In Graetz and Innsbruck one can also take an examination for shorthand in the Italian language; in Prague, in Czechish; and in Lemberg, in Polish and Ruthenian. More than five hundred teachers passed a State examination in Austria, among whom were four ladies. The Gabelsberger stenography is also taught in military institutions by examined teachers. From June, 1888, to June, 1889, at 220 public institutions in Austria, more than 12,000 pupils were taught the Gabelsberger system, 4,000 of whom belong to Vienna. Of this number the larger proportion (8,800) belong to German institutions and 3,000 to the Czechish schools. In Austria there are at present 85 stenographic societies with 4,500 members; among these, 8 Czechish and 2 Italian societies follow the Gabelsberger system, and they taught in the year 1888-'89 about 3,200 pupils. The oldest society in existence is the Gabelsberger Stenographic Central Society established in Vienna in 1849. Faulmann's system is furthered by 5 societies, consisting of 400 to 500 members, who teach in private courses. We have no reliable statisties at hand relative to the diffusion of this system. One of the most important stenographic journals of the Gabelsberger system, is that published by the Stenographic Central Society in Vienna, "Oesterreichische Blätter für Stenografie," with the supplement "Lesehalle" and "Militär-Stenografie." Altogether there appear 10 Gabelsberger journals in Austria, of which 7 are German and 3 Czechish; and 3 small journals for the Faulmann system.

Of the literary publications for the Gabelsberger system, recently published in Austria, should be mentioned: Text-book and reader, by Franz Scheller; reader, by Carl Engelhard; text-book and reader and list of abbreviations, by Josef Schiff; text-book and reader, guide-book for reading and list of abbreviations, by Vincenz Zrvierzina; "Pearls of Stenography," by stenographical societies in Sternberg; a pocket book, with key and list of abbreviations, published by the Vienna Central Society and edited by Carl Weizmann; text-books by Conn, Kühnalt, Heinrich Zeplichall, Markovitz, Faulmann. For Faulmann's system: Text-books, by Faulmann and Kramsall. The German Gabelsberger stenographical societies of Austria belong nearly all to the "Deutscher Gabelsberger Stenografen-Bund" (Union of German Gabelsberger Stenographers), which comprises most of the German societies in Europe and America using the Gabelsberger system. Nearly all the Austrian Gabelsberger societies belong to the union of stenographers, and there are besides societies which teach the Gabelsberger system in lower Austria, upper Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia.

BAVARIA.-Gabelsberger's system has been taught in the high schools since 1854. Teachers paid by the Government are engaged at some colleges.

BELGIUM.-M. Edouard Lacomblé, stenographic reviser of the senate and chief stenographer of the chamber of representatives, writes as foliows:

Shorthand writers are employed in the Belgian Chambers to report the debates. In the Chamber of Representatives there are eight stenographers, including the chef of the service, who takes his share of the work. There is also an extra stenographer who fills the place of anyone who is temporarily absent through illness or any other cause. The minimum salary is 4,000 francs a year, the medium 5,200 francs, the maximum 6,400 francs; the chef receives 7,000 francs a year. In the Senate there are six stenographers and a chef who revises the reports; they receive from 1,200 to 2,500 francs, and the chef 4,200 francs a year. The engagements are permanent. Stenographers are also employed in the provincial councils and in the common council of the principal towns and communes.

There are no official.shorthand writers in the law courts; when parties wish to have the report of the evidence or debate, which only occurs in cases of great importance, they generally apply to parliamentary stenographers.

SHORTHANd in foreign COUNTRIES.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-The Chamber of Deputies was officially reported by means of stenography in 1831, and two years later instruetion in the art under Government authority was given. The system of Marti in a modified form is used by some of the stenographers in the Senate, but most of these and all the reporters in the Chamber use Isaac Pitman's phonography, as adapted to the Spanish language by Guillermo Parody. The system of Garriga y Marill is used to a limited extent. An adaptation of Gabelsberger's system by Johann Neumeier has been printed at Buenos Ayres and instruction is given by its translator at the Colegio Nuevo. Phonography is taught in several schools in Buenos Ayres and at the Colegio Nacional and the Colegio de Salvador.

