lic justice. The first person brought to trial generals to afford protection to such insurwas a rebel chief of the name of Bacon, in gents as, having been simply guilty of rean extensive line of business in the metrop-bellion, should surrender their arms, abjure olis, and of the Protestant persuasion, who, all unlawful engagements, and take the oath being found guilty of high treason, was ex- of allegiance. To give the full sanction ecuted; Esmond, a Roman Catholic, of good of law to this measure, a message was deestate and respectably connected, who was livered from his excellency to the Irish parconvicted of heading the rebel forces, also liament, on the seventeenth, on which was suffered about the same time; Henry and grounded an act of amnesty to all who, not John Sheares, the sons of a banker at Cork, being leaders, had not committed manand educated for the bar, were condemned slaughter, except in the heat of battle, and on the clearest evidence, and executed in who should comply with the conditions of the front of Newgate. The trial of John the proclamation. This act was followed by M'Cann, secretary to the provincial com- a treaty between the government and the mittee of Leinster, followed on the seven- chiefs of the United Irishmen, negotiated teenth of July, and he suffered with Michael by Mr. counsellor Dobbs, a member of the William Byrne, delegate for the committee house of commons, bearing date the twentyof Wicklow. Oliver Bond, a man of con- ninth of July, and expressed in the followsiderable fortune, and one of the principal ing terms:-"That the undersigned state conspirators, at whose house the Leinster prisoners, in the three prisons of Newgate, delegates had been arrested on the twelfth Kilmainham, and Bridewell, engage to give of March, was arraigned for high treason on every information in their power of the the twenty-third of July, and his trial con- whole of the internal transactions of the tinued till seven o'clock on the morning of United Irishmen; and that each of the the twenty-fourth, when he was convicted. prisoners shall give detailed information of These trials were all by jury; but in Wex- every transaction that has passed between ford, and other parts of the country, the the United Irishmen and foreign states; but more summary tribunals of courts-martial that the prisoners are not, by naming or dewere resorted to. On the twenty-fifth of scribing, to implicate any person whatever; June Matthew Keugh, the rebel governor and that they are ready to emigrate to such of Wexford; the Rev. Philip Roche, the country as shall be agreed on between them general; and seven others, having been pre- and government, and give security not to viously convicted, were brought to the bridge return to this country without the permisat Wexford, and executed. Among the per- sion of government, and not to pass into an sons who suffered for high treason on the enemy's country, if, on so doing, they are to same bridge were Beauchamp Bagnel Har- be freed from prosecution; and also Mr. vey, John Henry Colclough, and Cornelius Oliver Bond (then under sentence of death) Grogan. The two former, who had quitted be permitted to take the benefit of this prothe rebel army soon after the battle of Ross, posal. The state prisoners also hope that disgusted, as they declared in their last mo- the benefit of this proposal may be extended ments, with the cruelties and oppression to such persons in custody as may choose to which had been exercised on those who fell benefit by it." into the hands of the rebellious mob, were Arthur O'Connor, Thomas Eddis Emmett, discovered and taken in a cave on one of the Dr. M'Nevin, Samuel Neilson, and other Saltee islands, or rather rocks, which lie in principals of the conspiracy, gave details on the entrance of Wexford harbor: Grogan, a oath, in their examinations before the sepenurious old gentleman, died possessed of cret committees of the two houses of paran estate of eight thousand pounds a-year. liament, from which it appeared that the reIn the town of Wexford alone, not fewer bellion originated in a system formed, not than sixty-five persons were executed for the crimes of rebellion and murder. LORD CORNWALLIS APPOINTED VICEROY —ACT OF AMNESTY.—OBJECTS OF THE REBELLION.

with a view of obtaining either Catholic emancipation, or any reform compatible with the existence of the constitution, but for the purpose of subverting the government, separating Ireland from Great Britain, and formTHE marquis Cornwallis was appointed to ing a democratic republic; that the means succeed earl Camden, and made his entrance resorted to for the attainment of these deinto the capital on the twentieth of June. signs was a secret systematic combination, He united conciliation with firmness; and, artfully linked and connected together, with whilst displaying a system of moderation a view of forming the mass of the lower and mercy to the infatuated rabble, did not ranks into a revolutionary force, acting in fail to make example of those who had mis- concert, and moving as one body; that, for led them. On the third of July a procla- the further accomplishment of their object, mation from the new viceroy appeared in the leaders of the conspiracy concluded an the Dublin gazette, authorizing his majesty's alliance with the French directory in 1796,

