EXPERT WITNESSES The following individuals served as Expert Witnesses to the Trade and Environment Committee, National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology, during 1991-1992: Matthew Arnold. President, Management Institute for Environment and Business Timothy Atkeson. Assistant Administrator, Office of International Activities, EPA Norman Bailey. President, Norman A. Bailey, Inc. Donald Barnes. Director, Science Advisory Board, EPA Daniel Brinza⚫ Senior Counsel for Natural Resources, USTR Edith Brown-Weiss. Former Associate General Counsel, International Activities Division, EPA Steve Charnovitz. Consultant, Competitiveness Policy Council David Cheney. Senior Associate, Council on Competitiveness Paul Cough. Office of International Activities, EPA Richard Eglin⚫ Technical Barriers to Trade Division, GATT Secretariat Dan Esty. Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, EPA John Jackson. Professor, University of Michigan Law School Richard Johnson • Attorney, Arnold and Porter Peter Lallas. Office of General Counsel, EPA Daniel Magraw • Associate General Counsel, International Activities Division, EPA Jacques Miramon⚫ OECD Trade Directorate Charles Pearson. Professor, School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University Annie Petsonk. Office of Intellectual Property and the Environment, USTR Gareth Porter. Director, International Programs, Environmental and Energy Study Institute Robert Repetto. Senior Economist, World Resources Institute Anya Schoolman⚫ Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, EPA Jeffrey Schott. Senior Fellow, Institute for International Economics Ambassador Sally Shelton-Colby⚫ Professor, Georgetown University Ambassador Michael B. Smith. President, SJS Strategies Carmen Suro-Bredie⚫ Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Intellectual Property and the Environment, USTR Gary Stanley. Gary Stanley PC Durwood Zaelke. President, Center for International Environmental Law Trade, Environment, and the Pursuit Stewart Hudson TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS During the 20 years since the first Earth Day, in 1970, the world lost nearly 200 million hectares more than inhabited the planet in 1900. And the world's farmers lost an estimated 480 The painful litany of problems cited above has lead to a great deal of soul-searching in the environmental community. This soul-searching has centered largely around the question of why there has been relatively little success in resolving these problems, despite the significant increase in environmental awareness over the past two decades. While numerous explanations have been offered, one is particularly compelling. It originates in what has been, at least historically, an isolationist approach to environmental issues by the environmental community. This can be exemplified in the philosophy that natural resources can be protected simply by locking them up and insulating them from the predatory practices of humankind. Today, global environmental trends such as global climate change and the necessity for meeting basic human needs, particularly in the developing countries, have made this philosophy obsolete and have led to a more holistic and integrated approach to achieving environmental objectives. This approach is reflected in the concept of sustainable development. To be sure, exact definitions of sustainable development are still hard to come by, but the essence of the concept is that economic and environmental concerns cannot be treated separately. To achieve the objectives of environmental protection, |