III.

ORDERS MADE AND AGREED TO AT THE COURT LEET AND Court BARON HELD AT GREAT TEW IN THE MANNOR HOUSE ON FRYDAY THE 23d DAY OF OCTOBER 1761.

1. It is order'd by the Jury that Horse Hill be mounded by the two outside Hydes, and the Owners of the Lands Ends on or before the 16th day of November next, The defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor Ten shillings

2. It is order'd by the Jury That the grass seeds on Ale path furlong Hollowmarsh Hill, Wheat Land & Broad Castors & picked Castors, Little Oxenden, The plank pitts, Eldenstamp furlong and all Great Oxenden & park Hill be Hained from the sheep on the 22nd day of Novem' next, and the Sd grass Seeds and the St foin to be hained from all manner of Cattle on the 21st day of December next, the defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor. . Ten shillings 3. It is order'd by the Jury that the Cow Common be hained from Horses on the 21st day of Decem' next and the Cow Common & Chescomb Hill to be hained from all manner of Cattle on the Twenty third day of March next, the defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor Ten shillings

.

4. It is order'd by the Jury that the Sheep folds be hained out of the Corn fields on the 22nd day of Novem1 next, the defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor Ten shillings

5. It is order'd by the Jury that the Horse Hitchin be in the fallow field Begining at the side next luck:holds holt, a yard to a yard land-and that the horses shall not be hitched or tyed, on any other part of the Common field till after it is mowed except on the Highways, the defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor the Sum of Ten shillings

6. It is order'd by the Jury That all Huckerswell be sowed Turneps this next summer 1762. and sowed Barley with grass Seeds spring 1763. Mow'd for Hay, Summer 1764. Sheep walk 1765. Oats 1766. fallow 1767. Wheat 1768. pease 1769. the Defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor Ten shillings 7. It is order'd that Between the hedges shall be sowed Turneps in summer 1763. and every year after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell.

8. It is order'd that upper Barnwell be sowed turneps 1764 & every year after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell.

9. It is order'd that the Lower side of Woodstock way beyond the Brook shall be sowed turneps 1765 and every year after for 8 years after the manner of Huckerswell.

10. It is order'd that Gally therns and the old Hill be sow'd Turneps 1766 and every year after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell. 11. It is order'd that Park Hill & Great Oxenden be sowed turneps 1767. and every [year] after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell. 12. It is order'd That Upper Oxenden plank pitts & ten Lands next Woodway in both Chinsynge (?) furlong & over Oxenden bottom & Wheat Land and Broad & picked Castors & Hollowmarsh Hill to Ale path be sowed turneps 1768. and every year after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell.

13. It is order'd that from Alepath to the Great pool be sowed turneps 1769 and every year after for 8 years after the Manner of Huckerswell.

14. It is order'd that the West field from Alepath & Woodway ford be sowed Barley or Oats next spring & Rye grass & Clover, That it Shall be mow'd for Hay 1763. Sheep walk 1764. Oats 1765 Fallow 1766. Wheat 1767. and pease 1768. The defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor. . . Ten shillings

15. It is order'd by the Jury that no person shall keep more than 12 sheep to the yard Land upon the Common this Winter and every person shall Brand his Sheep with his own Brand or mark before the 21 day of Novem1 next, the defaulter for every default to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor. Ten shillings

16. It is order'd by the Jury that Six more sheep than the 12 above mentioned to the yd Land may be laid on the Common on the 5th day of April next & no more, the defaulter to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor. Ten shillings

17. It is order'd that the Grass Seeds at Great Oxenden & park Hill be broke up for the sheep atold Lady day & not before, the defaulter to forfeit. Ten shillings

18. It is order'd that all the grass Seeds Sowed last Spring shall be Mow'd for Hay & park Hill & Great Oxenden to lie sheep walk and all the grass seeds besides after they are now exept Chescomb Hill, the defaulter to forfeit Ten shillings

19. It is order'd by the Jury that the Occupiers of Lands shall set no horse Common for the future but shall give notice to the fieldsmen of such Common being to be set on or before Lamas in every year, or the fieldsmen shall not be Obliged to pay for such Common, the defaulter to forfeit to the Lord of the Mannor Ten shillings

20. It is order'd that the Heyward shall pound all Horses pigs hogs &c that are found grassing about the Waste in the Town.

21. The Jury Elect Tho Stow Hintons Junior John Harris-To be Constables for the year Ensuing.

22. The Jury elect John Johnson George Lowe, and Thomas Lowe fieldsmen for the year ensuing.

23. The Jury elect Sam' Dews Heyward and agree to pay him 2 shillings a yard land and he is to keep the Crows from off the Wheat immediately till the wheat is out of danger, and to keep the Crows 5 weeks before harvest from off the wheat till reaping time, and to keep the field free from Mold's or Wants, and is to employ his whole time in doing the said duty.

THE TAXATION OF THE UNEARNED INCRE

MENT IN GERMANY.

SUMMARY.

Introduction, 83, 84.-The extent of application of the incrementtax in Germany: Kiautschou, Bavaria, Saxony, Cologne, Frankfort, other cities, 85-91.-General principles: object, allowances, exemptions, period of reckoning, rate, 91-100.-Objections: confiscation, compensation for losses, shifting through rise of rents, 100-106.Appendix: text of the Cologne ordinance, 106–108.

THE theory of taxing the unearned increment had its origin in America. Its application is most due to Germany. Altho references to the principle are not lacking in the writings of non-American economists, it was none the less Henry George who brought out clearly the importance of taxing the growing value of land. Henry George's proposals, believed by his opponents to have no chance of application, have come to vigorous life in the bracing air of German tax methods. So marked has been the development in Germany during the last few years that we see a vista of possible great influence on the whole tax question of the future, and this not only for the taxation of land, but for the taxation of all chance gains (Konjunkturgewinne). It is not my task here to enter on a consideration of the principles underlying this sort of taxation. I am concerned mainly with describing the precise form and extent of its application in Germany. A few words will suffice as to the general economic grounds for resort to it.

It is now a commonplace that a tax is to be judged with reference not solely to its fiscal yield, but to its social effects and the attainment of justice in taxation.

Cer

tainly in Germany, as the official reports on the state laws and communal ordinances make plain, the social consequences of taxing the unearned increment have been primarily considered, tho doubtless fiscal results have not been disregarded. In the main the tax is expected to have a salutary effect on the evils which appear conspicuously in land problems. The exploitation of speculative and unearned gains had often proceeded in dangerous form, especially in large cities. The housing problem had appeared, in consequence of monopoly ownership of sites, in such pressing form as to be recognized on all sides as a most important social problem. It was agreed that all methods should be tried for solving it.

From this point of view we reach the decisive arguments for and against taxing the growing value of land. The question of the unearned increment has become conspicuous not only in theoretic debate, but in practical controversies. On this question economists have shaped their conclusions before coming to the special problem of this form of taxation. My own view, briefly stated, is that all land speculation is not harmful. Not infrequently it happens that great stretches of land are opened up by such speculation, and the owner must be admitted to have contributed something toward the rise in value. But in the immense majority of cases the great rise in the value of land, especially in the cities, is not brought about by the owner, and is quite unearned by him. It is society which brings it about through its activity and at its cost, whereas the existing land system causes the gain to enure to the owners. To bring about in this regard balancing of desert and earnings seems to me an equally important and honorable task in modern taxation.