stratford, and the two small tribes, Cassii, to the W. of St. Albans, and Ancalites, on the

By reason that the captaines on her syde,
Corrupted by Paulinus, from her swerv'd:
Yet such, as were through former flight preserv'd,
Gathering againe, her host she did renew,
And with fresh corage on the victor serv'd:

But being all defeated, save a few,

Rather than fly, or be captiv'd, herselfe she slew.

Faery Queene, II. x. 54.

* Tacit. Annal. XIV. 29, et seq.—Agric. Vita, 15, et seq.—Dion. Cass. LXII.

1, et seq.

R. Thames, below Oxford. To the Cornavii were reckoned Condate Northwich, Mediolanum on Tower Hill, near Drayton, Rutunium near the R. Roden, Uxacona Okenyate, Pennocrucium Penkridge, Etocetum Wall, and Salinæ Droitwych. To the Coritani belonged Præsidium Broughton, Agelocum or Segelocum Littleborough, Crococalanum Brough, Causennæ Ancaster, Ad Pontem Farndon, Margidunum E. Bridgford, Verometum Burrow Hills, Manduessedum Mancester, Vennona Cleycester, Tripontium Doe Bridge, and Bennavenna Daventry. To the towns of the Iceni we may add Brannodunum Brancaster, where was a garrison of the Equites Dalmatæ, Durobrivæ Castor, near Peterborough, Camboricum Thetford, Sitomagus Bury St. Edmunds, Combretonium Stratford, and Iciani Chesterford.

29. BRITANNIA SECUNDA, including Wales and that part of England, which is W. of the rivers Severn and Dee, contained 7.300 square miles, or 1.700 more than Wales; it was inhabited by, 1. The Ordovices, dwelling in the Welsh counties of Caernarvon, Denbigh, Merioneth, and Montgomery, with that part of Shropshire in England, which is W. of the Severn; their chief cities were Conovium Caer-Hun, on Toisobius fl. Conway R., Segontium Caernarvon, and Maglona Machynlleth; to them also may be reckoned Mona I.30 Anglesey, mentioned by Tacitus, the ancient seat of the Druids, at the N.W. extremity of Wales. 2. The Dimeta were S.W. of these, in the Welsh counties of Cardigan, Caermarthen, and Pembroke; their chief town was Maridunum Caermarthen, on Tobius fl. Towy. 3. The Silures were E. of these, and S. of the Ordovices, in the Welsh counties of Radnor, Brecknock, Glamorgan, and Monmouth, in the English county of Hereford, and in such parts of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire as are W. of the Severn. They were brave and warlike, and under their king, Caractacus, engaged the Romans 31 in a very perplexing war, but were, at length, defeated by Ostorius Scapula, A.D. 51; Caractacus, flying to the Brigantes, was betrayed by Cartismandua, their queen, into the hands of their common enemy, taken to Rome, and there pardoned by the Emperor Claudius. Amongst their towns may be mentioned Bravinium or Brannogenium Ludlow, Blestium Monmouth, on Ratostathybius fl., and Isca Silurum Caerleon, on the river Isca, their capital, and the station of the Legio 2a Augusta.

30. To the Ordovices also belonged, Varis Bodvary, and, according to some, Mediolanum Lanfyllin, which has been already mentioned amongst the Cornavii; Andros, Hedros, or Edri I. appears to have been Bardsey, off the S. extremity of Caernarvonshire. In the territory of the Dimetæ, Tuccia fl. was Ystwith R., Tuerobis fl. Teify R., and Silimnus I. Ramsey I., off St. Davids. Amongst the towns

30 Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep
Clos'd o'er the head of your lov'd Lycidas?

For neither were ye playing on the steep,

Where your old bards, the famous Druids, lie,
Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high

Tacit. Annal. XII. 33, et seq.

Milton, Lycidas, 51.

of the Silures, there remain to be mentioned, Magnæ Kenchester, Ariconium Ross in Arcenefield, Loventium Blaen Laveni Castle, supposed by the neighbouring inhabitants to have been since swallowed up in an earthquake, Gobannium Abergavenny, Burrium, or Bullæum Usk, Venta Silurum Caer Went, where the Severn is usually crossed, Bovium Boverton, Nidum Neath, and Leucarum Loghor.