by which it was stipulated that an adequate invaders. Having left a small garrison force should be sent for the invasion of Ire- under colonel Charost at Killala, to keep up land, subsidiary to the preparations that were the communication, and receive supplies, making for a general insurrection; that in general Humbert clothed and armed those pursuance of this design, measures were who repaired to his standard, and immediadopted by the chiefs of the conspiracy for ately marched towards Castlebar, experigiving to their societies a military form; encing no obstacle in his route. The army that, for arming their adherents, they had collected there, under general Lake, comrecourse to the fabrication of pikes; that, mander-in-chief of the forces in Connaught, from the vigorous and summary expedients consisted of from two to three thousand regresorted to by government, and the conse- ulars; and Humbert, relying chiefly for sucquent exertions of the military, the leaders cess on his own troops, contrived to post his found themselves reduced to the alternative new levies on the flanks in such a manner of immediate insurrection, or of being de- as to protect his column from the fire of the prived of the means on which they relied enemy. The field of battle, to which he for effecting their purpose; and that to this advanced on the morning of the twentycause was to be attributed the premature seventh, consisted of a hill, at the northbreaking out of the rebellion, and probably west extremity of the town, where the Engits ultimate failure. lish forces were drawn up in two lines,

The principal prisoners, however, being which crowned its summit: a small reserve found to abuse the lenity of government, by was stationed in the rear, in a valley; and secretly laboring to revive the expiring some guns posted in front, commanded a flame of rebellion, were not liberated, but rising ground, over which the enemy must sent to Fort George, in the north of Scot- necessarily pass. By an unfortunate preland, where they continued in confinement cipitancy, the fire of the English lines, intill the conclusion of the war. They were stead of being reserved, was expended bethen permitted to enjoy their liberty, on con-fore it could be available—a mistake of dition of withdrawing from his majesty's which the enemy taking advantage, rushdominions. Oliver Bond died, by a stroke of ed forward with his main body; and the apoplexy, in prison. sharp-shooters evincing a design to penetrate Robberies and assassinations would prob- into the rear, the detachment posted for the ably have ceased on the granting of protec- purpose of supporting the guns abandoned tions, if some desperate marauders, rein- their charge in a panic. The earls of Orforced by deserters from several regiments mond, Longford, and Granard, endeavored of Irish militia, had not remained in arms to rally their men, and so far succeeded as in the mountains of Wicklow, and the dwarf to impede the progress of the assailants, but woods of Killaughrim, near Enniscorthy. they were pursued with alacrity; and the The banditti continued for many months to royal Irish artillery, who had gallantly deinfest these parts of the country; but, after fended the bridge by means of a single gun, a little time, the woods, being scoured by were nearly cut off. The loss of the enemy the army, were cleared of their predatory in killed and wounded exceeded two huninhabitants, who had ludicrously styled them- dred, and that of the British was still more selves The Babes in the Wood. The party considerable. in the Wicklow mountains continued, under two chiefs of the names of Holt and Hacket, to annoy the country for a longer time, and in a more formidable degree. FRENCH LAND AT KILLALA, AND SUR

RENDER.

Castlebar, a place of some importance, on account of its situation, now became the head-quarters of the invaders. Aware of the danger that might arise to the country from the presence of an invading army, lord Cornwallis determined to take the field in THOUGH the French directory had con- person, and, quitting Dublin on the twentytemplated the progress of the civil war in fourth of August, arrived on the twentyIreland with tranquillity; yet when only the eighth at Athlone, where he received the faint sparks of expiring rebellion could be unwelcome intelligence of the defeat of perceived, an expedition under general general Lake; and, after a halt of two days, Humbert, consisting of about eleven hun- proceeded in the direction of Holly-mount, dred men, embarked from Rochelle, in three where he arrived on the fourth of Septemfrigates, and landing on the twenty-second ber: but on finding that the invader had of August, in the bay of Killala, in the quitted Castlebar, his lordship repassed the . county of Mayo, took up their head-quarters Shannon at Carrick; and the French forces, at the bishop's palace. Although a green being surrounded by a British army amountflag was erected, accompanied by the emblem ing to twenty thousand men, surrendered of a harp, encircled with the motto of Erin after an ineffectual resistance. The rebel go Bragh, (Ireland for ever,) but few of the auxiliaries, now accumulated to about fifteen Deasantry could be prevailed on to join the hundred, who had accompanied the French

