Whenever there is fog, whether by day or night, the Fog Signals described below shall be carried and used, and shall be sounded at least every 5 minutes-viz. :

(a.) Steam-ships under weigh shall use a Steam Whistle, placed before the funnel, not less than 8 feet from the deck. (b.) Sailing-ships under weigh shall use a Fog Horn.

(c.) Steam-ships and sailing-ships when not under weigh shall use a Bell.

STEERING AND SAILING RULES.-Two Sailing-ships Meeting. -XI. If two sailing-ships are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Two Sailing-ships Crossing.-XII. When two sailing-ships are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, then, if they have the wind on different sides, the ship with the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the ship with the wind on the starboard side, except in the case in which the ship with the wind on the port side is close hauled and the other ship free, in which case the latter ship shall keep out of the way; but if they have the wind on the same side, or if one of them has the wind aft, the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the ship which is to leeward.

Two Ships under Steam Meeting.-XIII. If 2 ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Two Ships under Steam Crossing.-XIV. If 2 ships under steam are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the ship which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way

of the other.

Sailing-ship and Ship under Steam.-XV. If 2 ships, one of which is a sailing-ship, and the other a steam-ship, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam-ship shall keep out of the way of the sailing-ship.

Ships under Steam to slacken Speed.-XVI. Every steam-ship when approaching another ship so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse; and every steam-ship shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate speed.

Vessels overtaking other Vessels.-XVII. Every vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the said lastmentioned vessel.

Construction of Articles XII, XIV, XV, and XVII-XVIII. Where by the above Rules one of two ships is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course, subject to the qualifications contained in the following Article:

Proviso to save Special Cases.-XIX. In obeying and construing these rules, due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation; and due regard must also be had to any special circum

stances which may exist in any particular case rendering a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

No Ship, under any circumstances, to neglect proper precautions. -XX. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any ship, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper look-out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

GERMANY.

BRITISH TREASURYWARRANT, fixing the Rates of Postage on Letters transmitted to or from the German Postal Union, or through the German Postal Union, to or from Foreign Countries and British Colonies; and on Newspapers or Books, &c., transmitted between the United Kingdom and British Colonies, and Foreign Countries in Europe and beyond Sea, viâ Prussia or Turkey. November 5, 1862.

*

WHEREAS by an Act of Parliament, made and passed in the session of Parliament holden in the 3rd and 4th years of the reign of Her Majesty, for the regulation of the duties of postage, power is given to the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury from time to time, by Warrant under their hands, to alter and fix any of the rates of British postage, or inland postage, payable by law on the transmission by the post of Foreign or Colonial letters or newspapers, or of any other printed papers, and to subject the same to rates of postage according to the weight thereof, and a scale of weight to be contained in such Warrant, and from time to time, by Warrant as aforesaid, to alter or repeal any such altered rates, and make and establish any new and other rates in lieu thereof, and from time to time, by Warrant as aforesaid, to appoint at what time the rates which may be payable are to be paid, and it is provided that the power thereby given should extend to any increase, or reduction, or remission of postage.

And whereas further powers are given to the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, by another Act made and passed in the session of Parliament holden in the 10th and 11th years of the reign of Her Majesty,† for giving further facilities for the transmission of letters by post, and for the regulating the duties of postage thereon, and for other purposes relating to the PostOffice.

* See Vol. 5, Page 248.

† See Vol. 8, Page 247.

And whereas certain powers are also given to the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, by another Act passed in the 18th year of the reign of Her Majesty, for amending the laws relating to the stamp duties on newspapers, and for providing for the transmission by post of printed periodical publications.

And whereas the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, by certain Warrants in writing under their hands, relating to the transmission by the post of letters and newspapers and other printed papers between the Kingdom of Prussia and other States of the German Postal Union and the United Kingdom, and between other countries and places through Prussia and other States of the German Postal Union and the United Kingdom respectively, and bearing date respectively the 16th lay of December, 1846,† the 22nd day of February, 1847,† the 19th day of July, 1852,† the 19th day of September, 1855,† the 16th day of December, 1856,† the 27th day of June, 1859,§ the 20th day of February, 1862, the 25th day of March, 1862,§ and the 14th day of April, 1862,‡ did make and give certain orders, directions, and regulations relating to the transmission by the post of such letters and newspapers and other printed papers respectively.

And whereas a Convention hath been lately made and entered into between the General Post Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the General Post Office of Prussia, acting on behalf of the German Postal Union, for the purpose of regulating the communications by post between the United Kingdom and certain States of the German Postal Union, and it is expedient for the better carrying out of the same that the said recited Warrants of the several dates hereinbefore mentioned should be respectively repealed, and that certain other regulations should be made in the manner hereinafter mentioned.

Now we, the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, in exercise of the powers reserved to us in and by the said hereinbefore recited Acts of Parliament, and every of them and of all other powers enabling us in this behalf, do by this Warrant (under the hands of 2 of us, the said Commissioners, by the authority of the statute in that case made and provided) order and direct as follows:

1. The said recited Warrants bearing date respectively the 16th day of December, 1846, the said 22nd day of February, 1847, the said 19th day of July, 1852, the said 19th day of September, 1855, the said 16th day of December, 1856, the said 27th day of June, 1859, the said 20th day of February, 1862, the said 25th day of March, 1862, and the said 14th day of April, 1862,and respectively relating to the transmission of letters and newspapers and other * See Vol. 10, page 320.

