land. There was much to induce them to remain as they had been-the labors of 12 years, the complete organization of their edifices and plans, past success, the prestige of connection with a wealthy and endowed church, the sympathies of the government, and then, on the other hand, their ignorance as to the extent and ability of the Free church to aid them in the erection of new buildings, and in the carrying out of their well tried system. However, guided by a clear conviction of duty, Dr. Duff and his brethren at once and unanimously declared their adherence to the Free church, and vacated their honored and beloved institution, with all its valuable library and apparatus; and we believe they have had no cause to regret the step. On the death of Dr. Thomas Chalmers in 1846, the office of principal and professor of theology in the Free church college in Scotland was offered to him, but was refused. He returned to Europe in 1851 to recruit his broken health; but instead of finding there the necessary repose, he entered on the revival of the missionary spirit among the British people, and for that purpose visited the churches even in the remotest British isles. In 1854 he made a voyage to America, and during the months of February, March, April, and May, he visited the principal cities in the northern and western states, and passed through Canada. While he was in New York the various evangelical churches met by representation, and gave him a fraternal welcome, and the university of New York conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1855 he returned to India, where he still remains, devoted with untiring industry to his missionary labors. DUFFY, CHARLES GAVAN, an Irish journalist and politician, born in Ulster in 1816. He embraced the profession of journalism at an early age, and for several years edited an influential newspaper at Belfast. At the same time he pursued the study of the law, and was subsequently called to the bar, but he has never practised. In 1841 he went to Dublin, where in 1842 he established the "Nation," a publication strongly in the interest of O'Connell and the advocates of repeal of the union; and in 1844 he was compromised in the proceedings instituted against O'Connell and the prominent repealers. In 1847 he joined the party of young Ireland, and in the succeeding year was tried with Smith O'Brien, Thomas Francis Meagher, and others, for sedition, but was acquitted. He then resumed the direction of the Nation," in which he advocated various social reforms for Ireland, and between 1852 and 1856 represented New Ross in parliament. He has since emigrated to Australia, where he has been a member of the colonial legislature, and also of the ministry. He is the author of "Ballad Poetry of Ireland," and other publications. DUFOUR, GUILLAUME HENRI, a Swiss general, born in Constance in 1787. He was educated in Geneva, and after the annexation of that city to France in 1807, studied at the polytech nic school in Paris. Having entered the French army, he obtained a commission in 1809, served in the last campaigns of Napoleon, and distinguished himself during the Hundred Days. When Geneva was restored to Switzerland, he became a citizen of the republic; was continued in the rank of captain, which he had received under the empire, and in 1827 was promoted to that of colonel. In 1831 he was made chief of the staff of a corps destined to defend the neutrality of the republic. Intrusted with the management of the military school at Thun, with the survey of Switzerland, and, as quartermaster-general, with the reorganization of the federal army, he performed his duties with zeal and ability. When the organization of the Sonderbund, and the apprehended intervention of foreign powers, seemed to threaten the existence of the confederation in 1847, Dufour, at the age of 60, was chosen by the diet commander-in-chief of the federal forces, and not only rapidly suppressed the civil war, but also raised the reputation of his country in the eyes of Europe. His moderation on that occasion equalled his military ability. Being a conservative in politics, the events of 1848 lost him some part of his popularity; but he has since rendered important services to his country as a negotiator with foreign powers, especially in the question of the relations of Ticino and Neufchâtel with Austria and Prussia. Shortly before the termination of the Neufchâtel affair, he was again appointed commander-in-chief of the federal army in consequence of the warlike preparations of Prussia. He is the author of several works in French, the most important of which are: De la fortification permanente (1824; 2d edition, 1850); Geometrie perspective, &c. (1827); Mémoires sur l'artillerie des ancients et sur celle du moyen áge (1840); Manuel de tactique (1842). DUFRENOY, PIERRE ARMAND, a French geologist and mineralogist, born in Sévran, Seineet-Oise, in 1792, died in Paris, March 20, 1857. His mother (born in 1765, died in 1825) was a poetess of some distinction. He entered the polytechnic school in 1811, and the school of mines in 1813. His first essay appeared in 1819, and was followed by a great variety of papers on mineralogy and geology, which gained for him a high reputation in the scientific world. His explorations in southern France and in the Pyréneés led him to develop the theory of metamorphism, according to which the production of many of the newer rocks is explained by the action of heat upon those of older