CHAPTER V. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, AND CLOSE OF THE ཝ ANALYSIS. 1. Pride and ambition of Louis XIV. Events that led to the war of the Apanish Succession." ENGLAND, GERMANY, AND HOLLAND, DECLARE WAR AGAINST FRANCE 1702.-2. Causes that induced England to engage in the war. The opposing powers. Death of king William. Queen Arne.-3. Opening of the campaign by Austria and England. The French generals.-4. The CAMPAIGN OF 1702. Naval events. [Cadiz. Vigo Bay.] EVENTS OF 1703.-5. EVENTS OF 1704. [Blenheim. Gibraltar.]-6. EVENTS OF 1705 AND 1706. French Osses. [Ramilles. Mons. Barcelona. Madrid.]-7. Overtures of peace. CAMPAIGN OF 1707. [Almanza. Toulon.] EVENTS OF 1708. [Oudenarde. Brussels.]-8. Sufferings of the French in the year 1709. Haughtiness of the monarch.-9. Louis in vain seeks peace with Holland. Battle of Malplaquet. [Malplaquet.] Successes of Louis in Spain. His domestic misfortunes.-10. Death of the Austrian emperor. Importance of that event. Decline of the war.-11. TREATY OF UTRECHT, April 11th, 1713. [Minorca. Newfoundland. Hudson's Bay territory. St. Christopher. Radstadt. Lisle. Alsace.]-12. Death of Louis XIV. CHARACTER OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV. II. PETER THE GREAT OF RUSSIA, AND CHARLES XII. OF SWEDEN. 1. THE NORTH AND EAST OF EUROPE during the war of the Spanish succession. Beginning of the reign of the Russian monarch.-2. Leading object with the Czar. He is induced to engage in a war with Sweden. His allies. [Livonia. Riga.]-3. Sweden. Reported character of Charles XII. The Swedish council, and declarations of Charles. Change in the king's character.-4. BEGINNING OP HOSTILITIES AGAINST SWEDEN, in the year 1700. [Sleswick. Holstein. Narva.] Charles humbles Denmark. [Copenhagen.]-5. The Polish king. Charles marches against Narva.-6. Signal DEFEAT OF THE RUSSIANS AT NARVA. Remark of the Czar. Superstition of the Russians.-7. The course pursued by Peter. Resolution of Charles. -8. VICTORIES OF CHARLES IN THE YEAR 1702. [Courland. Warsaw. Cracow.] The Polish king deposed. [Pultusk.] Charles declines the sovereignty of Poland.-9. Increase of his power and influence. [Borysthenes.] His views, and plans, for the future.-10. Policy, and gradual successes, of the Czar. [Neva. Ingria.]-11. MARCH OF CHARLES INTO RUSSIA, 1707-2. [Smo.ensko.]-12. Passage of the Desna. [Desna.] Misfortunes of Charles.-13. Situation of the Swedish army in the winter of 1708-9. Advance of Charles in the Spring. [Pultowa.]-14. Fiege and BATTLE OF PULTOWA. Escape of Charles. [Bender. Campbell's description of the catastrophe at Pultowa.]-15. Important effects of the battle of Pultowa.-16. Warlike views still entertained by Charles. He enlists THE TURKS in his favor. Treaty between the Russians and Turks. Pruth.-17. Lengthened stay of Charles in Turkey. RETURN OF CHARLES.-18. Situation of Sweden on his return. Warlike projects of Charles. EVENTS OF 1715. [Stock. holm.] Siege of Stralsund. Irruption into Norway. Project of a union with Russia. DEATH OF CHARLES, 1718. [Frederickshall.]-19. Change in Swedish affairs. Peace with Russia. [Nystad.]-20. CHARACTER OF CHARLES THE TWELFTH. [Dr. Johnson's description of him.1 -21. DEATH AND CHARACTER OF PETER THE GREAT. III. SPANISHI WARS, AND WARS OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION. 1. Effects of the treaty of Utrecht. EUROPEAN ALLIANCE for guaranteeing the fulfilment of ne treaty Spain finally compelled to accede to it.-2. WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN 1739. Its causes.-3. CAUSES OF THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION. [Pragmatie sanction.]-4. Claims, and designs, upon the Austrian dominions. The position of England.-5. Plan of THE COALITION AGAINST AUSTRIA. Invasion of Austria, 1741. The diet of Frankfort. [Frankfort.] Maria Theresa and the Hungarians, EVENTS OF 1742 AND 1743. [Munich. Dettingen.]---6. Successes and revses of Frederic of Prussia, 1744. The Austrian general.-7. Death of Charles Albert, 1745. Successes of Marshal Saxe. [Fontenoy.] Treaty between Prussia and Austria. Francis I.-8. Events in Italy in 1745. [Piedmont.] Events of the INVASION OF INGLAND, 1745-6. [Edinburgh. Preston-pans. Culloden.] Cruelties of the Eng lish.-9. EVENTS IN AMERICA, 1745-6. [Cape Breton.]-10. EVENTS OF 1746-7. TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Oct. 1748. In what respect the result was favorable to all parties. IV. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR:-1756-63. 1. The EIGHT YEARS OF PEACE that followed the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. CAUSES THAT THREATENED ANOTHER WAR.