MUSEUS

"

Musæus, surnamed GRAMMATʼICUS, or "the Grammarian," is supposed to have lived in the fifth century. He is celebrated for his poem of "Hero and Leander," a production of rare merit, of which several good editions have been published.

See KROMAYER, "De Museo Grammatico."

Musäus or Musaeus, moo-sa'ús, (JOHANN KARL AUGUST,) a celebrated German writer, born at Jena in 1735. His principal works are a novel entitled "The German Grandison," ("Der Deutsche Grandison," 1760,) "Physiognomic Travels," (1778,) a satire on the theories of Lavater, "Popular Legends of Germany," (1782,) which enjoy great popularity, and "Friend Hein's Apparitions, in Holbein's Manner," (1785.) His writings are characterized by delightful humour, simplicity, and genial satire. Musaus was a relative of Kotzebue, who published in 1791 his posthumous works, with an interesting notice of the author prefixed. Died in 1787. Muschenbroek. See MUSSCHENBROEK, Muscher. See MUSSCHER.

Mus'cu-lus [Ger. pron. moos'koo-lus] or Meusel, moi'zel, (ANDREAS,) a German Lutheran theologian, born at Schneeberg in 1540. He preached at Frankforton-the-Oder, and wrote "Compendium Theologicum." Died in 1581.

Musculus, Müsslin, müs-leen', or Meusslin, moisseen', (WOLFGANG,) a German Reformer and scholar, born in Lorraine in 1497, was a monk in his youth. He was converted by Luther about 1520, became minister of a church at Augsburg in 1531, and acquired a high reputation as a preacher. Having been banished from Augsburg in 1548, he settled at Berne. He published commentaries and other works. Died in 1563.

See CRAIK, "Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties."
Musée. See MUSÆUS.

Muselli, moo-sel'lee, (GIOVANNI GIACOMO,) MARQUIS, an Italian antiquary and writer, born at Verona in 1697; died in 1768.

Musemeci, moo-sa-ma'chee, (MARIO,) an Italian architect and antiquary, born at Catanea in 1778. He wrote several works on antiquities and art, among which is "Opere archeologiche ed artistiche," (2 vols., 1851.) Died in 1852.

Mus'grave, (Rev. GEORGE,) an English writer, born about 1798. He published "Rambles in Normandy," and other books of travel. Died at Bath, December 26, 1883.

Mus'grave, (Sir RICHARD,) an Irish historian, born about 1758, published in 1801 a "History of the Irish Rebellions." Died in 1818.

Musgrave, (SAMUEL,) a grandson of the following, was a distinguished classical scholar. He published, among other works, an edition of Euripides, and a treatise on Grecian Mythology. Died in 1782.

Musgrave, (WILLIAM,) an English physician and antiquary, born in Somersetshire in 1657. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1684 became its secretary. He wrote several treatises on the gout, and a number of dissertations on British and Roman Antiquities. Died in 1721.

Mush'et, (DAVID,) a Scottish metallurgist and inventor, born at Dalkeith in 1772. He acquired distinction by his improvements in the fabrication of iron and steel, on which subject he wrote several treatises. He originated the method of assaying iron ores which is now generally used. Died in 1847.

MUSSET

Musitano, moo-se-ta'no, (CARLO,) a learned Italian medical writer, born in Calabria in 1635; died in 1714Musius. See MUYS, (CORNELIS.)

Mu-so'nÏ-us Ru'fus, (CAIUS,) a Stoic philosopher, born in Etruria, flourished about 70 A.D. He was banished from Rome by Nero, but he returned under Vespasian, and was excepted by him from the sentence of exile pronounced against the Stoics. He was highly esteemed by Pliny, Tacitus, and other eminent writers. Fragments of his works are to be found in Stobæus.

See NIEUWLAND, "Dissertatio de C. Musonio Rufo," 1783.

TACITUS, "Annales," books xiv. and xv.

