in countries acquired by treaty or purchase, may be regarded as incidental to the powers of each independent nation. There are as many difficulties in supposing that the power belongs, under the Constitution, to the several States, as in supposing that it may be exerted by the national Government.
987. The escape of slaves from vessels of the United States being within a foreign jurisdiction wherein the claim of the owner to retain them in his custody was not recognized by the courts, has given rise to cases of controversy between the Gorernment of the United States and the governments of those jurisdictions. If the law which is to determine such controversies can be distinguished from the local municipal law of those jurisdictions, it can only be the general international law, public and private, of all civilized nations which, as such, is part of the law of the United States.
A question under the same law is presented in a demand by the Government of the United States on the government of another country for the extradition of persons charged with crime. As the crimes charged may involve the recognition of slavery as a legal condition, and of laws for its maintenance, the determination of the question of extradition, under the general international law, is a topic connected with the subject of this work.
But this whole class of inquiries must, for want of space, be excluded from the present view of the laws of freedom and its contraries in the United States.
The numerals in () indicate notes, and the reference is to the page.
Acts of the States, effect of, under the 4th Art., 245, 261 (2).
Alienage in the law of the U. S., 221, 353, 786.
Allegiance and secession, 220 (1), 353 (3). Anderson, J., on slavery in Cal, 200 (5). Apprentice, claim to fugitive, 371, 403. Articles of Confederation, the 4th, 3 (1), 321, 548.
Articles of Compact of N. E Col., argu- ments from, 548, 570, 584, 682 (2),
Baldwin, J., on the fug. slave provision, 441; against legislation by Con- gress, 490; that slaves are property by the Cons., 572 (1); on the do- mestic slave-trade, 765. Bartley, J., on claim of slave-owner, 366, 396 (3).
Benton, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 759 (3) Berrian, Att'y-Gen., on the So. Car. ex- clusion laws, 97 (3).
Bissell, J., on slavery in Conn., 44 (2); on claim of slave-owner, 360. Black, Att'y-Gen., on slavery in the Ter- ritories, 185 (3). Brinkerhoff, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 525, 675, 717.
Cadwalader, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 529. Calhoun, Mr., on State sovereignty, 220. Campbell, J., on status of returned slave,
Canada, slavery in, 112.
Cases and questions, under the Cons., dis- tinguished, 538 (1).
Cass, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 758 (3). Catron, J., on slavery in La. Ter., 182
(2); on effect of judgments, &c., 255 (2, 4), 266 (2); on extradition of criminals, 619 (2), 623 (1). Cession of territory by the States, 1 (2),
Christianity, how recognized in juris- prudence, 211 (3).
Citizens of the States, provision respect-
ing, in the 4th Art., 270; how con- strued, 375; power of Congress in respect to, 375, 764 (1).
who are, under the provision, 271, 220; see Free negroes,
privileges of under the provis- ion, authorities cited, 343, 767; the question examined, 352; claim of slave-owner under, authorities cited, 359; the question examined, 367. Citizenship under the 3d Art., 280. Clay, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 532, 758 (3).
Clerke, J., on the claim of slave-owner,
362; on comity between the States, 363, 369 (3).
Cobb, Mr. T. R. R., on the claim of slave- owner, 262 (2); on the effect of State laws, 262 (2), 267 (1); on the personality of slaves, 408 (2). Columbia, Dist. of, power of Congress over, 24 (3); laws of Md. and Va. continued, 25; part retroceded to Va., 27.
Comity between the States, 148 (1), 282 (2), 363, 365, 366, 369, 775.
Commerce between the States; see Slave | Daniel, J., on negro citizenship, 298; on
trade. Commissioner of U. S. Court, State judge
in Mass, not to be, 33.
action of in extradition of criminals, 616; action of under fug. sl. Act, authorities cited, 654; argu- ments examined, 679; the question examined, 686; action concluded judicial, 697.
Common law, declared in force, N. Car., 82; N. W. Terr, 111, 115; Miss., 143 (1); Mo., 167; Kas., 187; Fla., 192; Cal., 202.
-, a measure of rights of citi- zenship, 355, 357. Common Pleas Courts, their jurisdiction,
Construction and interpretation, rules of, 236, 242.
Constructions, four, of the provisions of the 4th Art., 236.
four, of the provisions re- specting fugitives, 421. Convention, debates in the, as a means
of interpretation, 261 (2); debate in, on proof and effect of Acts, &c., 258 (1); debate in, on fug. sl. pro- vision, 544 (3).
Coulter, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 494. Crawford, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 504, 521, 672, 715.
Crittenden, Att'y-Gen,, on the fug, sl. Act, 531, 678, 746. Curtis, J., on negro citizenship, 301; on
extradition of criminals, 617; on the privileges of citizens, 346; on the fug. sl. Act, 667 (1); on the status of returned slave, 782.
