3. CHANGE, agreeable, fortune, sudden, wonderful: subject, produce.

4. DEATH, awful, natural, peaceful, violent: punish, suffer. 5. ELEPHANT, docile, sagacious, tame, wild, strong live. 6. FACE, beautiful, expressive, fair: behold, deform, reflect.

7. HABIT, bad, good, inveterate, regular: acquire, over

come.

8. LAW, impartial, severe, ceremonial, moral: execute, interpret..

9. MANNER, formal, graceful, pleasing, usual: invite, repel. 10. NIGHT, dark, gloomy, long, short: overtake, succeed. 11. PIETY, exemplary, filial, sincere: practise, profess, prove.

12. RIVER, broad, deep, placid, rapid: descend, overflow. 13. SONG, melodious, merry, plaintive: celebrate, enliven, praise.

14. WAY, broad, long, narrow, short: choose, pursue. 15. WORD, angry, idle, classical, vulgar: avoid, employ. 16. ZEAL, ardent, furious, laudable: animate, regulate, restrain.

5. SYNONYMES.

Exercise 37.

Rudiments, p. 66.

1. ADORN, deck, decorate, dress, embellish, ornament. 2. ADVERSARY, antagonist, enemy, foe, opponent. 3. BILLOW, wave, surge, breaker, swell.

4. CLASS, degree, kind, order, rank, sort, species.

5. COMFORT, consolation, solace, alleviation, support.

6. COMMAND, charge, direction, injunction, mandate, order, precept.

7. DECEIVE, beguile, cheat, circumvent, delude, impose on, overreach.

8. GALLANT, brave, courteous, daring, gay, showy, splen

did.

9. KING, monarch, sovereign, potentate, prince, ruler, governor.

10. Mock, deride, gibe, jeer, ridicule, scoff, taunt, elude, disappoint.

11. NAME, appellation, designation, fame, reputation, re

nown.

12. PEASANT, boor, clown, hind, rustic, swain. 13. SEA, ocean, deep, main, abyss.

14. STROKE, blow, hit, knock, thump, rap, lash.

15. WORK, labour, toil, employment, fabric, operation, performance.

16. YOKE, bond, bondage, burden, servitude, slavery.

6. VARIETY OF EXPRESSION AND STRUCTURE.

Exercise 38.

Rudiments, p. 67.

1. To live continually in the bustle of the world, is to live in perpetual warfare.

2. Gentleness and affability are the genuine effects of true religion.

3. Industry not only promotes improvement, but produces pleasure.

4. Even when the advantages of this world are innocently gained, they are uncertain blessings.

5. Speculative ideas of general benevolence do not constitute the virtue of charity, for these too often float in the head, without affecting the heart.

6. The squadron was scarcely deserving of being so called, for it consisted of only three small vessels, having on board ninety sailors, and a few adventurers. Steering first for the Canary Islands, and then directing his course due west, the admiral stretched into seas altogether unknown to former

navigators. The first day was very calm, and hence he made but little progress; but on the second he lost sight of land, when many of the sailors began to express their dejection and dismay by beating their breasts and shedding tears. Columbus endeavoured to console them by assuring them of success, and by describing to them the immense treasures of the countries where he hoped soon to arrive. The voyage had already lasted four weeks, when, on account of the numerous and promising presages of land, Columbus offered up public prayers for success, and ordered the sails to be furled, and strict watch to be kept, lest the vessels should be driven ashore in the night. A little after midnight, the sailors at the mast-head uttered the joyful cry of land, land; and, at daybreak, they beheld a beautiful island, with verdant fields, shady woods, and glittering streams. Having armed and manned the boats, they rowed towards the shore with waving banners and martial music. Columbus, clothed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his hand, was the first European who set foot in the New World which he had discovered. He was followed by his men, who all knelt down, and kissed the ground which had been so long the object of their expectations. Having next erected a crucifix, they prostrated themselves before it, and returned thanks to God for the happy issue of their voyage,

PART III-THE PARAGRAPH.

SECTION I.-DESCRIPTION.

1. COMBINATION OF WORDS.

Exercise 39.

Rudiments, p. 69.

1. The ostrich is the largest of birds. It inhabits the sandy deserts of Asia and Africa. The ostrich is valued

chiefly on account of its feathers, which are in great request among all nations, for ornamental purposes.*

2. The whale is the largest animal described by naturalists. It resides principally in the northern seas; and it is of great importance to the Greenlanders, who obtain from it clothing, food, and materials for their habitations. Ships are also sent to the whale-fishery by various other nations, who value this animal on account of the oil made from its blubber, and the well-known substance called whalebone.

It is the most

On account of

3. Gold is a metal of a yellow colour. ductile and malleable of all known bodies. its peculiar property of not being tarnished by the air, it is much employed in gilding; and, on account of its beautiful lustre, it is manufactured into a great variety of ornaments. It also constitutes a part of the coin of every civilized country.

4. Copper is the most sonorous of all metals, and, except iron, the most elastic. It is found in various forms; sometimes in masses of pure metal, but more frequently in combination with other substances, particularly sulphur. Copper was probably the first metal which was discovered; and there are copper mines in every quarter of the world. The uses of this metal are numerous and important.

5. Man consists of a body, which was originally made of the dust of the earth, and is subject to disease and death; and of a soul, which is immortal, and, when separated from the body, will pass into a state of everlasting happiness or misery. Man is a rational being; that is to say, he is endued with reason, and can reflect on what he perceives and does. He is a responsible or accountable being; because he must render to God an account of all his thoughts, words, and actions. He is, at the same time, a sinful being; for, although he was at first made like God in righteous

* These short Essays are given merely to furnish materials for the suggestions and questions of the Teacher.

ness and true holiness," yet he soon disobeyed the divine commandments, and is daily transgressing them in thought, word, and deed.

6. The body is constructed upon a frame-work of bones, termed a skeleton. These bones are covered with a fleshy or muscular substance, in which resides the power of voluntary motion. The surface of the body is pervaded by fine cords, called nerves, which convey the information of the senses to the mind, and transmit the commands of the mind to the muscles. The senses, through which the mind thus communicates with the body, are five in number; namely, sight, the organs of which are situated in the eye; hearing, the organs of which are situated in the ear; taste, the organs of which are situated in the mouth; smell, the organs of which are situated in the nostrils; and touch, the organs of which pervade the whole body. The other parts of the bodily frame are the vessels for circulating the blood, and the digestive, secretory, and excretory organs.

7. The sun is the centre of the solar system, all the planets revolving round it in regular order, and deriving from it light and heat. It is upwards of one million three hundred thousand times larger than the earth, and is distant from it ninetytwo millions of miles. The sun is not perfectly spherical, but, like the planets, is flattened at the two opposite points, termed poles. It revolves upon its own axis in a little more than twenty-five days. This is ascertained by observing the motion of the spots on its surface, which are seen to appear regularly on one side, move eastward, and disappear on the other side. The sun was long thought to be a globe of fire; but it is now supposed to be an opaque body, surrounded by a luminous atmosphere. By means of a telescope, a number of spots and streaks can be observed on its surface. The cause of these is not well understood; neither is anything positive known concerning the source of the sun's light and heat.

8. The moon is a satellite or secondary planet to the earth, round which it revolves, and with which it is carried