date. He explored the vicinity of Naples, and in his work on the subject (Des terrains colcaniques des environs de Naples) he maintains that Herculaneum and Pompeii were destroyed by a landslide from Vesuvius, and not by lava ejected from the crater. In concert with Elie de Beaumont he explored between 1823 and 1836 various parts of France, England, and northern Spain, and the remarkable geological map of France which appeared in 1841 was the result of their labors. He was intrusted with a mission to England for the purpose of investigating the effect of the substitution of the hot for the cold blast in furnaces employed for melting iron. He also investigated the methods of various metallurgical operations in Great Britain, and published in conjunction with Elie de Beaumont, Coste, and Perdonnet, an elaborate and valuable report entitled Voyage métallurgique en Angleterre (2d ed. 1837-'39, 2 vols. 8vo.). He was one of the most active members of the academy of miners, director of the école des mines, and professor of mineralogy and geology. He introduced a new classification of minerals based upon crystallography, and promoted in various other ways the study of mineralogy and meteorology. The 4th and last volume of the 2d and enlarged edition of his Traité de minéralogie appeared in Paris in 1859, with an additional volume of illustrations. DU FRESNE, CHARLES. See Du CANGE. DU FRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSE, a French painter and poet, born in Paris in 1611, died at Villiers-le-Bel, near Paris, in 1665. His pictures are correct, but not otherwise remarkable, and he is now chiefly remembered as the author of a Latin poem entitled De Arte Graphica, the "Art of Painting," which has been 3 times translated into English, viz.: into prose by Dryden (4to. London, 1695), by Wills (4to. 1754); and into verse by William Mason, with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds (4to., York, 1783). DUFRESNY, CHARLES RIVIERE, a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1648, died there, Oct. 6, 1724. He was descended from Henry IV. by one of the mistresses of that monarch, known as la belle jardinière. In consequence of his descent and his talents, he enjoyed the favor of Louis XIV., but his improvident habits were constantly involving him in embarrassments. He wrote some excellent comedies, had great skill as a landscape gardener, and was known as a pleasant companion and a wit. It is related of him that he married his washerwoman in order to avoid paying her bill. Among his comedies which obtained the most success, may be mentioned L'esprit de contradiction, La coquette de village, and Le faux sincère. His Poésies diverses are also praised. A selection of his works was published at Paris in 2 vols. in 1805. DUGANNE, AUGUSTINE JOSEPH HICKEY, an American poet and novelist, born in Boston in 1823. He has been a frequent contributor to the periodical press, having written between 20 and 30 novelettes and romances, and a great number of miscellaneous papers under various signatures. His poetical works consist of the "Iron Harp," "Parnassus in Pillory," a satire, the "Mission of Intellect," a poem delivered in New York in 1852, the "Gospel of Labor," delivered before the N. Y. mercantile library association in 1853, and a number of short pieces originally appearing in newspapers and magazines, which were published in a large illustrated edition, in Philadelphia, in 1856. He is also the author of the "Lydian Queen," a tragedy performed at the Walnut street theatre, Philadel phia, in 1848. Among his writings are a "Comprehensive Summary of General Philosophy," published at Philadelphia in 1845, and a "Class Book of Governments and Civil Society," printed in 1859 in New York. One of his latest productions is the "Tenant House," a work prepared from information acquired while he was a member of the legislature of New York. DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, an English antiquary, born in Shustoke, Warwickshire, Sept. 12, 1605, died Feb. 10, 1686. He was educated partly in the free school of Coventry, partly by his father, was made pursuivant at arms extraordinary under the name of Blanche Lyon in 1638, rose by degrees in the herald's college until he became garter principal king at arms in 1677, and was knighted. In 1641 exact drafts of all the monuments in Westminster abbey and in many of the churches of England, with copies of their inscriptions, were made under his superintendence and deposited in Sir Christopher Hatton's library. With Roger Dodsworth he projected the publication of the charters and descriptions of all the monasteries of the kingdom; and after having attended King Charles at Edgehill and followed him to Oxford, he improved a long stay in that town by collecting from the Bodleian and other libraries there materials for this great work. From the tower records, the Cottonian library, and the papers of André Du Chesne which he examined in Paris, he gathered still more information; and in 1655 the first volume of the work appeared in Latin at London, under the title of Monasticon Anglicanum; the 2d and 3d vols. were issued in 1661 and 1673; a new and enlarged edition, in 6 vols. crown folio, was published in 1817-30, with plates, the cost of drawing and engraving which amounted to $30,000. This edition was reprinted at London in 8 vols. fol. in 1846. Several abridgments of the original work have been made in English. Among Dugdale's other