cold limbs, enveloping the body with cloths wringing wet, and then covering over with any amount of woolen cloths, etc. When the animal has thus steamed for three or four hours, the covering must be removed, the body rubbed vigorously, and dry clothing put on. Above all things, avoid strong internal remedies and bleeding.

RED WATER IN COWS.

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The elements of blood occasionally appear in the secretions, most commonly in the urine, and sometimes in the milk. If pure coagulable blood passes from the bladder, it may certainly be ascribed to accident or disease of the kidneys, but independently of injury certain elements of blood transude with the elements of secretion. This is the case with that very common malady, red water in cows. In course of my investigation as to the cause of various cattle diseases, and red water in particular, I have found that it is unknown on well drained farms and in dairies where turnips are used only in moderate degree. The lands of poor people furnish the roots most likely to induce the disorder; and I can confirm the statement of the late Mr. Cumming, of Ellon, who in a very interesting essay on the subject, says, particularly in reference to Aberdeenshire, that it is "a disease essentially attacking the poor man's cow; and to be seen and studied requires a practice extending into the less favorably situated parts of the country. On large farms, where good stock is well well kept, and in town dairies, where artificial food is used to supplement the supply of turnips, it is now seldom seen."

Symptoms.-General derangement attract the dairyman's attention, and looking at the urine the cow has passed, it is observed to be of a reddish brown, or claret color, sometimes transparent, at others clear. The color increases in depth, other secretions are checked, the animal becomes hide-bound, and the milk goes off. Appetite and rumination are suspended, the pulse becomes extremely feeble and frequent, though, as in all debility or anæmic disorders, the heart's action is loud and

strong, with a decided venous pulse or apparent regurgitation. in the large veins of the neck. In some cases, if even a small quantity of blood be withdrawn, the animal drops in a fainting state. In red water the visible mucus membranes are blanchad and the extremities cold, inducing the languid state of the blood's circulation, and the poverty of the blood itself. Constipation is one of the most obstinate complications, and many veterinary surgeons, knowing that if the bowels can be acted. on the animal is cured, have employed purgatives in quantities far too large, indicating superpurgation, and even death. Occasionally diarrhoea is one of the first, and not an unfavorable sympton.

Post-mortem Appearances.—The emaciated body of a cow that has died of red water is throughout devoid of blood, the cavities of the heart itself are almost entirely empty, whilst the condition of the blood vessels would lead any one to suppose the animal had been bled to death. Frequently, as in other blood diseases, there are spots of extravasated blood or ecchymoses on the serous membranes, and particularly within the heart, beneath its inner lining or endocardium. Occasionally, the tissues of the body are yellow; the gall-bladder is often full of bile, and the large intestine is distended by dry, hardened excrement.

Treatment.-Large quantities of good linseed tea. Warm water clysters should be persevered with. If the discharge of urine be very abundant and very much discolored, half a drachm of powdered opium may be given twice, with an interval of six hours. The second day a bottle of linseed oil may be given. When the animal recovers, give her a complete change of diet. By all means avoid blood-letting, and indeed rather use stimulants than depressing agents.

BLACK WATER IN COWS.

This malady may consist in an aggravated form of red water, the urine being very dark in color; but there is a totally different disease which is known by the name of black water. It is

the Wood-evil, Pantis, or Darn, of many districts in England and Scotland, and though far more severe in milch cows, it nevertheless affects oxen, and even horses. In Germany it is known by the name Holzkrankheit-Wood-disease-and in France as the Maladie des Bois.

Causes.-It has been believed due to the wild anemone by some, by others it is ascribed to the poisonous influence of Lolium temulentum [darnel], but my experience proves that it constantly occurs in pasture in the immediate vicinity of woods, where cows can partake of the astringent sprouts of young trees, especially of the oak.

Symptoms.-These are very similar to simple red water, but we sometimes find discharge of blood by the bowels. There is constipation at first, but diarrhoea towards the latter stage, generally colicky symptoms and evident indications of intestinal irritation. There is great tenderness over the loins; the urine is deeply tinged with blood, the general disturbance is very considerable, particularly when diarrhoea with hæmorrhage from the bowels sets in. The secretion of milk emits a bad odor, and is scanty in quantity. Occasionally convulsions occur, and the animal dies in from three days to a fortnight, in a state of great prostration.