AUSTRALIA.-The Gurney system is used by Mr. Bell, the government shorthand writer at Melbourne, and by his staff, but Isaac Pitman's phonography is principally used in Australia. The Victorian Hansard staff consists of four stenographers.

AUSTRIA.-Carl Weizmann, secretary of the Gabelsberger Stenografen-Central-Verein of Vienna, has furnished the following state

ment:

In Austria the system of Franz Xavier Gabelsberger (born February 9, 1789, in Munich, where he died January 1, 1849) is used almost exclusively; the system of Carl Faulmann (Vienna), published in 1875, is in general a combination of the Gabelsberger and Stolze elements, scarcely known in Austria and very little in Vienna. The original system of Gabelsberger is exclusively taught in public schools for the following languages: German, Italian, Czechish, Polish, Ruthenian, Slavonian, and Croatian, and is used exclusively in the legislative bodies-“the council of the realm and the delegations,”—and in the seventeen provincial diets for the official stenographic records. In the courts of justice the use of shorthand for official matter is limited, and only in some cases where complainants or defendants make a special request and pay the expenses of the same, a stenographical reproduction is ordered by the court. If the appointed stenographer takes an oath, his protocol is considered as an official paper. Many officers of the court-house use stenography in their own work, as most of them have studied the Gabelsberger system in the middle schools. An extensive use is made of shorthand (with few exceptions the Gabelsberger system) at public and private assemblies, congresses, etc.; in newspaper offices, by the editor, and for writing reports; in the offices of attorneys and notaries; by authors and in commercial business. In the latter a thorough knowledge of stenography is made conditional for appointment.

Of late, shorthand has been used much in connection with telephonic communication. The telephone operator, who fastens the ear-piece to a helmet, takes down the message in shorthand, by means of which much time is saved as well as expense. For the instruction at schools only the Gabelsberger system is permitted. For a period of forty years this system has been taught at Gymnasia, Real-schools, Real-gymnasia, commercial schools, and superior schools (universities, technical high schools, aud agricultural schools). The teaching of stenography was introduced by the Government; it is not obligatory, but the teachers are obliged to pass an examination before the board of commissioners appointed by the state. Such authorities were appointed in Vienna (1860); Prague (1865); Innsbruck (1860); Graetz (1877); and Lemberg (1885).

In Graetz and Innsbruck one can also take an examination for shorthand in the Italian language; in Prague, in Czechish; and in Lemberg, in Polish and Ruthenian. More than five hundred teachers passed a State examination in Austria, among whom were four ladies. The Gabelsberger stenography is also taught in military institutions by examined teachers. From June, 1888, to June, 1889, at 220 public institutions in Austria, more than 12,000 pupils were taught the Gabelsberger system, 4,000 of whom belong to Vienna. Of this number the larger proportion (8,800) belong to German institutions and 3,000 to the Czechish schools. In Austria there are at present 85 stenographic societies with 4,500 members; among these, 8 Czechish and 2 Italian societies follow the Gabelsberger system, and they taught in the year 1888-'89 about 3,200 pupils. The oldest society in existence is the Gabelsberger Stenographic Central Society established in Vienna in 1849. Faulmann's system is furthered by 5 societies, consisting of 400 to 500 members, who teach in private courses. We have no reliable statistics at hand relative to the diffusion of this system. One of the most important stenographic journals of the Gabelsberger system, is that published by the Stenographic Central Society in Vienna, "Oesterreichische Blätter für Stenografie," with the supplement "Lesehalle" and "Militär-Stenografie." Altogether there appear 10 Gabelsberger journals in Austria, of which 7 are German and 3 Czechish; and 3 small journals for the Faulmann system.