to this fatal field, being excluded from quar- the rank of general of brigade in the French ter, fled in all directions, and about five hun- service. This brig was full of arms and dred of their number were slain in the pur-accoutrements, and contained a train of arsuit, exclusive of about one hundred taken tillery; but when the adventurers found that prisoners; among whom were found Teel- the people, instead of joining them, fled to ing, Blake, and Roach, three of their chiefs. the mountains, and that the rebellion in IreThe number of French troops who surren- land was entirely suppressed, they reimbarkdered on this occasion amounted to ninety-ed, after distributing a number of inflammasix officers, and seven hundred and forty-tory papers. Some time afterwards, Napper eight non-commissioned officers and privates; Tandy, and two other Irish rebels, were aphaving sustained a loss of two hundred and prehended by the agents of Great Britain eighty-eight since their first landing at Kil- at Hamburgh, and conveyed to Ireland, lada. where Tandy was indicted for high treason, Previously to the march of general Hum- in the year 1801, when, having pleaded bert from Castlebar, on the fourth of Sep-guilty, by previous arrangement, he was suftember, he had called in all his forces, with fered to leave the kingdom, and take up his the exception of three officers left at Killala, residence in France. and one at Ballina, in command of the rebel SIR J. B. WARREN'S NAVAL VICTORY.— garrisons at those places. At length, on the CLOSE OF THE INSURRECTION. twenty-second of September, the king's ANOTHER attempt of the French to revive forces arrived at Ballina, and obliged the a lost cause was equally unsuccessful. A garrison to retreat to Killala, where a large squadron from Brest, consisting of one ship body of troops under general Trench arrived of the line, eight frigates, a schooner, and à on the following day, and a contest ensued, brig, with a strong reinforcement, intended in which about four hundred of the rebel to co-operate with the force under general forces were slain. The courts-martial as- Humbert in Ireland, was fallen in with on sembled the day after the battle of Killala, the eleventh of October, off the north-westand were not dissolved till they had disposed ern coast of that island, by Sir John Borlase of one hundred and eighty-five prisoners: Warren, who was cruising with seven sail among others general Bellew, of an ancient of the line off Lough Swilly. The British Irish family, who had served eighteen years admiral instantly threw out the signal for a in Germany, was found guilty of treason, general chase, and gave orders to form in and executed. The French officers taken succession as each ship of war reached her at Killala were sent to Dublin, and thence to antagonist; but it was found impossible to London, where three of their number, Cha- commence the action before the next mornrost, Boudet, and Ponsen, were, on the fa-ing, at which time it was discovered that vorable report of Dr. Stock, the bishop of the enemy's large ship had lost her mainKillala, set at liberty, and sent home with- top-mast. Still confident in their own out exchange. In other parts of the coun- strength, the French squadron bore down, try, also, a number of rebel chiefs and infe- and formed a line of battle in close order; rior insurgents were tried and executed; on which an action of three hours and forty among whom were two Irishmen by birth, who had been in the military service of France before the invasion, and had come to Ireland in the French fleet.

minutes ensued, when the enemy's threedecker, the Hoche, and three of the frigates, hauled down their colors after a gallant resistance: five of the frigates, the schooner, The little army landed at Killala had been and the brig, escaped, but three of the forintended, it appears, only as a van-guard to mer were afterwards captured. The whole a much more formidable force, which was squadron, it appeared, was entirely new, and in a short time to follow: providentially, full of troops, stores, and every other equiphowever, for the safety of the British em- ment for the support and establishment of pire, the French government had been as the invading force in Ireland. Amongst the tardy in seconding the operations of Hum- prisoners taken in the Hoche was Theobald bert as they had been in sending succors to Wolfe Tone, the projector of the society of the support of the rebel force in the south United Irishmen, long considered as the of Ireland. The want of money is assigned most active and able negotiator among the as the cause of delay in the equipment of Irish fugitives at Paris, and as the great adthe second fleet, and, in the interim, before viser of most of the measures pursued by its appearance on the Irish coast, the Ana- his rebellious countrymen. He was no sooner creon brig from France arrived at the little landed in Ireland than he was conveyed to island of Rutland, from which were landed Dublin, and put upon his trial by a courtthree boats full of men, and a number of of- martial, before which he defended himself ficers, among whom was James Napper with considerable ability and firmness, not Tandy, one of the Irish emissaries to the attempting either to deny or to palliate his French directory, and who had attained to offence. The plea on which he rested was

that of being a denizen of France, and an and from the compensation claimed by one officer in the service of the republic; but, class of sufferers. The towns of Carnew, when he found that this defence was una- Tinealy, Hacketstown, Donard, Blessington, vailing, he requested that he might die like and Killedmond, were all destroyed by fire; a soldier, and not as a felon; and be shot, in Ross about three hundred houses, mostly according to military usage, rather than those of the laboring classes, were consumed; hanged. The court, however, did not judge the greater part of Enniscorthy was laid in it proper to accede to his request, and the ashes; and in the open country a vast numunhappy culprit attempted to escape the ig-ber of cabins, farm-houses, and gentlemen's nominy that awaited him, by cutting his seats were destroyed. By a message delivthroat in the prison. The wound was at first ered to the house of commons by lord Cassupposed not to be mortal, but, after lan- tlereagh, on the seventeenth of July, it was guishing a short time, it terminated his ex- proposed to afford compensation to the suf istence. Holt, the last of the rebel chiefs, fering loyalists, on their claims being duly obtained the boon of his forfeited life, by verified before commissioners; and an act exiling himself for ever from his native of parliament soon after passed, under which country. the claims of the loyalists alone amounted