Treatment very similar to red water, with recourse to active purgatives. Camphor may be used as a stimulant when the prostration is great.

BLACK QUARTER

QUARTER EVIL, BLACK LEG, ETC.

This disease, which I have rarely observed in aged cows, is very common in some districts amongst young stock. I remember but one instance in an aged cow amongst the numorous cases of other diseases in the London dairies.

Causes. A healthy calf, if over-fed, thrives too rapidly, and makes blood too fast, rendering it imperative on the part of the keeper, to attend to moderation and regularity in diet. It may originate from contagion when once developed in some member of a herd.

Symptoms..-One of the first animals on a farm, bearing every appearance of blooming health, suddenly appears lame, and a fetlock, hock, or knee is observed swollen or painful; soon irritative fever sets in; the swelling extends upwards to the haunch or shoulder; the animal falls helpless to the ground, and unless destroyed dies within forty-eight hours; occasionally it lingers on in great pain for several days. The swollen extremity appears blueish or black where its color can easily be seen, and if incisions are made into it, black blood flows, which is seen to infiltrate and tinge the whole substance of the limb.

Post-mortem appearances.-These vary in importance, according to the severity of the case. The limb chiefly affected is gorged with semi-coagulated blood, and in parts with yellow lymph. The whole vascular system is distended by black, semi-fluid blood, and the flesh is of a dark color. The serous membranes all over the body, not excluding the arachnoid, are spotted with ecchymoses. Frequently the intestine gives evidence of a state of irritation during life--may be the seat erosions, but more usually of ecchymoses, as on the serous surfaces. The lungs are gorged with black blood.

Treatment.--This consists in the use of salines, such as Epsom salts, Glauber's salts, nitre, and any purgative, with restricted diet for a day or two. The salines should be given in small doses, such as four ounces of sulphate of magnesia three or four times in the course of twenty-four hours. When the animal has had a couple of pounds, it should be stopped. Nitre may be given regularly once a week, in ounce doses. The exhibition of mineral acids, of liquor ammonia acetatis, and recourse to the knife, in order to afford local relief, wherever painful swellings are formed, constitute the most apparent remedial means. Drainage [where the land requires it] and the periodical use of evacuant salines are the surest preventatives. Black Quarter, in warm weather, and in hot climates, is attended with the development of a peculiar poison-the anthrax poison-which contaminates the flesh and blood of these animals,

and is communicable to all warm-blooded creatures, giving rise to a very fatal disease, malignant pustule.

COW-POX.

This very simple affection is not often noticed, and so many forms of eruption are observed on the teats that it is somewhat difficult to detect the true from the false varieties of cow-pox, at certain stages of the eruption. The disease has claimed a very large share of attention from scientific men, from Jenner's. discovery in the dairies in Gloucestershire, where he observed. that the people milking cows having the cow-pox suffered from an eruption on their hands, but never had the malignant smallpox of the human being. This was the origin of vaccination. The cow-pox, like other forms of variolæ, is a contagious pustular eruption of the skin, running a very regular course, accompanied by slight fever. It is communicable between animals of different species.

Causes. The primary cause of cow-pox is unknown. The majority of cases occur in spring and summer, shortly after cows have calved. The state of congestion of the udder at this period favors the development of the disease, and it has never been observed to arise spontaneously in bulls, oxen or heifers before calving. It is chiefly seen in cows from four to six years of age. Mr. Caely makes the following sensible remarks on the causes and origin of the disease. Referring particularly to the Vale of Alesbury, he says:

“The variolæ vaccine seems to have been long known in the Vale, and neighborhood. They have been noticed at irregular intervals, most commonly appearing about the beginning or end of spring, rarely during the height of summer; but I have seen them at all periods from August to May, and the beginning of June. By some it is pronounced that cold and moisture favor their development; by others, that the hard winds of spring after a wet winter, are supposed to have the same influence. I have, however, seen the disease in the autumn and middle of winter after a dry summer. The disease is occa