Of the literary publications for the Gabelsberger system, recently published in Austria, should be mentioned: Text-book and reader, by Franz Scheller; reader, by Carl Engelhard; text-book and reader and list of abbreviations, by Josef Schiff; text-book and reader, guide-book for reading and list of abbreviations, by Vincenz Zrvierzina; "Pearls of Stenography," by stenographical societies in Sternberg; a pocket book, with key and list of abbreviations, published by the Vienna Central Society and edited by Carl Weizmann; text-books by Conn, Kühnalt, Heinrich Zeplichall, Markovitz, Faulmann. For Faulmann's system: Text-books, by Faulmann and Kramsall. The German Gabelsberger stenographical societies of Austria belong nearly all to the "Deutscher Gabelsberger Stenografen-Bund” (Union of German Gabelsberger Stenographers), which comprises most of the German societies in Europe and America using the Gabelsberger system. Nearly all the Austrian Gabelsberger societies belong to the union of stenographers, and there are besides societies which teach the Gabelsberger system in lower Austria, upper Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia.

BAVARIA.—Gabelsberger's system has been taught in the high schools since 1854. Teachers paid by the Government are engaged at some colleges.

BELGIUM.-M. Edouard Lacomblé, stenographic reviser of the senate and chief stenographer of the chamber of representatives, writes as foliows:

Shorthand writers are employed in the Belgian Chambers to report the debates. In the Chamber of Representatives there are eight stenographers, including the chef of the service, who takes his share of the work. There is also an extra stenographer who fills the place of anyone who is temporarily absent through illness or any other cause. The minimum salary is 4,000 francs a year, the medium 5,200 francs, the maximum 6,400 francs; the chef receives 7,000 francs a year. In the Senate there are six stenographers and a chef who revises the reports; they receive from 1,200 to 2,500 francs, and the chef 4,200 francs a year. The engagements are permanent. Stenographers are also employed in the provincial councils and in the common council of the principal towns and communes.

There are no official.shorthand writers in the law courts; when parties wish to have the report of the evidence or debate, which only occurs in cases of great importance, they generally apply to parliamentary stenographers.

The system most generally used is Prévost's; Duploye's is also used, but by a very few.

Shorthand is not taught in the public schools. As to the free schools, there are perhaps some where shorthand is taught as a supplementary and optional branch, but no practitioners are known to have been taught in them. Pupils are either self'taught or instructed by members of the profession.

We do not know of any shorthand magazines or stenographic societies. In fact, shorthand is but little used in Belgium, except in the Houses of Parliament and public assemblies.

BRAZIL.—Manuel José Pereira da Silva Velho issued in 1852 a system of stenography and later brought out several other works on this subject. Marti's system is also used; an adaptation of Gabelsberger's system has been issued at Rio de Janeiro by Director Niemeyer, and the system of Taylor has been published by José Nunes Garcia.

The proceedings of the Senate are now reported by contract with the Government and published in the Correio Mercantil, a daily newspaper. For many years the Jornal do Commercio held this contract, but now reports and publishes only the proceedings of the Chamber of Deputies. Five shorthand writers are employed in the Chamber of Deputies, while a single stenographer does the reporting of the Senate.

BULGARIA.-Herr P. Konstantinoff, stenographer and teacher of shorthand in the Classic Gymnasium at Sophia, makes the following statement:

The present position of shorthand in Bulgaria is encouraging. It is only ten years since it was introduced in the principality. Its future is promising and it is in a much more forward state here than in any other neighboring country. During the last two years it has made great progress, having been introduced into practice in more branches of the Government and having been taught in many more educational institutions. From 1879 to 1884 shorthand was taught by Prof. Antoin Bezenšek in the Gymnasium in Sophia and in special shorthand courses conducted in the building of the National Assembly. During 1885 and 1886 the same professor taught a great many students from the Gymnasium in Philippopolis. During 1887 the art was taught in Philippopolis, Sophia, in special courses by the shorthand society in Kazanluk and in a Bulgarian school in Constantinople. At present there are 140 pupils in Philippopolis, 128 in Sophia, and 50 in Kazanluk. The teacher in Philippopolis is Prof. Bezenšek; in Sophia, Herr Konstantinoff, and in Kazaniuk, Herr Krustaff.

