east in wagons, known by the appellation of Pennsylvania wagons, drawn by four or six large, noble-looking horses, from sixteen to eighteen hands high, well limbed, and proportioned for heavy loads. Their gait on the road was a walk, generally. It was a grand sight to see a long line of these vehicles, with their motive power, moving towards their places of destination. During the war of the Revolution, supplies from the middle States were conveyed to the east in Pennsylvania wagons, and by the representation of people of that day, they attracted as much attention and admiration, as railroad cars or steamboats and ships do at the present. As the services of that kind of horse are superceded on the road by the improvements of the age, horses of more activity and speed are adapted for the uses to which they are subjected. At this time, turf horses are not the kind we want for domestic service or the eastern market; and where their breeding has been the primary object, the horse has deteriorated for common use. England for a time sent to Ireland for horses for the farm and roads, and when stages were in general use for carrying the mails and passengers in the southern Atlantic States, contractors sought for the horses bred in New England.

A pair of horses purchased last year for the Emperor of France, proved so satisfactory that he ordered three other horses to be purchased and sent to him; two were obtained in Massachusetts, and one in Vermont, and they were shipped from New York recently.

In early times, Mr. Kline, of Youngstown, brought from the east a horse called "Messenger," an improved breed, and Gen. Wadsworth purchased a descendant of the Dey of Algiers, that Gen. Eaton, the hero of Derne, imported from Africa, on the the Mediterranean. These horses were valuable acquisitions for this sections of the country, as others were for their particular localities. Much attention has been paid in Kenucky, to breeding horses, and farmers here should look well to the stock they select, whether for use or sale. The United States census of 1850, reports the number of horses in this country to be 6,587.

A large amount of money is invested by us in neat cattle, and it is of great importance that we raise the best for the purpose to which we apply them. Those who make the dairy a principal object, should obtain cows that give the most, and the richest milk. The short-horned, or Durham breed, has been with us the favorite for milk and beef for several years past. In England, in the counties of Durham and Yorkshire, the short-horned

stock was for ages highly esteemed as milkers; but the description of these cattle in the Farmer's Encyclopædia, leaves no judge to doubt they were not originally profitable for the stall or yoke: "They were generally of large size, thin-skinned, sleek-haired, bad handlers, rather delicate in constitution, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective in the substance of girth in the fore-quasters." Improvement commenced by judicious crossings, more than a century past; and in 1810, the bull Comet, was sold for 1,000 guineas. The improved stock are celebrated for milkers and for readiness of fattening.

In 1803, Judson Canfield sent a red bull, three-quarter blooded, of the Holderness stock, to this township, which probably was the first of the improved blooded animals of the ox kind sent to Ohio. "The stock of cattle was improved here, at Smithfield or Vernon, where he was kept for some years, and in some degree the improvement was evident throughout this section of the country. Subsequently other blooded bulls were obtained, and the quality of the cattle, it is hoped, is not depreciated. They have ranked very high for beef, by the graziers and butchers in eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware. As the Durham breed was originally defective in formation, for beef and the yoke, great care should be observed in the cross, to avoid the former defective points. An objection existed in the west against short-horned cattle for the eastern market, because when dri en on foot, the per cent. of wastage was greater than in other stock; but this objection no longer exists, as the drover finds it for his interest to avail himself of the railroads to take his cattle to market. It was stated in the Cincinnatti Gazette, the fore part of this year, that George Renick, living in Chillicothe at the date of the publication, drove the first lot of cattle that ever crossed the mountains to an eastern market, in 1804-5. Frederick Wadsworth, Esq., of Akron, formerly of this town, son of the late Gen. Wadsworth, seeing the publication, wrote to me in May last, that in the fall of 1804, Captain Jonathan Fowler, of Poland, took to the Philadelphia market quite a large drove of cattle. A part of the cattle were purchased of Gen. Wadsworth, James Doud, and others in Canfield.

Seventy thousand head of cattle are annually sent to the eastern markets from the State of Ohio.

In a late communication to the Summit Beacon, Mr. Wadsworth states that George Stillson, of Boardman, in 1803, took a load of about 800 pounds of cheese to the Pittsburgh market; that he commenced his sale at 163 cents per pound, as purchasers applied; that the article was so much sought after, he sold

the last on hand at vendue, for from 25 to 37 cents per pound. Mr. Wadsworth compiled from the census returns of 1850, several valuable statistical tables, and by one of them it appears that the quantity of cheese made on the Reserve in that year, was 18,704,894 pounds, which shows the increase of this branch of industry.

I can only present for your consideration the improvement of sheep. In the early settlement of this section of the State, it was apprehended that the land was too wet for sheep, and no more were kept than were necessary to furnish wool for domestic use. The restrictive acts of the general government and the war of 1812, arrested the lawful importation of goods from Great Britain, and the farmers were obliged to resort to manufacturing woolen articles for domestic use. Sheep were healthy, and those purchased in Pennsylvania, principally in Washington county, in the course of the first season increased in weight from 25 to 33 per cent. in the hands of judicious farmers. The price of wool has been remunerative for some years, for exportation from the State, and the breeding of sheep has been one source of wealth to many.