+ Repealed. See Vol. 10, PRUSSIA (Index), page 1,162.

Amended by Post-office order, October 30, and repealed by Warrant, November 5, 1862.

§ Repealed by Warrant, November 5, 1862.

VOL XI.

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printed papers between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Postal Union, and between other countries and places through Prussia and the German Postal Union and the United Kingdom, be and the same are hereby repealed, revoked, and annulled, and that the several orders, directions, regulations, and rates of postage therein mentioned and set forth shall wholly cease and determine, except so far as the said recited Warrants shall respectively repeal, revoke, or annul any other Warrants, or any orders, directions, regulations, or rates of postage therein mentioned and set forth, which said several last mentioned Warrants, orders, directions, regulations, or rates of postage shall remain repealed, revoked, and annulled, as if this present Warrant had not been made or signed.

2. On every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight, posted in the United Kingdom, addressed to any place within the States of the German Postal Union, and on every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight, posted in any place within the States of the German Postal Union, addressed to any place within the United Kingdom, the said respective letters being conveyed between the United Kingdom and Belgium by packet-boat, there shall be charged, taken, and paid, an uniform rate of British postage of 2 pence, if such respective letters be prepaid, and if such respective letters be not prepaid, an uniform rate of British postage of 3 pence.

3. On every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight posted in the United Kingdom, addressed to any place in any Foreign country, transmitted between the United Kingdom and such Foreign country through any part of the German Postal Union, and on every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight, posted in any Foreign country, addressed to any place in the United Kingdom, transmitted between such Foreign country and the United Kingdom through any part of the German Postal Union, the said respective letters being conveyed between the United Kingdom and Belgium by packet-boat, there shall be charged, taken, and paid, an uniform rate of British postage of 23 pence, if such respective letters be prepaid, and if such respective letters be not prepaid, an uniform rate of British postage of 3 pence.

4. On every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight, posted in any place within the States of the German Postal Union, or posted in any Foreign country, and forwarded through the German Postal Union, addressed to any of Her Majesty's Colonies or any Foreign country, transmitted by the post between the German Postal Union and any of Her Majesty's Colonies or any Foreign country through the United Kingdom, and on every letter not exceeding an ounce in weight, posted in any of Her Majesty's Colonies or any Foreign country, addressed to any place within the States of the German Postal Union, or any Foreign country, and forwarded through the German Postal Union transmitted by the

post between any of Her Majesty's Colonies or any Foreign country and the German Postal Union through the United Kingdom, the said respective letters being conveyed between the United Kingdom and Belgium by packet-boat, there shall be charged, taken, and paid, an uniform rate of British postage of 2 pence, if such respective letters be prepaid, and if such respective letters be not prepaid, an uniform rate of British postage of 3 pence; and also such a further or additional rate of British postage for the conveyance of every such letter between the port in the United Kingdom of the departure or arrival of the packet or ship conveying the same, and the Colony or Foreign country to or from which the same shall be forwarded, as shall, from time to time, be charged and payable for British postage on letters not exceeding an ounce in weight posted or delivered at the port in the United Kingdom of the departure or arrival of the packet or ship conveying the same, and transmitted direct between such port and any such Colony or Foreign country; provided that in all cases where such additional rate includes both inland and sea services, there shall be deducted therefrom the sum of 1 penny in respect of the inland conveyance, under this clause, of every such letter sent through the United Kingdom.

5. On every letter transmitted, as is hereinbefore in this Warrant mentioned, exceeding an ounce in weight, there shall be charged, taken, and paid progressive and additional rates of postage, according to the scale of weight and number of rates of postage, that is to say:

On every such letter so transmitted, exceeding an ounce in weight, and not exceeding 1 ounce in weight, 2 rates of postage. On every such letter so transmitted, exceeding 1 ounce, and not exceeding 2 ounces in weight, 4 rates of postage.

On every such letter so transmitted, exceeding 2 ounces, and not exceeding 3 ounces in weight, 6 rates of postage.

And for every ounce in weight, of any such letter, above the weight of 3 ounces, there shall be charged, taken, and paid, 2 additional rates of postage, and every fractional part of such additional ounce shall be charged as an additional ounce in weight; and each progressive and additional rate chargeable under this clause, shall be estimated and charged at the sum which any such letter would be charged with under this Warrant, if not exceeding an ounce in weight.

6. If any letter shall be posted in the United Kingdom, addressed to any place within the States of the German Postal Union, or if any letter shall be posted in any place within the States of the German Postal Union, addressed to the United Kingdom, and the value of the postage stamp or stamps affixed thereto shall be less in amount than the rate of postage to which such letter would be liable under or by virtue of this Warrant, every such letter shall be forwarded charged with the amount of the difference between