Muspell, mus'pěl or moos'pel, written also Muspel, Muspellheim, and Muspelheim, [etymology unknown,] in the Norse mythology, the world of light and heat, situated in the south part of the universe,Niflheim, the habitation of mist and cold, being situated in the north. (See HELA.) The inhabitants of this world are called "the sons of Muspell," among whom Surt, or Surtur, is chief, and the ruler of Muspellheim. (See SURT.)

Mus'pratt, (JAMES SHERIDAN,) a distinguished chemist, born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1821. He was a pupil of Professor Graham at Glasgow and at London About 1843 he went to Giessen to pursue his studies under Liebig. He produced at Giessen a remarkable treatise on Sulphites. He founded a College of Chemistry in Liverpool, and married Miss Susan Cushman, the actress, in 1848. Among his works is a "Dictionary of Chemistry; or, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical," (2 vols., 1860.) Died February 3, 1871.

Muss, (CHARLES,) a painter in enamel. Among his works is a picture of the "Holy Family." Died in 1824 Mussato, moos-sa'to, (ALBERTINO,) an Italian historian and poet, born at Padua in 1261. He wrote a "History of the Life and Actions of Henry VII.," and a number of eclogues, hymns, and tragedies. Died in 1330. See GINGUENÉ, "Histoire Listéraire d'Italie."

Musschenbroek, van, vẫn můs’Kẹn-brook', (Pr. TER,) a celebrated Dutch savant, born at Leyden in 1692. He studied medicine in the university of his native city, but he subsequently devoted himself chiefly to experi and made important discoveries, especially in magnetism mental physics, in which he was eminently successful and the cohesion of bodies. Having visited England in 1717, he made the acquaintance of Newton, whose system he was one of the first to introduce into Holland. He became professor of physics and mathematics at Duisburg in 1719, and afterwards filled the same chair at Utrecht. In 1740 he obtained the professorship of philosophy at Leyden, where he resided till his death, in 1761. Among his principal works are his "Physica Experimentales et Geometricæ Dissertationes," (1729) and "Elementa Physicæ," or "Introduction to Natural Philosophy," (1734) He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a member of the principal learned institutions of Europe.

See SAVERIEN, "Vies des Philosophes;" CONDORCET, "Eloges:" "Nouvelle Biographie Générale."

Musscher or Muscher, van, vẫn mũs’Kẹr, (MICHAEL,) an eminent Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam in 1645. He studied successively under Van Tempel, Metzu, and Jan Steen, and painted landscapes, historical subjects, and portraits. The last-named are most highly esteemed. Died in 1705.

VENEZIANO.

"His

number of prose tales, which were admired. Under the reign of Louis Philippe he was librarian to the ministry of the interior. He was admitted into the French Academy in 1852. Among his finest works are four poems entitled the "Nights," etc., ("Nuits: La Nuit de Mai, La Nuit d'Août, La Nuit d'Octobre, et La Nuit de Décembre," 1835-37.) Died in Paris in May, 1857. "None of his illustrious contemporaries," says Leo Joubert, "has surpassed him in spontaneity of poetical genius, in the ardent and sincere expression of passion, in vivacity, grace, and éclat of soul, (esprit;) no one has represented with more fidelity the spiritual unrest, the mélange of skepticism and religious aspirations, which characterize our epoch." ("Nouvelle Biographie Générale."

See SAINTE-BEUVE, "Portraits contemporains," and "Causeries du Lundi;" CLÉMENT DE RIS, "Portraits à la Plume: A. de Musset," etc., 1853: Fraser's Magazine" for July, 1857; "Westminster Review" for April, 1869.

Musset, de, (PAUL EDME,) a novelist, a brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1804. He published numerous novels, which are said to be well written, and among which we notice "Lauzun," (1835,) "The Bracelet," (1839,) "Mignard et Rigaud," (1839,) and "Les Femmes de la Régence," (1840.) Died May 17, 1880. Musset, de, (VICTOR DONATIEN,) called MUSSETPATHAY, a French littérateur, born in the Vendômois in 1768, was the father of the preceding. He wrote, besides other biographies, histories, and tales, a "Life of Jean Jacques Rousseau," (2 vols., 1821.) Died in 1832.