contributions to history are the "Antiquities of Warwickshire" (fol., 1656), one of the best works of the kind ever published, and the author's chef d'œuvre; "History of St. Paul's Cathedral" (fol., 1658); "History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fenns and Marshes" (fol., 1662), undertaken at the instance of several gentlemen who were interested in the draining of Bedford Level; "Origines Juridiciales, or Historical Memoirs of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Trial, Punishment in Cases Criminal, Law Writers," &c. (1666); the "Baronage of England, or an Historical Account of the Lives and most memorable Actions of our English Nobility" (3 vols. fol., 1675-'6); "A Short View of the late Troubles in England" (Oxford, 1681); "Ancient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honor as are commonly called Arms" (Oxford, 1682); "A Perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the Great Councils and Parliaments of this Realme, from the XLIX. of Henry the IIId. until these present Times” (London, 1685). Dugdale also completed the 2d volume of Sir Henry Spelman's Concilia. His works are ad mirable for their accuracy, and his industry was almost incredible. His "Life, Diary, and Correspondence," with an index to his MS. collections, many of which are preserved in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was published at London in 1827 by William Hamper, F.S.A. -His son, Sir John Dugdale, was Norroy kingat-arms, and published a catalogue of the English nobility. verted into a long and narrow canal. The lower jaw corresponds to the angle of the intermaxillaries, and is bent downward at the symphysis; on its anterior surface are 3 or 4 rough and shallow alveoli, sometimes containing rudimentary incisors, according to Sir Everard Home. The cervical vertebræ are 7, separate; the dorsals 18, with spinous processes bent back and elongated from the first to the last, and of the same DUGONG, a herbivorous cetacean, of the ge- length as the transverse; the lumbar 3, with long nus dugungus (Lacépède), or halicore (Illiger), spinous and transverse processes; one sacral, to the only genus of its family, and the only un- which rudimentary pelvic bones are suspended; disputed species of the genus; the Malay name caudals about 24, with chevron bones for the is duyong, and the scientific halicore Indicus anterior, and becoming flattened posteriorly. (Desm.) or H. dugung (F. Cuvier). The general The ribs are 18, less thick and dense than those shape is fish-like; the head is proportionately of the manati, the 1st 3 attached by cartilages small, and separated from the body by a slight to the sternum; the shoulder blade is large, with cervical depression; there is no dorsal fin, and the anterior angle rounded, the posterior exthe horizontal tail is crescent-shaped; there are tended backward with a concave margin; the no posterior limbs, but the anterior are like ce- spine is prominent, and the acromion and coratacean paddles without any trace of nails or di- coid processes are pointed; the humerus is short, vision into fingers. The upper lip is very large, thick, with a prominent deltoid ridge; the rathick, obliquely truncated, forming a blunt snout dius and ulna are very short, rounded, anchysuch as would be made by cutting off an ele- losed together at each end; the carpal bones phant's trunk near the mouth; the anterior por- are 4, in 2 rows; the thumb is rudimentary, its tion is covered with soft papilla with a few metacarpal bone small and pointed; the other stiff bristles; the lips have a corneous edging. metacarpals are flattened, with 3-jointed phawhich assists it in tearing sea-weeds from the langes. The tongue is thick, the anterior upper bottom. In the old animal the incisors are 2 surface with cuticular spines, and on each side above and none below, large, but nearly covered at the base a horny, retroverted, pointed process. by the tumid and movable lip; in the young, The stomach is divided into 2 portions, the carthe 2 upper permanent incisors are preceded diac large and globular, the pyloric narrower; by 2 deciduous ones, and there are 6 or 8 lower at the constriction between the 2 are 2 tubular incisors which fall and are not succeeded by any cæcal prolongations as in some pachyderms, and permanent ones. The molars in the adult are at the cardiac end is a rounded glandular mass as in 22, simple and elliptical, in the young, some rodents; the intestines are 14 times as long far back on the horizontal portion of the jaw; as the body, and the cæcum is simple and heartthe grinding surface presents an outer rim of shaped. The liver is transversely oblong, with enamel, with the central ivory portion slightly 1 large and 3 small lobes; the gall bladder is depressed; they have no proper roots, and grow present, elongated, receiving bile directly from as long as they can be of use to the animal. The the hepatic ducts; the spleen is very small and skin is thick and smooth, with a few scattered rounded. The heart has its ventricles deeply bristles; the color is bluish above and white cleft, not however affecting the circulation; the beneath; the mammæ are 2, and pectoral; the capacity of the pulmonary artery is very great, fins are used not only for swimming, but for to accommodate the delay of the blood in the crawling along the bottom. The cranial bones lungs during submersion. The lungs are very are dense and large, with loose connections long, flattened, as