31. MAXIMA CESARIENSIS was bounded on the N. by the Vallum Hadriani, and on the S. by the southern limits of Yorkshire and Lancashire, which counties it included, as well as those of Westmorland and Durham, with parts of Cumberland and Northumberland. It contained, together with the I. of Man, 8.590 square miles. It was principally inhabited by the Brigantes, the most powerful people of Britain; their chief cities were Danum Doncaster, the Roman colony of Eboracum York, on the R. Ouse, the station of the Legio 62 Victrix, where the emperors Severus and Constantius Chlorus resided, and where they both died; Pons Ælii Newcastle, on the R. Tyne, Luguvallium Carlisle, on Ituna fl. Eden, Galacum Appleby, Longovicus Lancaster, and Mancunium or Manucium Manchester. To them also may be assigned, Mona I., I. of Man, called also Monada or Monapia, and mentioned by Cæsar as midway between England and Ireland, which it is exactly, the nearest points of each being 26 miles apart.

32. In the territory of the Brigantes (supposed to be the same with the Jugantes), were the small tribes Gabrantovici and Parisii, between York and the E. coast; the Setantii were on the W. coast, about the R. Ribble, the mouth of which was called Setantiorum Portus. As towns and stations amongst the Southern Brigantes, may be also mentioned, Prætorium Pattrington, Petuaria Brough on the Humber, Delgovitia Market Weigton, Derventio Kerby Bridge, on a cognominal river, Isurium Aldborough, Cataractonum Catterick, Bracchium Brough, Bremetonaca Overborough, Coccium Ribchester, Olicana Ilkley, on Verbeia fl., Calcaria Tadcaster, Lagecium, or Legeolium Castleford, Cambodunum, or Camulodunum Greatland, and Rigodunum Warrington. The Northern Brigantes possessed, towards Newcastle, Alone Whitley Castle, Galava Old Town, Corstopitum Corbridge, on the Tyne, Vindomora Ebchester, Clanoventia, or Glannoventa Lanchester, Vinovia Binchester, near the R. Wear or Vedra, Magæ Pierce Bridge, on the Tees, Maglove Greta Bridge, and Lavatra Bowes; towards Carlisle, were Verteræ Brough upon Stanemore, Brovonacæ Kirkby Thore, Brocavum Brougham, Voreda Plumpton Wall, Bremetenracum Brampton, Gabrosentum Drumburgh, Olenacum Old Carlisle, Arbeia Ierby, Virosidium Ellenborough, where the 6th cohort of the Nervii was stationed, Morbium Morresby, Dictis Ambleside, and Concangium Water Crook.

33. VALENTIA included that part of Great Britain which lay between the two walls, comprehending the county of Northumberland, and such of the Scotch counties, as are S. of the Firths of Forth and Clyde. It contained 6.960 square miles, and was inhabited by the following tribes: 1. The Ottadini in Northumberland, and the Scotch shire of Roxburgh, whose chief towns were, Coria Ottadinorum Jedburgh, and Bremenium Rochester. 2. The Gadeni were W. of these, in parts of Selkirk, Peebles, and Dumfries; to them belonged Trimontium, near the Eildon Hills, Blatum Bulgium Middleby, and

Castra Exploratorum Netherby. 3. The Selgovæ were W. of the Gadeni, in parts of Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, and Dumfries; and still farther W. were, 4. The Novanta, in Wigtown, Kircudbright, and part of Ayr; the chief town of the latter was Leucopibia Wigtown. 5. The Damnii inhabited the shires of Renfrew, Lanark, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Peebles, Haddington, and Berwick; they extended also beyond the wall of Antoninus into Dumbarton and Stirling; their principal towns were Alata Castra Edinburgh, and Colania Lanark, on the Glota or Clyde.

