ENTERED according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843,

BY LORING D. CHAPIN,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New-York.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, OR Hand Book of Plants and Fruits,"

By L. D. CHAPIN,

Published by JEROME LOTT, 156 Fulton Street, N. Y.

Illustrated by 140 Engravings, Maps, Copious Glossaries, &c.
PART IST.

Heads and Divisions of Subjects.

PREFACE, p. 4. INTRODUCTION. p. 5.-linportance of a knowledge of veg.
etable products-want of acquaintance with their nutritive and medicinal
properties, uses in the arts and domestic economy-condition of the world
without them-the food of man and animals-source of life, civilization
and happiness—a glance at their various uses in life and special properties—
important examples-explanations of the objects and character of the work.
ELEMENTS AND OUTLINES OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, p. 13.-Sketch of
divisions and history of Plants-variety and classification-progress of dis-
covery-knowledge of the ancients-arrangement of Linnæus-numbers and
characters-results of commerce-fruits and garden plants. Physiology of
Plants-structure and composition-definition of terms-fluids-circulation-
evolution-odor-color- - secretions—excretions — existence and growth-
changes-reproduction-sexes-substances, etc.

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Principles of Plants, p. 20.-Proximate principles-acids-gums-wax-
resins-fixed oils-volatile oils-sugar-modes of procuring and preparation
-2d class of principles-ultimate elements-examples, &c.-composition of
sap-powers of plants-nourishment-sponglets-sap vessels--forms and
variety-existence of plants—age of plants-examples, etc.

Comparative Physiology of Plants, p. 23.-Relations between plants and
animals-opinions-designs of Supreme Wisdom-instinct-reason-exam-
ples-feeling-physical causes-phenomena-structure, etc.

Microscopic Vegetables, p. 27.—Appearance-location-species- develop-
ment-diffusion of seeds-remarkable examples, etc.

Animal Plants-marine products-radiated animals-powers of volition—
sensation-germination-infusoria-zoophytes-senses-principles of life, etc.
Laws and vital principles, p. 29.-Organic and inorganic matter-seeds-de-
velopement of life-light-decomposition-death. Diseases of plants, p. 31.
-sources of nourishment-quantity and quality-causes of diseases—reme-
dies-deformities-insects-extraordinary cases-larvæ-reinarkable exam-
ples-economy of plants-location-forms-germs-uses-important kinds.
Differences in species of plants,-p. 34.-Anomolous character-transforma-
tions-signs of the weather. Periodical opening of flowers-times-remarka-
ble examples-singular facts-superstitious notions-dedications, etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Carbon a constituent of vegetables, p. 37-Elements of the world--the dia.
mond-assimilation of carbon-a constituent of the body-quantities con-
sumed and expired by man-combinations in plants-Bread made of trees-
preparation-sugar and starch.

Charcoal, p. 39-Uses in the arts-methods of making.

Organs of Plants-Necessary to nutrition-necessary to reproduction—
definitions-engraving.

VEGETABLE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, p. 40.—Elementary parts of plants—

Requirements of plants-particular kinds require particular manures, soil, etc.

-vitality of organs-dependence on the atmosphere-nature of the air-

decay and final products of plants-quantities of carbonic acid-soils-humus

-production and use-life of plants-provisions of the atmosphere-quanti-

ties and use of oxygen-primeval vegetation-nutriment of plants-effects

of light-of darkness-plants yield oxygen-functions of seeds and leaves-

size and development of organs-extraction of food from soils-transform-

ation of nutriment-decomposition of water-appropriation of food-form-

ation of acids-nitrogen and amonia-uses as food of plants-earthy salts

-kinds and uses-juices of plants-remarkable properties-elements for the

growth of plants-generation of plants-peculiar wants and supplies-peren-

nial and annual plants-causes-properties of seeds-sugar of the maple-

formation-processes-plants improve or deteriorate soils-their different

requirements-change of forest trees-causes-matter expelled from roots-

- kinds and properties in vegetation— appropriation-nitrogen-

hydrogen-uses, etc.

alkalies -

ORGANS OF PLANTS, p. 53.-Seeds-Their importance to all existences-

structure-seed-lobes-phenomena of growth-embryo--gemlet-size, num-
ber and forms of seeds-illustrative cuts-membranes of seeds-germination-
air-light-growth of one lobe-of two lobes-leaflets-radical-time of ger-
mination-cut of structure of seed lobe-elements of seeds-heat-develop-
ment of parts-selection of seeds-new mode of preparing seeds-effects of
the discovery-guano-remarkable products.

Roots, p. 58.-Their character-form-powers-selection of food-habits
-parts of roots-offices of each-spindle-shaped, with cut-abrupt, with cut
-branched, with cut-fibrous, with cut-tuberous, with cut-necklace, with
cut-hand-shaped, with cut-bulbous, with cut-truncated, with cut-scaly bulb,
with cut-creepiny, with cut-bulb-bearing, with cut-general character-
uses, with cut-duck-meat, with cut, etc.

Stems of Plants, p. 63.-Origin and growth-membranes-vascular texture
-spiral and annular vessels-glands- bark-various functions-fluids of
plants-circulation of sap-interesting phenomena—cuticle-cellular integu-
ment and cortex-their functions - perfect wood-sap-wood-divisions of
plants, according to internal structure-monocotyledonous-dicotyledonous
-endogenous-exogenous, with three cuts-circulation--effects of injury-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

divisions of stems-seven classes-leaf stalk-branches-bulbs. Appendages
of Plants-stipules - thorns prickles-glands-scales-stings-tendrils-
pubescences-bracts-hairs, etc.