long as the body; the superwhere any sutures exist. The intermaxillaries ficial air cells are large, the dorsal extent is are very large, extending back as far as the mid- great, the trachea divides high up, and the brondle of the temporal foss, and bent down at a chi are long, as in marine turtles; the cartilages right angle over the symphysis of the lower jaw, of the bronchial tubes are continued spirally into terminating nearly on a level with its lower mar- each other. The sense of smell must be dull; gin; this is necessary for the accommodation of the eye is very small and convex, with a nictithe incisors, one of which is in each intermax- tating membrane beside the lids; the external illary; for this reason also the nostrils are dis- orifice of the ear is hardly perceptible; the nasal placed upward, different from the allied manati, openings are 2 parabolic slits, whose semi-lunar so that their opening is turned up as in the typ-edge performs the office of a valve which can be ical cetacea; indeed this animal comes nearer than its congener to the whales in its forked tail, absence of nails, and superior opening of the nostrils. The whole skull (and especially the frontal bones) is comparatively short; the parietal crests are widely separated; there is no bony tentorium, no sella turcica, very few and small openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the optic foramina are con opened and shut at pleasure; the interior of the cheeks, according to F. Cuvier, is entirely covered with strong hairs. The usual length of the dugong is from 8 to 10 feet, though it has been seen as long as 20 feet; it is found in the seas of the East Indies, especially in the Malayan archipelago, never on land, rarely if ever in fresh water, but generally in troops in shallows of the sea where the depth is not more than 3 fathoms. Its food consists of fuci and algae, and it browses on the marine vegetation as a cow does on land. It yields little or no oil, but is hunted by the Malays for its flesh, which resembles young beef, is tender and palatable, and is considered a royal dish. It is generally speared, and at night, especially during the northern monsoon, at the mouths of rivers, when the sea is calm. The affection of the mother for her young is very remarkable. There are doubtless several species in the Indian seas, as it is hardly probable that only one species would be found from the Philip pine islands to the coast of New Holland; in the Red sea is a species called H. tabernacularum by Rüppell, from his belief that the Hebrews covered with its skin their tabernacle and sacred ark; this is generally considered a mere variety. In the article MANATI will be given reasons for considering the herbivorous cetaceans as belonging rather to the pachyderms than to cetaceans, the manati coming nearer to the former, and the dugong probably nearer to the latter. (See also DINOTHERIUM.) An allied fossil genus, halitherium (Kaup), is found in the tertiary calcareous deposits of Europe. DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENÉ, a French admiral, born in St. Malo, June 10, 1673, died in Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. He was at first intended for the church, but his family yielded to his inclinations, and allowed him to follow the sea as his profession. He distinguished himself as commander of a privateer in the war against England and Holland, and attracted the attention of Louis XIV., who presented him with a sword, and afterward, in 1697, admitted him to the royal navy, giving him the command of a vessel. He continued his career, and, in the letters of nobility granted him for his conduct in the Spanish war, it was stated that he had captured more than 300 merchant ships and 20 ships of war. The exploit, however, which won him the most renown, was the capture of Rio Janeiro in 1711, which brought an immense sum of money to the French government. DUGUET, JACQUES JOSEPH, a French theologian, born at Montbrison, Dec. 9, 1649, died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1733. He officiated for many years as professor of divinity at the oratoire. His zeal for the cause of the Port Royalists, although tempered by moderation, which formed one of the chief traits of his character, involved him in the religious controversies of his times. His writings, which comprise nearly 20 works chiefly on theological and ethical subjects, are, without being very vigorous, conceived in the gentle and Christian tone which distinguished him in his life. DU HALDE, JEAN BAPTISTE, & French geographer, born in Paris, Feb. 1, 1674, died Aug. 18, 1743. In 1708 he became a member of the society of Jesus, and was afterward appointed to the task of editing the letters of missionaries sent out by that society to various parts of the world, and especially to China. The result of these labors is the well-known Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangères, ed ited by Du Halde from the 9th to the 26th volume inclusive; and his Description géogra phique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (4 vols. fol., Paris, 1735); two works of considerable interest and importance, and which contributed not a little to advance the science of geography. An English translation of the latter appeared in London in 1736 (4 vols. 8vo.), in 1742 (2 vols. fol.), and again in 1744 (4 vols. 8vo.). The Lettres édifiantes et curieuses have not been translated into English, but a selection