-2. East-India colonial difficulties between France and England -3. North American difficulties. BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES IN 1754. Braddock's defeat, 1755.-4. The connected interests of all the European States. The relations between Prussia and Austria. EUROPEAN ALLIANCES growing out of them.-5. The threatened danger to Prussia.-6. FIRST CAMPAIGN OF FREDERIC, 1756.-7. Declarations of war by France and England, 1756. The first campaign.-8. The opposing forces, 1757. Victory of Frederic at Prague, and defeat at Kolm. [Kolin.] General invasion of Prussia. Defeat of the English in Germany.-9. Dangerous situation of Frederic. [Berlin.] Recall of the Russian army. Frederic advances into Saxony.-10. Great victory of Frederic at Rossback. [Rossback.]—11. Results of the battle. Frederic's treatment of the wounded and prisoners.-12. The English and Hanoverians resume their arms. Affairs in Silesia. Victory of Frederic at Lissa. [Lissa.] Anecdote of Frederic.-13. Results of the campaign of 1757.-14. Successes of the duke of Brunswick, 1758. Frederic in Silesia-escapes from the Austrians at Olmutz, and marches against the Russians. [Olmutz.]-15. Battle of Zorndorf. [Zorndorf.] Anecdotes. Action of Hochkirchen. [Hochkirchen.] Results of the campaign.-16. Losses of the French in India and America.-17. Opening of the campaign of 1759. Defeat of Frederic at Kunersdorf. [Kunersdorf.] His loss in Bohemia. Result, to the Austrians.-18. The campaign of the duke of Brunswick. The results on the ocean and in the colonies.-19. Losses of Frederic in the campaign of 1760. He defeats the enemy at Liegnitz and Torgau. [Liegnitz. Torgau.]—20. The campaign in Germany.-21. Alliance between France and Spain. Losses of Spain and France. [Cuba. Manilla. Belleisle. Guadaloupe.]-22. The campaign of 1761. Coldness of England, and change in the Russian councils.-23. General PEACE OF 1763. The results, to England-to France-to Prussia. [Honduras.] The MILITARY CHARACTER OF FREDERIC. V. STATE OF EUROPE. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1. GENERAL PEACE IN EUROPE. Results of the "Seven Years' War." Efforts of Frederic for the good of his people.-2. FRANCE during the closing years of the reign of Louis XV. Accession of Louis XVI.-3. Condition of RUSSIA. Her war with Turkey and Poland. [Moldavia and Wallachia.] DISMEMBERMENT OF POLAND, 1773.-4. STATE OF PARTIES IN EN Í AND. Taxation. Resignation of the earl of Bute.-5. The Grenville ministry. The case of Mr. Wilkes.-6 The subject of AMERICAN TAXATION. The Stamp Act.-7. Misfortunes of England in her attempts to coerce the Americans.-8. Oining of THE WAR WITH THE COLONIES.-9, EUROPEAN RELATIONS OF ENGLAND. Aid extended to the Americans.-10. Capture of Burgoyne, 1777, and ALLIANCE BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE AMERICAN STATES.-11. Begin. ning of the WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND.-12. War in the West Indies. [Dominica. St. Lucia.]-13. Hostilities in the East Indies, and overthrow of the French power there.-14. WAR BETWEEN SPAIN AND ENGLAND. Events of 1779. [St. Vincents. Grenada.] -15. Successes of Admiral Rodney, 1780. English merchant fleet captured by the Spaniards. -16. The English claim of the right of search. ARMED NEUTRALITY AGAINST ENGLAND. Principles of the Neutrality. General concurrence in them.-17. RUPTURE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND HOLLAND.-18. Capture of St. Eustatia by the English. [St. Eustatia.]-19. The Spaniards conquer West Florida. The French and English in the West Indies. [Tobago.] Naval battle off the coast of Holland. [Dogger Bank.1-20. Results of the war between England and ber American colonies. Cor.unuance of the war in Europe. Siege of Gibraltar, 1781, and destruction of the Spanish works.-21. Minorca taken by Spain, 1782. Losses of the English in the West Indies. [Bahamas.] Naval victory of the English. [Carribee islands.]-22. Continued siege of Gibraltar. Preparations for an assault.-23. The assault.-24. Generous conduc of the British seamen. Results of the assault.-25. The WAR IN THE EAST INDIES. Account of Hyder Ali. [Mysore. Seringapatam.]-26. Successes of Hyder Ali and his son Tippoo Saib, in 1780. Events of 1781-2.-27. Tippoo concludes a treaty with the English, 1783. Renewal of the war, 1790. Defeat and death of Tippoo, 1799.-28. TREATY OF 1782. GENERAL TREATY OF 1783, between England, France, and Spain. Its terms.-29. Remarks upon the war of the Revolution. VI. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 1. The DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT of the American Revolution :—its influence upon French society. 2. State of France at the time of the death of Louis XV.-3. LOUIS XVI. His character.—4 FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES. Efforts of Turgot and Neckar, and the opposition which they en countered.-5. The system of Calonne, and its results.-6. Brienne calls THE STATES-GENERAL -7. Removal of Brienne, and restoration of Neckar. The policy of the court.-8. The general agitation throughout France. The evils to be complained of. The clergy and the nobility. The philosophic party. The calling of the States-general-a revolutionary measure. Demands of the Commons. Results of the elections.-9. New difficulty at the opening of the Statesgeneral. Its final settlement.-10. Effect of the triumph of the third estate. REVOLUTIONARY STATE OF PARIS. Attack upon the Bastile, 1789.-11. Louis throws himself, for support, upon the popular party.-12. The effect. Revolutionary movements throughout France. GREAT POLITICAL CHANGES.-13. Two months of quiet. FAMINE, AND MOBS, in Paris. The mob at Versailles, and return of the Assembly and royal family to Paris.-14. Formation of a New CONSTITUTION. MARSHALLING OF PARTIES. The Jacobin club.-15. Its character. Its leaders. Mirabeau. His character, and death.-16. THE EMIGRANT NOBILITY. [Coblentz.] ATTEMPTED ESCAPE OF THE ROYAL FAMILY, 1791. The king swears to support the new constitution. Dissolution of the "Constituent Assembly."-17. The "Legislative Assembly." Chief parties in it. Growing influence of the Jacobins.-18. First acts of the legislative assem bly. Object of the Girondists. Demands of the Austrian emperor. WAR DECLARED AGAINST AUSTRIA, 1792. Real causes of the war.-19. Collection of forces, and invasion of France The effects produced in France.-20. MASSACRE OF THE 10TH OF AUGUST. Acts of the Assembly. Flight of La Fayette. Dumouriez.-21. MASSACRES OF SEPTEMBER.-22. Victories of the French. [Jemappes. Marseilles Hymn.]-23. Decree of the National Convention TRIAL AND EXECUT 'N OF LOUIS XVI. [1793.] 24. FALL OF THE GIRONDISTS.-25. Rule of the Jacobins.-26. THE REIGN OF TERROR. Execution of the queen. TRIUMPH OF INFIDELITY.-27. Divisions among the Jacobin leaders. FALL OF THE DANTONISTS.-28. WAR AGAINST EUROPE.-29. Defection of Du mouriez.-30. Fate of Custine.-31. War on the Spanish frontier. In other quarters.-32. INSURRECTION OF LA VENDEE. Victory of the Vendeans at Saumur, and defeat at Nantes. [Saumur Repeated defeats of the Republicans. [Torfou.]-33. Cruelties of the Republicans. The Vendeans cross into Brittany. [Cholet. Chateau Gonthier.]-34. Closing scenes of the Vendean war. [Granville. Mans. Savenay. The Vendean leaders.]-35. INSURRECTIONS IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE. Marseilles and Lyons.-36. Siege of Toulon. Napoleon Bonaparte. -37. Results of the campaign of 1793. [1794.] 38. Progress of the Revolution after the fall of Danton.-39. FALL OF ROBESFIERRE, AND END OF THE REIGN OF TERROR.-40. Military condition of France.-41. THE ENGLISH VIC TORIOUS AT SEA, AND THE FRENCH ON THE LAND. [Biscay.]-42. SECOND PARTITION OF Po LAND. 43. THIRD PARTITION OF POLAND. [1795.] 44. DISSOLUTION OF THE FIRST COALITION AGAINST FRANCE. Austria, England, and Russia.-45. Internal condition of France. THE NEW CONSTITUTION.-46. INSURRECTION IN PARIS, suppressed by Napoleon.-47. Military events of 1795. [1796.] 48. INVASION OF GERMANY by Jordan and Moreau.-49. THE ARMY OF ITALY. Victories of Napoleon. [Montenotte. Millessimo. Lodi. Arcole. Mantua.]-50. DISTURBANCES IN ENGLAND. Spain. English supremacy at sea. French ir vasion of Ireland. [1797.] 51. NAPOLEON'S AUSTRIAN CAMPAIGN. TREATY OF CAMPO FORMIO. [Campo For mio.] Losses of Italy. 52. Strife of parties, and ESTABLISHMENT OF MILITARY DESPOTISM IN FRANCE. [1798.] 53. PREPARATIONS FOR THE INVASION OF ENGLAND. EXPEDITION TO EGYPT,-54 Preparations for the expedition.-55. Surrender of Malta. Malta.] Storming of Alexandria.56. Policy of Napoleon. [The Arab population. Cairo.] BATTLE OF THE PYRAMIDS.-57, BATTLE OF THE NILE.-58. Remarkable energy of Napoleon. Conquest of Upper Egyp [1799] SYRIAN EXPEDITION.-59. SIEGE OF ACRE. [Mount Tabor.] BATTLE OF MOUNT TABOR. [Nazareth.]-60. Return of Napoleon to Egypt. BATTLE OF ABOUKIR.-öl. State of affairs in Europe.-62. Napoleon's return to France. OVERTHROW OF THE DIRECTORY. [St. Cloud.] NAPOLEON FIRST CONSUL Changes of the Revolution. I. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, AND CLOSE OF THE REIGN OF Louis XIV.