Although we cannot compete in raising hogs, with the farmers in the Vallies of the Scioto and Miami, and with those where corn is more extensively cultivated, we should select the most improved breed to supply pork for family use. In traveling through the country, I have seen very few animals in better condition than the hogs.

Our poultry yards may be profitably extended. The flesh of fowls is always relished by the family and guests, and at festivals in the country, it frequently constitutes a dish. Housekeepers would be compelled to omit many nice articles of cookery, if deprived of eggs; but the egg trade at the west, since the construction of railroads, is one of importance and profit. The shipment of eggs from Wooster, in a month, as lately published in the Republican, was 115,200 dozen. The Buffalo Express estimates the value of eggs in the United States, at 8 cents a dozen, to be $121,666,666. The New York Post estimates the eggs, at the New York prices, to be of the value of $259,011,666.

Eggs formerly were not deemed to be, with us, an article of much value except for family use, and if a merchant would take a dozen for a little sewing silk, he was spoken of as very accom. /modating. The present amount of this trade admonishes us to waste no article because it is singly of little value. The Scotch aphorism, that "many a mickle makes a muckle," is sound doc

trine. The most extensive breeder of hens in the world, is M. DeSota, of France. The number he wintered the past year, was about 100,000. He has cleared his establishment of Shanghais and Cochin Chinas, and breeds only from the common barn-yard species. In the months of September, October and November last, he sent nearly a thousand dozen of capons to Paris. The number of hands employed, is about one hundred. His sales of eggs per week, the past winter, averaged about 40,000 dozen, or $260,000 yearly. His expenses of every kind are about $75,000, leaving a balance in his favor of $185,000. "He never allows a hen to set. The breeding-rooms are warmed by steam, and the heat is kept up with remarkable uniformity to that envolved by the female fowl during incubation." He feeds large quantities of flesh chopped up, and the grain is boiled. I do not suppose that any one will attempt to rival M. DeSota, but every farmer may provide more comfortable places for his hens than to have them sheltered in open out-buildings and barns; and additional attention and food will be more than remunerated in the additional profit.

When our minerals shall be fully developed, and the manufactures established, that will convert them into articles of merchandize, a market will be found at our doors for many productions of our gardens and farms, that are now of little value; and thereafter new sources of wealth will be opened for the employment of our capital, labor and skill. It is within. our power with blessing of Providence, to make this section of the country the most pleasant of any in the same latitude, and the most desirable for a person not ambitious to obtain great wealth, but who seeks a home where the climate is favorable for good health, where the soil by good husbandry will meet his reasonable anticipations, where excursions, in any mode of traveling are not excelled in beauty, where schools and seminaries of learning abound, where the different denominations of christians liva in harmony, and in charity, opening their doors to all, where immorality is generally discountenanced, and where the hand is warmed by genial, kind and sympathizing

hearts.

The value of agricultural products of the United States for the year 1850, was 1,299,197,682 dollars, which far exceeds the whole commerce of said States, and yet, a mere pittance has been appropriated to sustain agriculture, when the public money is liberally appropriated to protect and enlarge_commerce. President Washington was a farmer, and knew what was necessary for the great agricultural interests; and in his message of

the 5th of December 1796, he recommended the establishment of agricultural boards composed of proper characters, charged with collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aid, to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement. At the conclusion of the subject he said, "experience accordingly has shown, that they are very cheap instruments of immense good." The same subject has been presented to Congress, and recommended by several of the succeeding President. When your zealous, industrious and able representative, farmer Newton was in Congress, he made a speech on the homestead bill, on the 20th of April, 1852, in favor of establishing an agricultural bureau, which contains more valuable historical information on the subject of an agricultuaal institution, than any speech of that day, that has fallen under my observation. It is worthy the perusal of all, and it shows how watchful he was of our interests, when discharging the trust confided to him.

At the last session of Congress, the Hon. Justin S. Marrill of Vermont, reported a bill to make donations of land to each State in the Union, of 20,000 acres for every senator and representative, to endow and maintain in each, a college, when the leading object shall be without excluding other scientific or classical studies, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture, and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. The land not to be sold for less than $1,25 per acre, and the fund to be exclusively expended for the purpose mentioned above. The bill most effectually and prudently guarded against all frauds, and improper uses of the fund. It passed the House of Representatives on the 23d of April last, 105 voting in the affirmative, and 100 in the negative. In the Senate, the bill was definitely acted on, and remains on the list of unfinished business, to be taken up at the next session. Some senators entertain the opinion it will pass the Senate by a small majority. If the bill had become a law, the quantity of land granted to the State of Ohio, would be 460,000 acres, The benefit would be incalculable to our industrious, laboring young men who might now, or hereafter propose to obtain on honest livelihood by cultivating the earth, or by learning a mechanical profession if this donation had been, or should be made. Congress has squandered large tracts of the most princely domain of land, that any nation ever possessed; but a proposition to benefit the farmer and