Mr. B. R., on the fug. sl. Act, 553, 678, 720, 741, 747.
Mr. Comm. G. T., on the fug. sl. Act, 462 (2), 531 (2), 614 (1), 676, 695 (1), 719, 744.
Cushing, Att'y-Gen., on the citizenship of Indians, 339 (2); on the 4th Art., 343 (2); on the extradition of erimi- nals, 620 (3).
the fug. sl. Act, 488; on the status of returned slave, 780. Debtors, servitude of, Conn., 41, 43; Del., 78, 80.
Denio, J., on exclusion of negroes, 340
(3); on privileges of citizens, 347, 353 (3); on claim of slave-owner,
Dixon, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 523 (1). Domicil in international law, 221, 774. Douglas, Mr., on slavery in the Territo-
ries, 185 (3); his bill respecting fu gitive slaves, 758. Duponceau, Mr., on the 4th Art., 234 (1).
Edmonds, J., on the seizure and removal
of fug, slave, 560; on the liberty of the citizen, 618 (1). Elective franchise, limited to whites, Va., 9; Ky., 15, 18; Md, 19, 20, 24; Conn., 44; Pa., 72; Del., 74, 76, 80, 81; N. Car., 86 (1), 88; Tenn., 90 (2); S. Car., 95; Ohio, 116, 121; Ind., 131; Ill., 132; Mich., 140; Wisc., 141; Miss., 145; Ala., 150; La., 159; Mo., 168; Ark., 171; Io., 177; Fla., 194; Tex., 196, 198; Cal., 202; Ut., 213; Ore., 216.
not limited to whites, Ky., 13; N. H., 36; Vt., 37; R. L., 50; N. Y., 51; N. J., 61; Pa., 67, 70; N. C., 82; Tenn., 90; Ga., 101; Ind., 127 (1).
limited to whites and In- dians, Minn., 178.
limited by property qualifi- cation in case of blacks, N. Y., 36. Equality of men declared, Mass., 28; N.
II., 35; Vt., 37; N. J., 67; Pa., 67; Del., 80; Ind., 127; III., 123; Io., 177; Cal., 202.
of all men in republican govern- ment, Utah, 213.
of all men in the social compact declared, Ky., 13; Conn., 44 (1); Tex., 196.
of all freemen in the social com- pact declared, Ky., 15, 18; Ark., 171; Fla., 194; Tex., 198. Extradition of criminals, 614.
of slaves as criminals, 790.
Daggett, J., on negro citizenship, 46 (1), Federalist, on the effect of judgments,
&c., 258 (1); on the legal character of slaves, 408 (2); on the power of Congress in respect to the 4th Art., 436 (1).
France, law of, in the N. W. Terr., 112, 132 (2), 137; in the La. Terr., 154, 182 (2).
Free negroes, see Negroes. Freedom, suits for, law respecting, Va.,
6; Ky., 18; Tenn., 92; Ill., 135; Miss., 143, 144; Mo., 169; presump- tion respecting, see Slavery. Fugitives from justice, provision re- specting, in the Cons., 377; how construed, 425-435; execution of, by judicial function, 583-590, 610 (3); standard of crime, &c., in, 391 -403; meaning of charged in, 401. cases of controversy respecting, between Va. and Pa., 386; N. Y. and Va., 10 (2), 61 (1), 387; N. Y. and Ga., 389; Va, and Ohio, 391; Md. and Pa., 390.
theory of legislative power respecting, 424, 436, 535- 542, 580, 590-597.
Act of Congress re- specting, 589 (1); source of power of the Governors of States, 608- 614; judicial character of extradi- tion, 614-625; absence of jury- trial under Act, 625; penalties un- der, 627, 752 (2); bill proposed in 1861, 425 (1), 583.
State laws empower- ing Governors to deliver, Va., 3, 8 (1); Ky, 15 (3); Mass., 31 (2), 33 (1); Me., 34 (2); N. H., 36 (1); Conn., 42 (1), 43 (1), 48 (1); N. Y., 58 (2); Tenn., 94 (1); Ill., 136 (1); Mich, 138 (2); Wisc., 142 (1); Ala., 153 (2); La., 165 (2); Mo., 169 (2); Ark., 172 (1); Io., 177 (1); Minn., 178 (3): Ks., 187 (1); Fla., 193 (1); Cal., 204 (1); N. Mex, 209 (2); Ore., 217 (1); Wash. T., 218 (2); argu- ment from these laws, 612.
State laws for deliv-
ery by judicial officers, Ky., 15 (3); Dist. of Col., 25; Vt., 39 (1); Ind., 129 (1).
