Opinion of the Court.

to confer this power exclusively upon that court, to be exercised as a judicial power, and the judges of the court are not liable to individuals for judicial acts done within their jurisdiction. Randall v. Brigham, 7 Wall. 523: Randall, Petitioner, 11 Allen, 473."

On the first day of July, 1889, judgment for costs was entered for the defendant. The plaintiff, Manning, thereupon sued out a writ of error from this court, and a motion to dismiss or affirm was made by defendant in error.

Mr. John A. J. Creswell, on behalf of Mr. Charles Theodore Russell, Jr., for the motion, submitted on Mr. Russell's brief.

Mr. Charles Cowley, for plaintiff in error, opposing, submitted on his brief.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER delivered the opinion of the

court.

Jurisdiction to review the final judgment rendered in this case cannot be maintained upon the ground of the denial by the state courts of any title, right, privilege, or immunity claimed under the Constitution, or some treaty, or statute of, or commission held or authority exercised under, the United States, as the plaintiff in error set up and claimed none such. Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S. 131, 181; Chappell v. Bradshaw, 128 U. S. 132. And the decision that the defendant was not liable in damages, because in concurring in the order complained of he acted in his judicial capacity, in itself involved no Federal question. Lange v. Benedict, 99 U. S. 68, 71. Nor can the plaintiff object that the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under, the United States was drawn in question, or that a title, right, privilege, or immunity was claimed under the Constitution, or a statute of, or a commission held, or an authority exercised under, the United States, on the ground that the defendant claimed to exercise an authority under acts of Congress, or under a commission held under the United States, since this was not the plaintiff's con

Opinion of the Court.

tention, but the defendants'; and the state courts decided not against but in favor of the authority, title, right, privilege, or immunity so claimed.

The three rulings asked by the plaintiff and refused by the court, were:

First. That the Court of, Commissioners of Alabama Claims had no authority to make the order entered by them, touching the plaintiff.

Second. That, the defendant French having admitted that he concurred with the other defendants in issuing and enforc ing said order, the plaintiff was entitled to recover from him compensation for all loss sustained by him, as the direct result of its entry and enforcement.

Third. That more than two years having elapsed after the reorganization of the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims, under the act of Congress of June 5, 1882, and after the appointment of the defendants, but prior to the date of the order, the defendants had no lawful authority to act as judges of said Court of Commissioners.

The court held that the term of the judges had not expired, and that they had authority to make the order, and, therefore, that the plaintiff could not recover, and in so holding decided in favor of the validity of the authority exercised by the defendant under the United States, and of the right he claimed under the statutes of the United States, and the commission held by him.

The petition for the writ of error avers "that said action involves divers Federal questions one of which is whether said acts of Congress authorized said defendants to promulgate or enforce said order, and another of which is whether so much of said acts of Congress as undertakes (if any part thereof undertakes) to authorize the defendants to make such order was not in violation of articles V and VIII of the amendments of the Constitution of the United States, and the decision of said state court was adverse to the plaintiff's contention upon all of said Federal questions."

The grounds thus suggested have been disposed of by what has been said, and it may be added that the petition for a writ

Statement of the Case.

of error forms no part of the record upon which action here is taken. Clark v. Pennsylvania, 128 U. S. 395; Warfield v. Chaffe, 91 U. S. 690.

The writ of error must be dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

UNITED STATES v. HANCOCK.

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE

UNITED STATES FOR

THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA.

No. 688. Submitted January 8, 1890. — Decided January 27, 1890.

When a decree in equity in a suit relating to public land gives the boundaries of the tract, the claim to which is confirmed, with precision, and has become final by stipulation of the United States and the withdrawal of their appeal therefrom, it is conclusive, not only on the question of title, but also as to the boundaries which it specifies.

Proof that a surveyor of public land, who in the course of his official duty surveyed a tract which had been confirmed under a Mexican land-grant, accepted from the grantee some years after the survey a deed of a portion of the tract, which he subsequently sold for $1500, though it may be the subject of criticism, is not the " clear, convincing and unambiguous" proof of fraud which is required to set aside a patent of public land. Doubts respecting the correctness of a survey of public land, which was. made in good faith and passed unchallenged for fifteen years, should be resolved in favor of the title as patented.

