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and from the pressing cares of life. It should be innocent and elevate the mind; while it invigorates the taxed physical powers of the body by labor, or by care. The relaxation that indulges in over sleep, impairs the energies of the body, and if devoted to carousals, is debasing and destructive of happiness. By meeting on an occasion so connected with the interests of all as this does, we form new acquaintances with different conditions of society, or we renew those that have heretofore existed. We all meet upon a common level, and feel that the cord of dependence binds us together in common brotherhood. Here are no political, no sectarian divisons, no distinction between the rich and the poor; if these distinctions in this rural section of the country can be said to exist. The same object brightens the eye and rejoices the heart of each. The judgment of each is deliberately exercised upon the property or quality of every animal or thing that is brought here for exhibition. How can our time be more profitable employed in any matter confined to our present existence? Travelling is confined to a very limited number of our population. Few if any in this community mingle with the gaities and dissipations of the fashionables at the summer resorts, at the springs and watering places; and if any one not an invalid acting in good faith under medical advice has thus spent the summer, or any portion of it for the purpose of making a display by spending money, or to dispose of time that has hung heavy upon his hands, a revisit of home will be burdened by remorse, when reflecting that he has done nothing for the permanent benefit of himself or of his fellow men. Your time has been advantageously spent in preparing for this exhibition. Females have patiently and pleasantly toiled to manufacture something worthy of the occasion; and whether her offering shall be deemed to be the best, she has bestowed upon it the highest skill within her power, and the satisfaction she enjoys will only terminate with life. Contrast the past and present enjoyment at home, administering to the necessities and comforts of the domestic circle, or bending over the couch if sickness has prostrated an inmate of the household, or instructing the young in the first rudiments of learning, or impressing upon their tender minds their duties and responsibilities; or preparing something for this occasion, with the graphic sketch lately given of the closing fashionable scene at Saratoga, and its transfer to Newport, and congratulate yourselves that you are removed from participating in such scenes. The writer says: "To night the ball comes off at the United States, and to-morrow the beauty that has for the last four weeks lighted up the great

hotels, will be flying away to Newport, there to dance the Lancers with new zest and accustomed grace and joyousness. The Congres Hall, the Union and the United States, have each their band of music, and hops and balls, occupy every evening in the week, Sunday excepted. The inordinate pursuit of pleasure is not only exhaustive of the purse, but of the constitution, and an eminent practioner of New York, whom I met here, assured me it was killing off the entire race of up town girls." Your happiness peers in your countenances. With us in the country, there are few, but religious occasions that bring the two sexes together in large numbers. Conventions, elections and military musters convene men in masses. Restaurants and gambling houses bring them together in smaller numbers for debasing, wretched and immoral purposes. I am for maintaining and enforcing women's rights as they are set forth and defined by the pen of inspiration, the only safe guide in morals and in religion. They have nobly, in several instances, lately abated the nuisances that have broken hymeneal pledges, sapped the peace and happiness of the fire side, and home-substituted rags for comely and comfortable garments-poverty for plenty, and misery for high domestic enjoyment. The judgments of the courts sustain them, and the courts should be sustained on this question, by public sentiment. As they have commenced a vindication of their rights, I hope they will not stop short of breaking up every gambling establishment in the land. Home should be made lovely by the display of the amiability and winning charms with which they are so bountifully endowed; and so well know how to exercise, as to alleviate the burdens of misfortune and adversity from what ever cause; but if these do not prevail, I am decidedly for the free and full exercise of that higher right they undoubtedly possess-to vindicate their own wrongs by removing the causes of the degradation and ruin of husbands, sons and brothers.

We have no mountain height to ascend, from which we can catch a view of winter and summer and enjoy the contrast. We have no sea, lake or ocean, to which we can resort-to witness and admire the energy and skill of oarsmen in the manly strife for supremacy at the regetta-but we possess that which excels them all in usefulness and enjoyment-the assembling together on this and on like occasions-seeing each other in health-in comfortable circumstances-contented with our condition and employment, and looking forward to the future with the hope of increased felicity and happiness. All are here, the old pioneer who came when this country was an unbroken wilderness, or in

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the first stages of improvement, whose subsistance was packed on horses, or brought on the backs of men from Georgetown, whose salt was made at Onondaga, boated on Lake Ontario, and the Niagara river, carted around the falls, boated to Grand River, and drawn from thence, sixty five miles, through the mud. The man who drove the first wagon from Beavertown to Pittsburgh, on the north side of the Ohio-matrons who participated in all the hardships and privations of a new country, far distant from father, mother, brother, or sister-whose hearts never desponded--whose hands were not idle-who have lived to rear familes, many members of which are useful public spirited citizens among us; while others are in other States or in the territories, respected and beloved. Here are the middle aged, who have contributed their share for the time being, in clearing away the forest and in strengthening the social, literary and political institutions of the country. Here are those who have emigrated from foreign countries, and sought asylums here, to become with us one people. Here are the young on whom the hopes and destiny of the future rest. It is meet we