from the earlier volumes appeared in London in 1743, in 2 vols. 8vo., under the title of "Jesuits' Letters." DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI LOUIS, & French botanist and writer on agriculture, born in Paris in 1700, died there, Aug. 23, 1782. He was educated at the college of Harcourt, where he first displayed a taste for the natural sciences. Having been appointed naval inspector, he directed his attention to the culture and preservation of wood suitable for nautical purposes, whence he was led to investigate the properties of the different species of plants and trees adapted to the climate of France, of which he drew up a catalogue arranged in the alphabetical order of their Latin generic names. His most important works are: De la physique des arbres (2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1758); Des semis et plantations des arbres et de la culture (4to., 1760); Éléments de l'agriculture (2 vols. 12mo., 1762). DUIDA, a lofty mountain near the southern extremity of Venezuela. On the S. and W. it presents a perpendicular front, bare and stony to the summit. The other sides are less steep, and covered with magnificent forests. The summit, 8,500 feet above the sea, has never been reached by man. At the beginning and end of the rainy season small shifting flames are seen to play about the highest peaks, and have sometimes induced the supposition that the mountain is a volcano. At its foot is the solitary mission of Esmeraldo. DUILIUS, CAIUS NEPOS, Consul of Rome, 260 B. C., noted for his naval victory over the Carthaginians, the first success ever obtained by the Romans on the sea. The battle was fought off Myle in Sicily, and the triumph of Duilius is attributed to his invention of grappling irons, by means of which he attached his ships firmly to those of the enemy, and enabled his men to fight hand to hand. On his return to Rome he was honored with a magnificent triumph, and a column was raised to commemorate the event. DUISBURG, & Prussian town, capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of the Rhine, 18 m. W. N. W. from Düsseldorf, at the confluence of the Agger with the Ruhr, on the railway from Cologne to Minden; pop. of the circle, 110,000; of the town, 12,000. It is surrounded by dilapidated walls, has a library, a botanic garden, and important manufactories of woollen and cotton, velvet, leather, tobacco, and porcelain. It has also in its vicinity extensive sugar refineries and iron forges. DUJARDIN DUJARDIN, FÉLIX, a French naturalist, born in Tours, April 5, 1801. The son of a watchmaker, he was obliged to learn with little assistance the sciences which he has since been employed in teaching. From 1827 to 1834 he delivered public lectures in Tours upon geometry and chemistry as applied to the arts. During the same period he published several geological works, in one of which he first made known the curious fact that Artesian wells bring to the surface seeds and remains of insects, which have been taken from long distances and transported through subterranean passages. In 1833 and 1834 he published descriptions of the flora of the region of the Loire, and of the geology and fossils of Touraine. He then devoted himself to zoological researches, and published observations upon the rh poda, for which he proposed a new classification. In 1839 he added extended annotations to the 3d volume of De Lamarck's "History of Invertebrate Animals," and among his later publications have been his researches upon the brain of insects, and upon the instinct of bees. DUJARDIN, KAREL, a Dutch painter, born in Amsterdam in 1640, died in Venice, Nov. 20, 1678. He was the best pupil of Berghem; studied in Italy, where his pictures were very popular; went to Lyons, got into debt, and married his landlady, whom he soon deserted, and returned to Amsterdam. He again went to Italy to escape from his wife. On his death, the Venetian senate paid him unusual honors. In spite of his dissipation he left a great number of paintings, principally of pastoral scenes and animals. His pictures are now scarce and dear. DUKE (Lat. dux; Byz. Gr. dovkas, a leader), a title belonging originally to the commanders of armies. In the later periods of the Roman empire it designated the military governor of a district, and until the time of Theodosius the rank of dukes was esteemed inferior to that of counts. Subsequently their dignity greatly increased, several provinces often became subject to a single duke, and the title was not disdained by conquerors such as Alaric and Attila. The northern barbarians who invaded the vast territories of declining Rome adopted, if they had not before borrowed, the titles of duke and count; but among these martial tribes, the dukes, as military chieftains, acquired a decided preeminence over the counts, who both in the Byzantine and western empires had been employed chiefly in civil offices. Under the successors of Charlemagne, the governors of provinces generally assumed the title of duke, and achieved an almost absolute independence. The kings of France, however, succeeded in reuniting to the crown the dukedoms which had been severed from it; and the ducal sovereignty being extinguished, the name has remained in France only as a title of dignity hereditary in certain families. Prior to the revolution dukes were created by letters patent of the king, and were of 3 kinds, of which those designated as dukes and peers held the first rank, and had a seat |