See "Souvenirs historiques de Musset-Pathay," 1810; QUERARD, "La France Littéraire."

Mus'sey, (REUBEN DIMOND,) an American surgeon, born at Pelham, New Hampshire, June 23, 1780. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1803, and at a Philadelphia medical college in 1809. He held professorships in the medical department of Dartmouth College, 181438. Having removed to Cincinnati, he acquired a brilliant fame as an operator, and as a professor of surgery, in the Ohio Medical College, 1838-52, and in Miami Medical College, 1852-60. He published a work "On Cutaneous Absorption," (1809,) and "Health: its Friends and its Foes," (1862.) Died at Boston, June 8, 1866.

Müsslin. See MUSCULUS, (WOLFGANG.) Mustafa, Mustapha, Moustapha, or Moustafa, moos'ta-fa, I, succeeded his brother, Ahmed I., as Sultan of Turkey, in 1617. He was soon after deposed, and his nephew, Osmân, raised to the throne. Though re-established as Sultan in 1622, Mustafa was again deposed in 1623, and strangled, in 1639, by order of

Amurath IV.

See VON HAMMER, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs." Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha II, son of Mahomet IV., was born in 1664, and succeeded Ahmed II. as Sultan in 1695. He fought against the Austrians and Venetians with varying success, and in 1699 concluded with those powers the peace of Carlowitz. Being deposed in 1703, he died in a few months, and his brother, Ahmed III., became Sultan.

Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha III., son of Ahmed III., born in 1717, succeeded Osmân III. in 1757. He began in 1769 to wage war with the Russians, who took possession of the Crimea and Bessarabia. He died in 1774, and his brother, Abdool Hamid, succeeded to the throne.

Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha IV., son of Abdool Hamid, became Sultan on the deposition of Selim III., in 1807. Having caused Selim to be strangled, Mustafa was deposed by Bairaktar, Pasha of Rudshuk, and his brother, Mahmood, was raised to the throne. During the revolt of the Janissaries, in 1808, Mustafa was executed by the orders of Mahmood.

See F. MENGIN, "Histoire de l'Egypte sous Méhemet Ali.” Mustafa, Mustapha, or Moustapha Ben-Ismail moos'ta-fa ben is-ma-eel', an Arabian chief, born in Algeria about 1770. He became an able adversary of Abd-el-Kâder, against whom he fought in co-operation with the French, who gave him the rank of general. He was killed in battle in May, 1843.

MUZIANO

Mustapha. See MUSTAFA.

Mus-tox'y-dis or Mustoxidis, (ANDREAS,) a distinguished modern Greek scholar, born at Corfu in 1785. He studied at Pavía, and in 1804 was appointed histori ographer for the republic of the Seven Islands. Among his works, which are chiefly written in Italian, we may name "Considerations on the Present Language of Greece." Died April 12, 1860.

Mu-su'rus, (MARCUS,) a learned modern Greek, born in Candia about 1470, was professor of the Greek language in the University of Padua. He assisted Aldus Manutius in the revision of Greek manuscripts, and published, among other works, the "Etymologicum Magnum Græcum." In 1516 he was appointed by Leo X. Archbishop of Malvasia. Died in 1517.

Mut, moot, (ie., "mother,") a goddess of the ancient Egyptian people. At Thebes she was worshipped as the wife of Amen-Ra.

Mu'ta, (from mutus, “silent,") the name of the goddess of silence among the Romans. Mutiano. See MUZIANO. Mutina. See MODENA. Mutio. See Muzio.

Mutis, moo'tèss, ? (Don José CELESTINO,) a celebrated Spanish botanist and physician, born at Cadiz in 1732. He became professor of anatomy at Madrid in 1757, and in 1760 accompanied the Spanish viceroy to South America as his physician. He subsequently devoted himself to scientific explorations, and was appointed in 1790 director of the Royal Academy of Natural History at Santa Fé. He died in 1808, leaving unfinished his "Flora of New Granada," one of the most valuable works of the kind that had then appeared. He was the first who distinguished the various species of Cinchona, (Peruvian bark,) the different properties of which he has described in his “Historia de los Arboles del Quina."

