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cation has taken place, it has been held that the will may be set up again by a species of implied republication, founded upon the destruction of the revoking instrument. As where a testator makes two wills, the latter of which is inconsistent with, or expressly revokes the former, yet if he afterwards destroy the second will, leaving the first in a perfect state, the original will is held to be set up again. And this seems to stand upon plain principles, for the first will, being ambulatory during the testator's life, is in existence without any alteration at the time when its operation is to begin, and that which was to be destructive of its operation, is out of the way at the moment when it was to have its destructive effect.

1 Glazier v. Glazier, 4 Burr. 2512.

APPENDIX

OF

THE STATUTES.

29 Car. 2. c. 3.

An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries.

FOR prevention of many fraudulent practices, which are commonly endeavoured to be upheld by perjury, and subornation of perjury; be it enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same. That, from and after the four and twentieth day of June, which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred seventy and seven, all leases, estates, interests of freehold, or terms of years, or any uncer- Parol leases and tain interest of, in, or out of any messuages, manors, hold shall have lands, tenements, or hereditaments, made or created the force of by livery and seisin only, or by parol, and not put in estates at will writing, and signed by the parties so making or only. creating the same, or their agents thereunto lawfully authorised by writing, shall have the force and effect of leases or estates at will only, and shall not either in law or equity be deemed or taken to have any other or greater force or effect; any consideration

interests of free

Except leases not exceeding three years, &c.

No leases or estates of free

for making any such parol leases or estates, or any former law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.

II. Except nevertheless all leases not exceeding the term of three years from the making thereof, whereupon the rent reserved to the landlord, during such term, shall amount unto two-third parts at the least of the full improved value of the thing demised.

III. And moreover, that no leases, estates, or inhold or copyhold terests, either of freehold, or terms of years, or any shall be granted uncertain interest, not being copyhold, or customary

or surrendered by word.

Promises and agreements by parol

interest, of, in, to, or out of any messuages, manors, lands, tenements, or hereditaments, shall at any time after the said four and twentieth day of June, be assigned, granted, or surrendered, unless it be by deed or note in writing, signed by the party so assigning, granting or surrendering the same, or their agents thereunto lawfully authorised by writing, or by act and operation of law.

IV. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, from and after the said four and twentieth day of June, no action shall be brought whereby to charge any executor or administrator upon any special promise, to answer damages out of his own estate; (2) or whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriages of another person ; (3) or to charge any person upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage; (4) or upon any contract or sale of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or any interest in or concerning them; (3) or upon any agreement that is not to be performed within the space of one year from the making thereof; (6) unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof shall be in writing, and signed by the

party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorised.

shall be in

or four witnesses

V. And be it further enacted by the authority Devises of lands aforesaid, 'That, from and after the said four and writing, and attwentieth day of June, all devises and bequests of tested by three any lands or tenements, devisable either by force of the statute of wills, or by this statute, or by force of the custom of Kent, or the custom of any borough, or any other particular custom, shall be in writing, and signed by the party so devising the same, or by some other person, in his presence, and by his express directions, and shall be attested and subscribed in the presence of the said devisor, by three or four credible witnesses, or else they shall be utterly void and of none effect.

able.

VI. And moreover, no devise in writing of lands, How the same tenements, or hereditaments, or any clause thereof, shall be revoc shall at any time after the said four and twentieth day of June, be revocable, otherwise than by some other will or codicil in writing, or other writing declaring the same, or by burning, cancelling, tearing, or obliterating the same by the testator himself, or in his presence, and by his directions and consent; (2) but all devises and bequests of lands and tenements shall remain and continue in force until the same be burnt, cancelled, torn, or obliterated, by the testator, or his directions, in manner aforesaid, or unless the same be altered by some other will or codicil in writing, or other writing of the devisor, signed in the presence of three or four witnesses, declaring the same; any former law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.

or creations of

VII. And be it further enacted by the authority All declarations aforesaid, That, from and after the said four and trusts shall be twentieth day of June, all declarations or creations in writing. of trusts or confidences, of any lands, tenements, or

Trusts arising, transferred or

implication of law, are except

ed.

hereditaments, shall be manifested and proved by some writing signed by the party who is by law enabled to declare such trust, or by his last will in writing, or else they shall be utterly void and of none effect.

VIII. Provided always, That where any conveyextinguished by ance shall be made of any lands or tenements by which a trust or confidence shall or may arise or result by the implication or construction of law, or be transferred or extinguished by an act or operation of law, then and in every such case, such trust or confidence shall be of the like force and effect as the same would have been if this statute had not been made; any thing herein-before contained to the contrary notwithstanding.

Assignments of trust shall be in writing.

Lands, &c. shall be liable to the

judgments, &c. of cestuy que

trust.

IX. And be it further enacted, That all grants and assignments of any trust or confidence, shall likewise be in writing, signed by the party granting or assigning the same by such last will or devise, or else shall likewise be utterly void, and of none effect.

X. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That from and after the said four and twentieth day of June, it shall and may be lawful for every sheriff or other officer, to whom any writ or precept is or shall be directed, at the suit of any person or persons, of, for, and upon any judgment, statute, or recognizance, hereafter to be made, or had, to do, make, and deliver execution unto the party in that behalf suing, of all such lands, tenements, rectories, tithes, rents, and hereditaments, as any other person or persons be in any manner of wise seised or possessed, or hereafter shall be seised or possessed in trust for him against whom execution is so sued, like as the sheriff or other officer might or ought to have - done, if the said party against whom execution hereafter shall be so sued, had been seised of such lands,

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