34. The inhabitants of Valentia are supposed by some to have been all called in a general way Mæatæ, but others assign this name only to such as dwelled about the wall of Antoninus; they were probably the same people, subsequently called Scoti 32, and Attacotti, who varied their position with the attacks made on them by the Caledonians or Picti, and Britons (between whom they settled), and in proportion as they were exposed to the vacillations of the Roman power. To the Ottadini, also belonged, the stations Habitancum Risingham, Hunnum Halton, and Vindobala Rutchester; Alaunus fl. Alne, was in their territory. Amongst the Selgovæ, may be mentioned, Uxelum Caerlaverock, Carbantorigum, or Carbantium Barndannock, on Novius fl. Nith, and Corda Selgovarum Cumnock Castle: Vidotara Sinus was the Mouth of the Aur. To the Novantæ belonged Rerigonium Barlure, a little E. of Novantum Chersonesus, or the peninsula of Wigtown. The remaining towns of the Damnii were Randvara Renfrew, on the Clyde, Lindum Linlithgow, Curia Camelon, and Alauna Stirling, the last three being N. of the wall, in Caledonia.

35. CALEDONIA 33 comprehended the whole of Scotland N. of the Vallum Antonini, and, including the islands attached to it, contained 17.270 square miles, or 5.900 less than Scotland. It was inhabited by the following tribes: 1. The Venicontes, in the shires of Fife, Kinross, Clackmanan, and part of Perth; their towns were, Orrea Perth, and Victoria Comrie. 2. The Vacomagi, in Kincardine, and Forfar-shires, through whose territory ran Æsica fl. Esk. 3. The Tæzali, were in Aberdeen, Banff, Elgin, and part of Inverness; their chief town was Divana, Old Aberdeen, on the Dee. 4. The Cantæ, were in Cromarty, and the E. part of Ross. 5 The Logi and Mertæ, in E. Sutherland; and 6, the Cornavii, in Caithness. Descending the W. coast we find, 7, the Careni, in Sutherland; 8, the Carnonacæ, in Ross; and 9, the Creones, likewise in Ross, about the Itys fl. Carron. 10. The Cerones were cantoned in parts of Argyllshire and Inverness; 11, the Epidii, in S. Argyllshire; and 12, the Horestæ, in Perthshire.

32 Ille leves Mauros, nec falso nomine Pictos
Edomuit, Scotumque vago mucrone secutus,
Fregit Hyperboreas remis audacibus undas.

Claudian. de III. Cons. Honor. 55.

33 Martial calls the inhabitants Caledonii Britanni :' Quincte Caledonios Ovidi visure Britannos,

X. Ep. 44.

36. The Ebudes, or Hebudæ, Iæ. Hebrides 34 or Western Is. were on the W. coast of Caledonia; their number and situation are variously given by the ancients, but the chief of them were Ebuda Occidentalis Lewis and Harris, Ebuda Orientalis Skye, Maleos Mull, Epidium Islay, and Ricina Rachlin, called also Riduna and Riclina, opposite the N.E. point of Ireland. On the Western side of the Isle of Mull, is the beautiful little island of Staffa, so celebrated for it's basaltic pillars, and for it's natural caverns. The largest of these, called the Cave of Fingal, is exceedingly magnificent, being supported on each side by ranges of natural columns, in the most elegant manner, and roofed by the bottoms of others, which have been broken off in its formation; it is well lighted from without, and the air is perfectly free from those damp and noxious vapours with which natural caverns, in general, abound. The length of this cave, from the beach, is 371 feet, and 250 from the pitch of its arch; it is 53 feet broad at the mouth, and 20 at the farther end; the height of the arch, at the entrance, is 117 feet, and 70 at the extremity: the depth of water, at the mouth, is 18 feet, and half this at the bottom. The Orcades 35 I. Orkneys, are off the N.E. extremity of Scotland, in Mare Orcadum, and, perhaps, received their name from Orcas Pr. Dunnet Head; they were visited and subdued by Agricola, but soon threw off the yoke. Their number is variously stated by ancient authors, who, however, mention Pomona the Mainland, Ocetis Hoy Waas, and Dumna S. Ronaldsay, as the principal islands. The Shetland Is., lying 45 miles to the N.E. of the Orkneys, were, no doubt, the snow-covered Thule, which Tacitus mentions as having been seen by Agricola in his voyage round the latter islands, and, possibly, the same described by the navigator Pytheas, three centuries before; they were the outmost of all the known islands in this direction, whence the epithet Ultima 36. This Thule must not be confounded with a district of the same name in Norway.