After the inauguration of the constitution of the principality, the need of shorthand was felt. In consequence the first Bulgarian ministry sent for Prof. A. Bezenšek from Austria to practice and teach it in Bulgaria. He introduced the Gabelsberger shorthand in taking the reports with Mr. Proshek of the first regular National Assembly, held in 1879. In the following year they practiced it in the second assembly. In 1881 the constitution being suspended, shorthand was not practiced in national assemblies, but it was used in many other cases, for instance, in many criminal cases and in copying medical and liberal lectures delivered in Sophia. Many of the proceedings of the Roumelian assemblies were taken in shorthand by Prof. Bezenšek and his pupils. From 1884 to 1890 shorthand in the national assemblies in Sophia has been used exclusively by Bulgarians. At present the shorthand bureau of the national assembly consists of five shorthand writers and five assistants. Shorthand has not been introduced yet into the courts. In addition to the cases mentioned above it has been used in copying addresses deiivered in favor of

the union of Bulgaria and Roumelia, of the thousand years' jubilee of the slavic teachers Cyril and Methodii, etc., and on many other occasions. We can enumerate over ten different literary productions on the art published at different times by dif ferent authors. Two or three of them are journals, some of the rest arc text-books on shorthand, some contain lectures on the subject, and some different accounts relating to shorthand matters. A shorthand association was formed by the enterprise of the National Assembly stenographers during November, 1886. Its object is the extension and perfection of Bulgarian shorthand after the system of Gabelsberger. The association is under the patronage of the ministry of public instruction and has opened special courses for the study of the art and begun the publication of a stenographic journal. In the beginning the association had twelve regular members and one honorary member. On April 13, 1887, the number of its members amounted to eighteen. By March 20, 1888, the revenues of the association were 791 francs and the expenses 743 francs. During the first half of 1889 the members numbered twenty-five. On account, however, of the uncertain condition through which Bulgaria is passing and which is pressing quite harmfully upon social life, the association has suspended its meetings for the present. On its part the Government has done its best to help and encourage the shorthand art.

CANADA.-Shorthand is very largely employed in law, mercantile, and railway offices, and its field is constantly increasing. Pitman's phonography is mainly used.

DENMARK.-Gabelsberger's system was adapted to the Danish language by D. Dessau and published in 1853. Paludan and Dessau, in 1850, began reporting the proceedings of Parliament, each with a corps of eight assistants.

Mr. Dessau, the director of the Parliament Office, writes that his translation of Gabelsberger is now used in the Rigsdagen, and that under his management sixteen stenographic assistants and four revisors are at present engaged in reporting the parliamentary proceedings. During the year of 1888-'89 Dessau gave instruction to seventy-five persons, including five women, at the training school for parliamentary stenographers, conducted at Government expense, and to twenty-seven others at the Naval Officers' School. Instruction in shorthand was also given by other teachers to ninety-five persons, including thirty-nine women, in three private schools. The only shorthand society in Denmark is the Danish Gabelsberger Stenographic Society. No shorthand journals are published.

ENGLAND. Mr. Gurney-Salter states that the journals of the House of Lords record that in 1699 a shorthand writer was called in to take notes of what took place in a divorce bill. This was followed by a similar proceeding in the case of another bill in 1700. In 1789 the House of Commons during the Warren-Hastings trial called the shorthand writer to the bar and required him to read from his notes the exact words used by Mr. Burke. In 1802 shorthand writers were employed by act of Parliament for recording evidence in election committees and the following year the report of a select committee of the House of Commons stated that this use of shorthand had expedited business and decreased expense.

The proceedings of Parliament have been reported semi-officially and