should rejoice together and be glad, for the Lord has blessed us personally, socially, and politically. We inhabit a portion of the country that is equal to, if it does not surpass in beauty of formation, any I have seen. The streams for receiving the surplus water, and conveying it into what has been deemed to be heretofore "the father of waters," to the south, or into the Saint Lawrence at the north, have been so located by the Creator, that the summits of dividing ridges afford distant and pleasant landscapes; many of the ridges are such gentle swells as very slightly to interrupt the speed of travelling, and in no instance to dispel the plough, and yet, on their summits the traveler or other observer, overlooks fruitful fields, orchards and snug, comfortable houses, at distances from five to fifteen miles, having all or nearly all of them in view at the same time. The land in northern Ohio, is not as rich in its natural state, as it is in the Miami valley of the Ohio, or of the Scioto; but the whole of it is capable of the highest state of fertility, by applying the means at our command; and there are not five hundred acres of waste land in five millions of acres, and I do not know of a single acre, if the beds and precipitous banks of streams are excluded. It is not all of the same quality; some being better adapted to grass than grain, and some to pasture, than meadow. This equality of soil constitues in my opinion, one element of its desirableness. If one man does not flourish as well as his neighbor, it is because he lacks health, industry or skill.

There is no occasion for the existence of envy, jealousy, or discontent. Having no mountains, precipitous hills, or morasses, our roads are straight, and for nine months in the year they are unequalled for speedy and pleasant traveling. By a little labor and at a trifling expence, if each owner of land would line the side of the road with trees, the beauty of the country would be increased. Trees should be selected that would remunerate as well as adorn. The sugar maple would best suit some localities and soils; and the black walnut and white walnut, or butternut, others. "In Germany, chestnut trees are planted along the road sides, which yield the villages a large income, as their fruit is manufactured into starch. When America gets economical, our railroads will be lined in the same way;" not for the purpose of making starch, but to obtain a fruit, of which many, and most of children are fond; and it may be an article of profitable merchandise, if a surplus is raised. There are extensive sections of country at the west and south, where there is not a chesnut tree. Cities and towns are supplied from the mountains in Pennsylvania. We are well supplied with wood, water and stone. Lime stone is found in detached beds or ridges, in sufficient quantities for buildings, and for our lands.

Professor Newbury, in the description given of the middle division of the Ashtabula and New Lisbon railroad, from Niles to New Lisbon says: "In crossing the Mahoning at Niles, the railroad passes from a region agriculturally rich, but nearly destitute of valuable minerals into a district uniting to great agricultural resources an amount of mineral wealth unsurpassed, if indeed it is equalled by that of any other portion of our favored country, and which if properly developed, must sustain and enrich a large population.'

This county possesses the greatest portion of the mineral wealth of the Mahoning Valley. This is the section of country, with its beauty, fertility and mineral wealth, that is ours. It is so situated between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, that whatever we have for market may reach New York, or New Orleans, or Pittsburgh, or Philadelphia, or Baltimore, or Cincinnati, or Cleveland by rail roads, and water communications connecting our locality with them. We have flourishing towns and villages, good roads, school houses and houses for public worship, so that the labor and money expended by those who were early settlers, or by ourselves for these objects no longer tax our income. The farmers and mechanics are generally in good pecuniary circumstances and clear of debt. Our advantages are certainly unusually great.

In Italy, one fifth of the land is sterile, and in France only one fifth is fertile, and here within the bounds of this society, there is not an acre of sterile land. Our farms however, are not as productive as they would be by a better state of husbandry. The organization of agricultural societies is to impart, and to receive information. The knowledge how to cultivate the soil is progressive, and in this as well as in other sciences, new discoveries are made. The language of an indenture when a farmer took a boy as an apprentice, formerly was: "I will teach him the art and mystery of farming."

It is an art to cultivate the earth skillfully, and it is a mystery that the earth, cold and wet as it is, should give nutriment to the trees of the forest, to the various kinds of grain, for the sustenance of man, to the grass of the fields for the sustenance of animals, to the most delicate flower, beautifying it with different hues and tints, and the richest colors.

Agricultural chemistry has greatly aided cultivators of the soil by giving them a better understanding "of the nature of plants, soils, manures and the laws of production. Sir Humphrey Davy first gave it the character of a science," towards the commencement of this century. It is not to be supposed that the great mass of the people will be learned in agricultural chemistry, or even have a knowledge of its principles as a science, but we should profit by the learning and experience of others. The most of us are unacquainted with the laws and principles of electricity; but when we want to send a dispatch with the greatest speed known to us, we resort to the telegraph office with the same confidence that Morse does, who first applied electricity as a messenger to do errands, and to convey news.

I think as a people, we are too much wedded to habits and customs-we do not keep up with the improvements in farming. All changes are not beneficial; but when we take up an agricultural paper or book, and find from well authenticated experiments made by different persons of high character for intelligence, truth and veracity in distant and different places, that a particular course of culture will produce an increased quantity of grain or grass, or materially improve their quality; we ought not as prudent, discreet persons, to refuse to adopt it. If we hear of an extraordinary breed of horses for the harness, or the saddle, or of a new and improved breed of cattle for work or the stall, we are not slow to obtain them to supercede the animals we possess of inferior kinds. We are strangely inconsistent.Formerly, all grain was threshed by an instrument called a hand flail; but it is generally if not universally superceded by the

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