The proportion of foreign to white and free colored native, in different sections of the country, may be stated to have been as follows, in 1850:

Of the native white population, 13,103,650 still resided in, and 4,176,225 resided out of the States in which they were born. Connecticut, South Carolina and Vermont, had more than half as many native born residing in other States, as remained at home; Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee, nearly one-half, and Massachusetts, New Jersey and Maryland, about one-third. No less than 726,450 persons were living in slave-holding States, who were natives of non-slave-holding States, and 232,112 persons living in non-slave-holding States, who were natives of slave-holding States. Whilst more than one-fourth of the free persons born in the Southern States had left those States for other parts of the Union, only one-sixth had left the Eastern and Middle States, about onetenth the Southwestern, and one-fortieth the Northwestern and the Territories. The following table, taken from the Census of 1850, will explain this fact more fully :

Of the foreign white population, numbering 2,240,535 persons, in the United States, in 1850, there were from Ireland 961,719, being over forty-two per cent. of the whole number; from Germany, 583,774, being over one-fourth of the whole number; and from England, 278,675, being near one-eighth of the whole number. The Irish, German, and English, it will be thus seen, constituted considerably over two-thirds of the entire foreign population. Of the remainder, 147,711 were from British America; 70,550 from Scotland; 54,069 from France; 29,868 from Wales; 13,358 from Switzerland; 13,317 from Mexico; 12,678 from Norway; 9,848 from Holland; 5,772 from the West India Islands; 3,645 from Italy; 3,559 from Sweden; 3,113 from Spain; 1,838 from Denmark; 1,543 from South America; 1,414 from Russia; 1,313 from Belgium; 1,274 from Portugal; 946 from Austria; 758 from China; 588 from the Sandwich Islands; 141 from Central America; 106 from Turkey; 86 from Greece; 34 from Sardinia; and the balance from other countries,

and unknown. Of the immigrants who arrived in 1851 and '52, there were 278,793 Irish; 188,009 German; 59,828 English; 14,942 Scotch; 14,842 French; 10,954 Swiss; 4,720 Welsh; 4,001 Norwegian; 3,012 Hollanders; 2,938 Swedes; 976 Italians; 840 West Indian; 557 Belgians; 728 Spaniards; 341 South American; 328 Poles; and the remainder in small numbers from other countries. During the first six months of 1855, there arrived at New York 69,476 immigrants, 22,801 of whom were Irish, and 26,824 German.

But few of the Irish appear to be engaged in agricultural pursuits; they are chiefly in the commercial and manufacturing States. 961,719 in the country in 1850, there then were 857,345 residents in the free States and Territories, being about 88 per cent. of the whole number; and of those there were 196,609 in the manufacturing States of New England, being 23 per cent. of the number in the free States. In the commercial and manufacturing States of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, there were 525,926, being within a fraction over 61 per cent. of the number in the free States, and leaving but 134,810 scattered over the agricultural States and Territories of the West and Northwest, being only about 16 per cent. of the number in the free States and Territories, and the greater portion of those were probably engaged as laborers on canals and railroads. Of those in the slave States, numbering 104,374, there were 70,200 in the States of Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri and Virginia, being 69 per cent. of those in the slave States.

So with the English; they, too, were mainly in the Eastern, Middle and Northwestern States. Only 25,575 of the whole number were in the slave States, 19,211 of whom were in the States of Virginia, Maryland, Louisiana, Missouri, Kentucky and Texas. Those in the free States numbered 253,100, of which number 31,240 were in the New England States, being 12 per cent. of the number in the free States; 134,245 in the Middle States of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, being 53 per cent.; 87,615 in the Western and Northwestern States, being only 35 per cent., of which number 25,660 were alone in Ohio.

The Germans were found in greater numbers in the agricultural States, and but comparatively few of them in New England. Of the number in the country, 456,439 were in the non-slave-holding States, and only 127,335 in the slave States. Of those in the free States, only about 7,000 were in the six New England States, being but one out of every sixty-six of their number in the free States. In the Middle States of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, there were 210,360, being over 46 per cent. of the number in the free States; in New York alone, there were 120,609, being near one-fourth; and in the Western and Northwestern States and Territories about 240,000, being over 50 per cent., of which 112,022 were in Ohio. Of the 127,335 in the slave States,

of whom 58,854 were in the States of Missouri and Kentucky, being nearly one-half of those in the slave States.

The Hollanders, Norwegians, Swiss and Swedes, were principally in the agricultural States and Territories in the West and Northwest. Twothirds of the Norwegians were in Wisconsin, and one-fifth in Illinois; one-third of the Swedes were in Illinois; one-fourth of the Swiss in Ohio, and one-third in Illinois and Wisconsin; and about two-thirds of the Hollanders were in Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin and New York. The French were principally in New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Ohio. One-half of the Mexicans were in California, one-third in Texas, and onetenth in New Mexico. Of 30,000 Welsh, 25,000 were in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Wisconsin. One-third of the Scotch were in New York, one-tenth in Pennsylvania, and about one-seventh in the New England States.

That a large part of the foreign born population resides in the cities and towns, may readily be perceived by examining the following table, showing the number of inhabitants, native and foreign, of the cities therein named:

It will be thus seen, that almost one-third of the entire foreign population in the country resided in the twenty cities named in the foregoing table, while they contained but about the fifteenth part of the native population of the United States. Of the 1,924,011 foreigners in the nonslave-holding States, 542,832 were in the cities named in the table; and of the 316,673 in the slave States, 150,64 were in the Southern cities named in the same table.