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Leaves of Plants, p. 70.-Cellular structure-ribs-veins-origin-skin-

secretions-excretions-expiration-respiration-habits-functions-foliation
-periods-forms of leaves-plants known by these-description-insertion-
size-color-duration-causes-defoliation-anatomy and physiology-pow.

ers, etc.

Buds, p. 75.-Leaf-buds-flower-buds-characteristics-uses-formations
-budding-frondescence, etc.

Fruits, p. 77.-Product of flowers-processes-kinds of fruit-causes-
secretions-position-food-diseases-causes-light-heat-properties-

seeds-duration-composition-divisions-structure. Classification of Fruits,
p. 81-nine classes-orders-classes and genera-capsules, with cuts-peri-
carps, with cuts-bivalve, with cut-cillicle, with cut-legumes, with cut-uni-
valve, with cut-drupes, with cuts-berry, with cuts-compound do., with
cuts-pomes, with cut-strobulus, with cut-pappus, etc.

Flowers, p. 84--Composition-floral envelops-sexes-calyx, with cut-
position-division-parts, with cuts-corolla-petals-various forms, with
cuts-nectary-odor, etc. The Sexes, p. 87.-stamens-pistils-positions—
form, etc., with cuts-style-stigma-pollen-diffusion, with cut-organs
combined, with cut-phenomena of sexes-inflorescence-position of flowers
-various parts described-compound and aggregate flowers, etc.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION, p. 90.-Linnæn system-characteristics of clas-
sification-natural families-artificial and natural classification-rules-vege-
tation-reproduction-subdivisions-classes- orders-genera-species-va-
rieties-descriptions-changes-stamens and pistils-descriptions-with nu-
merous cuts. Classes, p. 93.-Described from one to twenty-four-orders-
genera and species described. Natural classification of Jessieu, p. 98.—prin-
ciples-lessons-directions-descriptions— analysis-divisions by the fruit.
The Natural System, p. 101.-method-classes-sub-classes-tribes-descrip-
tions-characteristics-Natural Orders and classes described, etc. p. 103.

VEGETABLE GEOGRAPHY, p. 106.—Its importance-causes-particular plants
-local vegetation, etc.-Outlines of American Vegetation, p. 108.-Forest trees
of North America-northern, middle, and southern districts-east and west
divisions-prairie regions-rocky mountains-review of kinds-peculiarities
and uses-comparison of American and French forest trees, etc.

Topography of Plants, p. 112.-Local circumstances-tribes of plants-
wars against one another-examples-remarkable plants-red snow plant-
particular plants in particular places-dispersion of plants-causes-seeds-
streams-seas- winds - birds- obstacles -deserts-mountains-orders-
habitation of plants, etc.

Vegetable Regions, p. 116-Twenty-two regions-defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Influence of the elements on Plants, p. 118.-Effects in their distribution-
solar light-general effects. Temperature, p. 121.-Particular months-im-
portance of heat-effects illustrated-different climates-freezing tempera-
ture-effects on particular plants-excitability of plants, etc.

Heat and moisture, p. 124-Examples-degrees explained—where plants
flourish-moisture-importance · -mean temperature illustrated-examples
cited-applications-effects on tissues, etc.-atmospheric moisture-examples
in New York and parts of the world-effects of wind-evaporation—amount
-degrees. Radiant heat, p. 126.-illustrations-influence of soils-general
influence of the atmosphere-illustrations, etc.

General Remarks, p. 128.-Adaptation of plants-indigenous plants-culti-
vation and productions-illustrations-effects on the condition of man, etc.
Vegetable regions of America, p. 131.—Illustrated and defined by two Maps—
remarks, etc.

CHEMISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, p. 132.-Character of plants-composition
-organic and inorganic matter-choice of soils-table of elements of plants
-ashes-constituents estimated-inorganic matter-proportions in soils-
soluble ingredients-insoluble-earthy parts-proportions to be supplied, etc.
Geological character of soil, p. 136.-Subsoil-soils explained-position of
rocks, with a drawing-stratified and unstratified-valleys and elevations of
strata, with drawing-nature of soil produced-natural order explained-divi-
sions of strata-character and names of soils-effects of inundations-effects
of climate-powers of absorption-temperature of soils. Chemical constitu-
tion of soil, p. 139.-choice of location by plants-soils sick of certain crops
-preparations for other crops-supplying the soil with food for plants—sea
weeds-charcoal-properties, effects and kinds of manures-estimated—
Animal substances, p. 142-for fertilizing soils-nature and examples-digested
substances animalized charcoal-effects-nitrogen in substances eaten-
source-amount-Mineral waters-salt-kelp. Lime, p. 145-uses-effects—
sources-irrigation of soil-draining-productive powers of soils-chemical
constitution—Analysis of soils, p. 148.-qualities and quantities of grain—
elements-gathering crops-food afforded per acre-table of estimates-ele-
ments required in food and animals-kinds of plants and proportion of nutri-
ment, etc.

ELEMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE FOOD, p. 154-Interest of
subject-divisions of aliments-elements of food in plants-vegetable diet—
mixed food necessary-man omnivorous-carbon combinations-production of
animal heat-carbon consumed-climate on consumption of food-diseases
-combustion of fats and oils in the lungs-extraordinary consumption of fats,
etc. in northern regions-organ of alimentiveness-examples-first and second
classes of elements of the body-hydrogen-nitrogenized food for nutrition
-identity of vegetable and animal composition-analysis of the food of the
horse-Liebig's views-alcohol and its properties-non-nitrogenized food