Muts-Hito, moots-hee'to, Emperor of Japan, was born November 3, 1852, and succeeded to the throne in 1867. His reign was distinguished by great reforms, such as abolishing the feudal system, giving Japan a representative government, and adopting the institutions of Western civilization. During his reign Japan displayed a remarkable career of progress in modern ideas.

Muy, du, dü mü-e', (LOUIS NICOLAS VICTOR DE FÉLIX,) COMTE, a French military commander, born at Marseilles in 1711. He served in Germany in the principal campaigns from 1741 to 1760. He enjoyed the favour of Louis XV. and Louis XVI., and was appointed by the latter minister of war, (1774,) and marshal of France, (1775.) Died in 1775

Muys, mois, [Lat. MuʼSIUS,] (CORNELIS,) a Dutch priest and Latin poet, born at Delft in 1503. He was hung by some soldiers at Leyden in 1572.

Muys, (WYER WILLEM,) a Dutch savant and writer, born at Steenwyk in 1682. He was professor of medicine and chemistry at Franeker. He wrote, besides other works, one "On the Matter of Light," ("De Materia Luminis," 1722.) Died in 1744.

Muzaffer-ed-Deen, Shah of Persia, was a son of Nasr-ed-Deen, born March 25, 1853. Though the second son, he was nominated as successor by his father, and appointed governor-general of the Azerbaijan province; on the assassination of his father he succeeded to the throne, and was crowned at Teheran, June 8, 1896.

Muziano, moot-se-a'no, or Mutiano, moo-te-a'no, (GIROLAMO,) one of the first Italian painters of his time, born near Brescia in 1528, was the pupil of Romanino. At an early age he visited Rome, where his admirable landscapes obtained for him the name of "the landscape youth." He also attained great excellence in historical pictures, and his mosaics in the Gregorian Chapel are esteemed the finest of modern times. Among his best productions are "The Resurrection of Lazarus," in the Quirinal palace, and "A Company of Anchorites listening to a Preacher in the Desert," in the Church of the Carthusians. Muziano completed the drawings from

MUZIO

the Trajan column begun by Giulio Romano. the founder of the Academy of Saint Luke. Rome in 1592.

He was Died in See VASARI, "Lives of the Painters;" ORLOFF, "Histoire de la

Peinture en Italie."

Muzio, moot'se-o, or Mutio, moo'te-o, (GIROLAMO Nuzio,) an Italian littérateur, born at Padua in 1496. He wrote polemical treatises against the doctrines of Luther, which procured him the surname of the "Ham mer of Heretics," ("Malleus Hereticorum,") also various other works, in prose and verse. Died in 1576.

See TIRABOSCHI, "Storia della Letteratura Italiana." Muz'zey, (Artemas BowERS,) an American Unitarian divine and miscellaneous writer, born at Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1802. He published "The Young Man's Friend," (1836,) "Moral Teacher," (1839,) and other works. Died at Cambridge, Mass., April 21, 1892. Myconius, me-ko'ne-as, (FRIEDRICH,) a German Reformer, born in Franconia in 1491, was a monk in his youth. He became a friend of Luther, whose doctrines he propagated with zeal and success. He preached many years at Gotha, and wrote several religious works. Died in 1546.

See ANTON PROBUS, “Vita F. Myconii," 1547; LommaTZSCH, "Narratio de F. Myconio," 1825.

Myconius, me-ko'ne-ûs, (OSWALD,) or Geisshauser, (gis how'zer,) a Swiss Protestant divine, born at Lucerne in 1488, was a pupil of Erasmus. He became pastor of a church and professor of divinity at Bâle. He wrote a "Narrative of the Life and Death of Zuinglius." Died in 1552.