Thus ended the insurrection in Ireland, to upwards of a million pounds-a sum of in which it is estimated that not less than great magnitude, but, it is supposed, not thirty thousand lives were sacrificed, and equal to more than one-third of the entire property was destroyed to an amount of property destroyed by a rebellion, in supwhich it is difficult to speak with accuracy; port of which it is believed that seventy but some idea may be formed from the con- thousand men were at one time in arms. flagrations that took place in different towns,

CHAPTER XXX.

Hostile Movements of the French against Switzerland-They enter Berne, after several Contests-New Constitution—Revolution at Rome, and Subversion of the Papal Government-Grand Expedition to Egypt under Buonaparte-Malta taken-Alexandria and Rosetta subdued-Severe Engagements with the Mamelukes-Cairo taken-Victory of the Nile-New Coalition against the French-Turkey, Russia, and Naples, severally declare War against France-The Neapolitan Troops, after advancing to Rome, signally defeated, and Ferdinand IV. compelled to quit the Continent-Expedition against Ostend-Capture of Minorca-Evacuation of St. Domingo-Meeting of Parliament-Finance-Income Tax first imposed— Union with Ireland proposed-Proceedings thereon.

the Republic of Leman: the cantons of Basle, Zurich, and Soleure, followed their example; but the senates of Berne and Friburg persisted in maintaining their ancient form of government.

FRENCH MOVE AGAINST SWITZERLAND. -ENTER BERNE. NEW CONSTITUTION. ST. DOMINGO EVACUATED. THE Congress of Rastadt, in which it was proposed to discuss and settle all the disputes The management of the war being conbetween the French republic and the Ger- fided to the French general Brune, he enterman empire, assembled at this period; the ed the territories of Berne on the twentyemperor, as the head of the Germanic body, fifth of January, and published a proclamain his capacity of king of Hungary and Bo- tion, containing professions which appear to hemia, had acceded to the demands of the have been made only to be violated. Some directory, to render the Rhine the boundary unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain of the commonwealth, and surrender Ehren- a truce; but a body of the invaders, having breitstein and Mentz; and it was imagined advanced against the castle of Dornach, that the system of sacrifices and indemnities seized that little fortress, while thirteen might be speedily adjusted. But, whilst the thousand troops summoned Soleure, which French plenipotentiaries were giving the immediately opened its gates. Friburg, betmost solemn assurances that their govern- ter prepared for resistance, determined to ment panted for tranquillity, a war was sud- oppose the French; but Brune, having addenly declared against Switzerland, which, vanced at the head of a column, took it by after a peace that had lasted for ages, was assault, and on the fifth of March, after sevnow condemned to experience all the hor-eral well-contested actions, the French army rors of hostility. Towards the end of the entered Berne. The ruling families were year 1797, certain menacing demands had immediately displaced, the nature of the been made by the French directory on the government was changed, the most respectSwiss cantons, under some alleged pretexts able of the senators were sent into exile, of insults or injuries, and the government of and, although the French professed to come Berne, in particular, was accused of having in the character of protectors and deliverpublicly enrolled emigrants, and given shel- ers, the treasuries of the state were confister to French deserters. The Helvetic diet, cated, and large military contributions exassembled at Arau, showed an intention of acted for the supply of the invading army. resistance, by ordering a levy of twenty-six The directory, determined on the subjugathousand men, while the armed force of two tion of Switzerland, resolved to change the cantons, under the command of colonel de government from the federal into an united Weiss, was sent, on the fourteenth of Jan- republic, which, by means of a close and uary 1798, into the Pays de Vaud, to sup- intimate union with France, might be kept press a popular tumult, which had for its ob- in continual dependence. After some opject the establishment of a democratic gov-position from the smaller states of Uri, ernment. As soon as the French executive Schweitz, Underwalden, Glaris, and Appenlearned that Berne and Friburg had dispatch- zel, all Switzerland subscribed to the new ed a body of soldiers and a train of artillery constitution; Lucerne was chosen as the seat into the Pays de Vaud, a division of French of government; and an alliance, offensive troops just returned from Italy was put in and defensive, entered into between the motion, and general Menard appeared upon French and Helvetic republics: the French the Genevan frontier. The Vaudois in the directory, however, still continued to levy mean time adopted a democratical form of contributions and impose exactions to an government, and assumed the appellation of enormous extent.