THIS was a bill filed to set aside a patent. The facts were these:

In 1843 Michael White petitioned for a tract of land at the mouth of the Cajon de los Mejicanos. This petition was sustained and a grant made by Governor Manuel Micheltorena, the. Mexican governor of the Californias, which read:

"Whereas Don Michael White, a Mexican by naturalization, has petitioned for his own benefit and that of his family for the place known by the name of 'Muscupiabe,' bounded on the north by the foot of the mountain, on the south by Agua Caliente, and on the west by the 'Alisos,' (sycamores,) which are on the other side of the creek called 'De los Negros,' having practised the proceedings and relative observation, according to the direction of the laws and regulations; exer

VOL. CXXXII-13

Statement of the Case.

cising the authority conferred upon me in the name of the Mexican nation, I have concluded to grant him the aforesaid land, declaring it to be his property, by the present letters, subject to the approval of the most excellent departmental assembly, in and under the following conditions.

"3d. The land of which grant is hereby made consists of one league, (un sitio de ganado mayor,) a little more or less, according to the explanation of the diagram which is attached to the respective 'expediente.'

"The judge that shall give the possession shall cause it to be measured in conformity with the ordinance, reserving the overplus that may result to the nation for convenient uses."

On February 8, 1853, a petition for confirmation was pre'sented in the name of the original grantee to the board of commissioners appointed to ascertain and settle private land claims, and on March 6, 1855, the grant was confirmed by an order in these words:

"In this case, on hearing the proofs and allegations, it is adjudged by the commission that the claim of the petitioner is valid, and it is therefore decreed that his application for a confirmation be allowed, with the following boundaries, to wit: On north and east by the foot of the mountains, on the south by the Agua Caliente, and on the west by the cottonwoods, which are on the other side of the creek, reference being had to the map accompanying the expediente."

An appeal was taken from this order of confirmation, but was dismissed on June 8, 1857. This confirmation was not challenged.

In 1887 instructions were issued by the surveyor general of California for the survey; and the survey as made and returned to the surveyor general's office was by him approved, and, on July 11, 1868, forwarded to Washington. This survey in January, 1871, was disapproved by the Secretary of the Interior as not conforming to the decree of confirmation, and a new survey ordered. On June 10, 1872, the surveyor general reported that he had examined the original title papers and had compared them with the calls of the decree of confir

Opinion of the Court.

mation, and had caused an examination to be made of the premises, and that therefrom he found that a survey made in strict accordance with the boundary calls of the decree of confirmation would include something like a league more of land than the present survey, and that the owners of the grant were satisfied with the present survey, and therefore suggested the propriety of accepting it. This report was returned to the Secretary of the Interior, by him approved, and, on June 22, 1872, the patent was issued. This bill was filed on May 29, 1885. The bill charged that the surveyor, Henry Hancock, who made the survey was the real owner of a large interest in the grant, although the title was nominally in another party; that concealing his interest he secured his appointment as deputy surveyor, and in making the survey fraudulently included within its limits about twenty-six thousand acres more of land than justly belonged therein; that without any knowledge of the fraudulent acts of Hancock in the premises the surveyor general thereafter published the required notice of the survey in a newspaper published in the city of Los Angeles, a city of another county and over fifty miles from the land; whereas, at the time, there was a newspaper published within the county and within two miles of the land. It also charged that after the survey had been disapproved by the Secretary of the Interior, Hancock fraudulently represented to the surveyor general that a correct survey would include about one league in addition to what was embraced within the present survey, but that the owners were content to take the survey as it stood; and that, induced by and relying upon these fraudulent representations, the surveyor general made the report and recommendation heretofore mentioned. The Circuit Court, on final hearing, dismissed the bill, and the United States appealed to this court.

Mr. Assistant Attorney General Maury, for appellant.

Mr. A. T. Britton and Mr. A. B. Browne, for appellees.

MR. JUSTICE BREWER, after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.