State laws for arrest of, by magistrates, Ky., 15 (3); Vt., 39 (1); R. I., 51 (1); N. Y., 58 (2); N. Car., 89 (1); S. Car., 100 (1); Ohio, 119. Fugitives from service, provision re- specting, in the Cons, 377; impor- tance attached to it in the conven- tion, 544 (3); four different con-
structions of, 421-424; authorities of the construction, 438-534; the question examined, 535-550, 580 -597; execution of, by the judi- cial function, 582-590; validity of State legislation respecting, 761. Fugitives from service, who may be, 403 -407; must have escaped, 409; per- sons on Ohio river, 412; children of fug. slave, 412, 414; and see State, Territory.
seizure and removal of, without public authority, au- thorities on the question, 551-569; the question examined, 569-579. basis of legislative power respecting, authorities, 438 -534; the question examined, 535– 542, 590-597.
Acts of Congress re- specting, 589 (1); of the persons affected by, 604; of the action of State magistrates under, authorities relating to, 629-653; their power judicial and derived from the State, 653, 657; of the action of U. S. Com- missioners under, authorities relat- ing to, 654-680; the arguments examined, 681-686; the question examined, 686-697; of absence of jury-trial under, authorities relat- ing to, 700-722; the arguments examined, 723-728; the question examined, 729-739; of the arrest without warrant, 740-742; of the evidence allowed, 743; of the sus- pension of habeas corpus, 745; of the fees, 748; of the fines and pen- alties, 750; of the damages, 751; of long acquiescence with the Act of 1793, 753; necessity of the Act of 1850, 754
State laws respect- ing, similar to the Act of Congress, Pa., 71; Del., 79; Io., 176; Cal., 203.
on board of vessels, law for returning them, N. Y., 55. State laws forbidding State ministerial officers to act un- der law of Congress, Mass., 33; Me., 34; Vt., 39; Conn., 47; R. I., 50; N. Y., 57; Pa., 70, 71.
, State laws forbidding State judicial officers to act under the law of Congress, Vt., 39; Conn., 47; R. I., 50.
-,State laws forbidding jails of State to be used in cases un- der law of Congress, Mass., 33;
Vt., 39; Pa., 73; Ohio, 121; Mich., 140.
Fugitives from service, judgment for damages under Act of Congress | declared not enforceable by execu- tion, Wisc., 142.
to be supported in jail by the claimant, N. Y., 58. State laws against removal of, except as by Act of Con- gre-s or State Act provided, N. Y., 57; N. J., 65; Pa., 71; Del., 79; Ohio, 117-120; Ind., 128, 129; II., 135; Mich., 139; Mo., 169; Ark., 172; Io., 176; Neb. T., 186; Kas., 187.
State laws giving trial by jury, Mass., 32; Vt., 38, 39, 40; Conn., 46; N. Y., 59; N. J., 66 ; Mich., 140; Wisc., 142. See Slaves, fugitive.
Incendiary publications in slave States, Va., 9, 10; Md, 22; N. Car., 86; S. Car., 97, 99; Miss., 147; La., 161; Mo., 170; Ark., 173. Indians, their citizenship, 281 (2); 339 (2).
Jay, Ch. J., on sovereignty and citizen- ship. 271 (1).
Mr. Win., his Inquiry, &c.,46 (1); 337 (3).
Jews, argument from their disabilities, 327.
Johnson, J., on So. Car. law respecting negro seamen, 97, (3); on effect of judgments, 254.
Judicial action of State magistrates and
U. S. Commissioners, under fug. sl. Act. See Commissioners; Fugitives Jury trial, extent of the guarantee as limited by value, 738; whether lim- ited to criminal cases, 739. See Fugitives.
Judgments, conclusiveness of in other States, 247; effect of, as evidence distinguished from operation, 249.
Kane, J., on claim for apprentice, 408; on the fug. sl. Act, 661 (1). Kent, Chane., on effect of judgments,
249; on the personal extent of citi- zenship, 316; on the privileges of citizens, 343, 350; who may be fu- titives from justice, 389 (İ), 393; on the extent of the judicial fune- tion to extradition of criminals, 434; on the decision in Prigg's case, 492 (1); on due process of law, 738 (2). Kidnapping, free persons, 400; laws against, Va., 5; Mass., 29; Me., 34; N. H., 36; Vt., 37, 40; Conn., 44, 48; N. Y., 54-58, 60; N. J., 65; Pa., 70, 72; Del., 76; Tenn., 92; Oh., 118, 122; Ind.. 127, 130; Ill., 135; Mich., 139; Wisc., 141; Miss., 146; Minn., 178; Cal, 203.
Law, the international, of the U. S., 219; how derived, 223; domestic
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