Haney's phonographic handbook. (1867.) Alex. F. Roy. 1876.

For the following authors and works it is impossible to assign definite

SHORTHAND IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-The Chamber of Deputies was officially reported by means of stenography in 1831, and two years later instruction in the art under Government authority was given. The system of Marti in a modified form is used by some of the stenographers in the Senate, but most of these and all the reporters in the Chamber use Isaac Pitman's phonography, as adapted to the Spanish language by Guillermo Parody. The system of Garriga y Marill is used to a limited extent. An adaptation of Gabelsberger's system by Johann Neumeier has been printed at Buenos Ayres and instruction is given by its translator at the Colegio Nuevo. Phonography is taught in several schools in Buenos Ayres and at the Colegio Nacional and the Colegio de Salvador.

AUSTRALIA.-The Gurney system is used by Mr. Bell, the government shorthand writer at Melbourne, and by his staff, but Isaac Pitman's phonography is principally used in Australia. The Victorian Hansard staff consists of four stenographers.

AUSTRIA.-Carl Weizmann, secretary of the Gabelsberger Stenografen-Central-Verein of Vienna, has furnished the following state

ment:

In Austria the system of Franz Xavier Gabelsberger (born February 9, 1789, in Munich, where he died January 4, 1849) is used almost exclusively; the system of Carl Faulmann (Vienna), published in 1875, is in general a combination of the Gabelsberger and Stolze elements, scarcely known in Austria and very little in Vienna. The original system of Gabelsberger is exclusively taught in public schools for the following languages: German, Italian, Czechish, Polish, Ruthenian, Slavonian, aud Croatian, and is used exclusively in the legislative bodies--"the council of the realm and the delegations,”—and in the seventeen provincial diets for the official stenographic records. In the courts of justice the use of shorthand for official matter is limited, and only in some cases where complainants or defendants make a special request and pay the expenses of the same, a stenographical reproduction is ordered by the court. If the appointed stenographer takes an oath, his protocol is considered as an official paper. Many officers of the court-house use stenography in their own work, as most of them have studied the Gabelsberger system in the middle schools. An extensive use is made of shorthand (with few exceptions the Gabelsberger system) at public and private assemblies, congresses, etc.; in newspaper offices, by the editor, and for writing reports; in the offices of attorneys and notaries; by authors and in commercial business. In the latter a thorough knowledge of stenography is made conditional for appointment.

Of late, shorthand has been used much in connection with telephonic communication. The telephone operator, who fastens the ear-piece to a helmet, takes down the message in shorthand, by means of which much time is saved as well as expense. For the instruction at schools only the Gabelsberger system is permitted. For a period of forty years this system has been taught at Gymnasia, Real-schools, Real-gymnasia, commercial schools, and superior schools (universities, technical high schools, and agricultural schools). The teaching of stenography was introduced by the Government; it is not obligatory, but the teachers are obliged to pass an examination before the board of commissioners appointed by the state. Such authorities were appointed in Vienna (1860); Prague (1865); Innsbruck (1860); Graetz (1877); and Lemberg (1885).