It will be seen, also, that of the foreign population of the New England States, there were in the cities of Boston, Providence, Portland, and New Haven, no less than 63,555, being over 20 per cent. of the whole number in these States. In the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Newark, and Albany, there were 386,345, being 38 per cent. of the foreign population of the three Middle States of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

In Cincinnati, Chicago, Detroit, and Milwaukie, there were 92,932, being 17 per cent. of their number in the Western and Northwestern States, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. In the cities of St. Louis and Louisville, there were 50,858, being 43 per cent. of the number in the Southwestern States of Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas. In the cities of Baltimore, Richmond, Charleston, Mobile, and New Orleans, there were 94,924, being 54 per cent. of those in the Southern Atlantic States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana.

An examination of the Census returns of 1850, will disclose these facts. That near 40 per cent. of the foreign population then in the State of New York, resided in the cities of New York and Albany; that over one-fourth of those in Massachusetts were in Boston; that there were 40 per cent. of those in Rhode Island, in Providence; that about one-sixth of those in Connecticut, resided in the cities of Hartford and New Haven; that the city of Newark alone had one-fifth of those in New Jersey; and Philadelphia about 40 per cent. of those in Pennsylvania. So in the Southern States. Mobile had about 60 per cent. of the foreign population of Alabama; New Orleans, over 70 per cent. of those in Louisiana; Savannah, about 37 per cent. of those in Georgia; Charleston, considerably over one-half of those in South Carolina; Louisville, near 40 per cent. of those in Kentucky; St. Louis, over one-half of those in Missouri; Nashville and Memphis, over 40 per cent. of those in Tennessee; Baltimore, about 67 per cent. of those in Maryland; and Wilmington, about one-third of those in Delaware. And the same may be said of the Western States. Of those in Ohio, over one-fourth were in Cincinnati; of those in Illinois, over one-eighth in Chicago; of those in Michigan, about one-sixth in Detroit; and of those in Wisconsin, over one-ninth in Milwaukie.

A still further and more minute examination of the Census statistics of 1850, will disclose the fact, that of the 196,609 born in Ireland, residing in the New England States, there were over one-fourth of them in the cities of Boston, Portland, Providence, Portsmouth, Hartford, New Haven, and Manchester; of the 525,926 residing in the States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 224,685 of them were in the cities. of New York, Philadelphia, Newark and Albany, being over 40 per cent.; and of those in the other non-slave-holding States, numbering 134,810, there were 26,594 in the cities of Cincinnati, Chicago, Detroit, and Milwaukie. Of the 104,374 in the slave States, 50,062 were in the cities. of New Orleans, Baltimore, Charleston, Louisville, Savannah, Nashville, Memphis, Richmond, St. Louis, Washington, and Wilmington.

Of those from Ireland, residing in Massachusetts, nearly one-third

were in Boston; of those in Maine, one-sixth were in Portland; of those in Rhode Island, about one-half were in Providence; of those in Connecticut, one-fifth were in Hartford and New Haven; of those in New York, over 40 per cent. were in New York and Albany; of those in New Jersey, over one-sixth were in Newark; of those in Pennsylvania, nearly one-half were in Philadelphia; of those in Ohio, over one-fourth were in Cincinnati; of those in Illinois, near one-fourth were in Chicago; of those in Missouri, over two-thirds were in St. Louis; of those in Michigan, near one-fourth were in Detroit; of those in Maryland, almost twothirds were in Baltimore; of those in Louisiana, over 80 per cent. were in New Orleans; of those in South Carolina, over one-half were in Charleston; of those in Alabama, two-thirds were in Mobile; of those in Kentucky, one-third were in Louisville; of those in Tennessee, nearly one-half in Nashville and Memphis; and of those in Georgia, one-half in Savannah.

The Germans in the New England and Middle States were also principally in the cities and towns. Of the 7,000 in New England, about 2,500 were in the cities of Boston, Hartford, New Haven, Providence, Portland, and Portsmouth; of the 210,360 in the Middle States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 85,859 were in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Albany, and Newark; of those in the free States of the west, about one-fifth were in the cities of Cincinnati, Chicago, Detroit, and Milwaukie ; and of the 127,335 in the slave-holding States, over one-half were in the cities of Baltimore, Richmond, Washington, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, New Orleans, St. Louis, Louisville, Memphis, and Nashville. Of those in Massachusetts, over 40 per cent. were in Boston; of those in New York, about one-half were in New York city and Albany; of those in New Jersey, about one-third were in Newark; of those in Pennsylvania, about 30 per cent. were in Philadelphia; of those in Ohio, about 30 per cent. were in Cincinnati; of those in Illinois, about one-seventh were in Chicago; of those in Missouri, about one-half were in St. Louis; of those in Maryland, over two-thirds were in Baltimore; and of those in Kentucky, over one-half were in Louisville; of those in Louisiana, near two-thirds were in New Orleans.

The English, Welsh and Scotch, were chiefly in the cities and towns. One-twelfth of the whole number of English and Welsh, and one-tenth of the Scotch, were in New York city.

The French, Spanish and Italians, were also chiefly in the cities and towns. Considerably over one-fourth of the French were in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. There were 1,150 Spaniards in New Orleans, 303 in New York, 291 in Philadelphia, 144 in Mobile: making an aggregate in these four cities of 1,888, and considerably over one-half of the whole number in the country. Of the Italians, 708 were