-1. The war which ended in the treaty of Ryswick had not humbled the pride of Louis XIV., whose ambition soon involved Europe in another war, known in history as the "War of the Spanish succession." The immediate events that led to the war were the following. On the death of Charles the Second of Spain, in the year 1700, the two claimants of the Spanish throne were the archduke Charles of Austria, and Philip of Anjou, nephew of the French monarch. Both these princes endeavored, by their emissaries, to obtain from Charles, then on a sick bed, a declaration in favor of their respective pretensions; but although the Spanish monarch was strongly in favor of the claims of the arch duke his kinsman, the gold and the promises of Louis prevailed with the Spanish nobles to induce their sovereign to assign by will, to the duke of Anjou, the undivided sovereignty of the Spanish dominions. The arch duke resolved to support his claims by the sword, while the possible and not improbable union of the crowns of France and Spain in the person of Philip, after the death of Louis, was looked upon by England, Germany, and Holland, as an event highly dangerous to the safety of those nations; and on the 15th of May, 1702, these three powers declared war against France, in support of the claims of the arch-duke to the Spanish succession. I. ENGLAND, AND HOL- FRANCE, 1702. 2. It was, doubtless, of very little importance to England, whether an Austrian or a French prince became monarch of Spain; but when, on the death of the exiled James II., his son was acknowl. edged king of England by the French court, the act was regarded as an insult and a defiance to Great Britain; the national animosity was aroused, and king William engaged strenuously in the work of forming a league against the ambition of France. England, Holland, and Austria, were the leading powers of the coalition, while France was aided by Bavaria alone. Already William was preparing to take the field in person at the head of the allies, when a fall from his horse occasioned a fever, which terminated his life in May 1702. Queen Anne, who next ascended the throne of Great Britain, deslared her resolution to adhere to the policy of her predecessor. 3. The emperor of Austria began the war by pouring into Italy a large army under the command of Prince Eugene, a Frenchman by birth, who had early entered the Austrian service, where he had gained distinction in the wars of the Turks. At the same time the English duke of Marlborough, intrusted with the chief command of the Dutch and English forces, entered on the campaign in Flanders. To these generals was at first opposed marshal Villars; but the complaints of the elector of Bavaria against him induced that able general to resign his command. Marsin, Tallard, and Villeroy, succeeded him; but the French generals, brought up under the despotic authority of Louis, who required in his officers the quality of submission as well as the talent for command, were unable to cope with Marlborough and Eugene, who had been bred in a school that encouraged the development of talent, by allowing a greater indepen dence of character. II. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1702. 4. The campaign of 1702 passed without any remarkable results. Marlborough took a few towns in Flanders, and Eugene in northern Italy, but on the Rhine the French gained some successes at sea a combined Dutch and English fleet failed in an attack on Cadiz,' but succeeded in capturing and destroying, in Vigo Bay, a French and Spanish fleet that had taken shelter there, laden with the treasures of Spanish America. III. EVENTS In the spring of 1703 the French succeeded in breaking through the lines of the allies on the Rhine, thus trans ferring the seat of the war to the Danube, and making a threatening demonstration against Vienna itself. OF 1703 IV. EVENTS 5. In the spring of 1704 Marlborough, abandoning Flanders, marched to the relief of the Austrian emperor, and having joined prince Eugene, on the 13th of August, near the small village of Blenheim, he won a decisive victory over the French and Bavarians. Each army numbered about eighty CF 1704. 2 1 Cadiz is an important city and seaport of Andalusia, in southern Spain, sixty miles northwest from Gibraltar. It is a very ancient city, having been founded by the Carthaginiana (Map No. XIII.) 2. Vigo Bay is on the western coast of Spain, a little north of Portugal. 3. Blenh im is a small village of western Bavaria, on the Danube, thirty-three miles north east from Ulm. (Map No. XVII |