See KIRCHHOFER, "Leben O. Myconius Reformators," 1814. Mydorge, meʼdoRzh', (CLAUDE,) a French geometer, born in Paris in 1585, was an intimate friend of Descartes, and furnished the glasses used by that philosopher in his optical experiments. He wrote several treatises on optics and mathematics, and a defence of the works of Descartes against the Jesuits. Died in 1647.

MYTENS

Mylius, mee'le-ùs, (JOHANN CHRISTOPH,) a German bibliographer, born in Weimar in 1710. He published "Bibliotheca Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum," (1740,) and "Historia Myliana," (1752,) which contains biographies of many men named Mylius. Died in 1757. Mylne, miln, (ROBERT,) a Scottish architect, born at Edinburgh in 1734. He was appointed engineer to the New River Company, London, and surveyor of Saint Paul's Cathedral. His principal work is Blackfriars' Bridge, completed in 1769. Mylne was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a member of the Academy of Saint Luke at Rome. Died in 1811.

See CHAMBERS, "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen." Myn, van der, van der min, (HERMAN,) a Dutch artist, born at Amsterdam in 1684, visited London, where he gained a high reputation by his portraits. His fruitand flower-pieces were also admired. Died in 1741. Mynsicht, von, fon minʼsikt, (ADRIAN,) a German chemist and physician, flourished between 1610 and 1650. Mynster, mün'ster or min'ster, (JAKOB PETER,) a Danish theologian and pulpit orator, born at Copenhagen in 1775, became in 1828 court chaplain. He was created Bishop of Seeland in 1834. He published "Reflections on Christian Doctrine," and other theological works. Died in 1854.

My-rep’sus, (NICHOLAS,) [Nuôłaos ở Mupelóc, a Greek physician of the thirteenth century, practised in Rome or Constantinople. He wrote a treatise "On the Composition of Medicines," ("De Compositione Medicamentorum," etc.)

Myrick, (Sir SAMUEL RUSH.) See MEYRICK.

Myrmidon, mirʼmẹ-don, [Gr. Mvpuuduv,] in classic mythology, was supposed to be a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa. According to one tradition, he was the ancestor of the Myrmidons, a people of Thessaly, some of whom Achilles led to the siege of Troy.

Mỹ'ers, (ABRAHAM C.,) an American officer, born in South Carolina about 1814, served in the Mexican war, and became in 1862 brigadier-general in the Confederate

army.

Myers, (FREDERICK W. H.,) an English psychist, born February 6, 1843. He became an active member and secretary of the Society for Psychical Research, and published "St. Paul," (1867,)" Essays Modern and Classical," (1885,) "Science and a Future Life," (1893,) and, in collaboration, "Phantasms of the Living," (1886.)

Myers, (PETER HAMILTON,) an American novelist, born in Herkimer county, New York, in 1812, published "The First of the Knickerbockers," (1848,) "The King of the Hurons," (1850,) "The Van Veldens," and several other historical romances. Died in 1878.

Myers, (PHILIP VAN NESS,) an American author and educator, born at Tribe's Hill, New York, in 1846. He studied law, was president of Farmers College, Ohio, 1879-90, and professor of history and political economy at the University of Cincinnati after 1890. Among his works are "Life and Nature under the Tropics," "Remains of Lost Empires," "Eastern Nations and Greece,' "History of Rome," etc.

mired.

GOETHE,"Propylaen;" WINCKELMANN,
See K. O. MÜLLER, "Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst;"
Werke," vol. vi.

Myronide. See MYRONIDes. My-ron'I-des, [Gr. Mvpwvidns; Fr. MYRONIDE, me'ro'nèd',] an Athenian general, who gained a victory over the Corinthians in 457, and another over the Baotians in 456 B.C.

Myrtis, mir'tis, [Múprus,] a Greek lyric poetess of high reputation, was born at Anthedon, and flourished about Pindar is said to have received instruction 500 B.C. from her.

at Brussels in 1541. Among his best works is an altarMytens, mi'tēns, (ARNOLD,) a Flemish painter, born piece representing the "Assumption of the Virgin, with the Apostles," at Naples. Died in 1602.

Mytens, (DANIEL,) the Elder, a Dutch artist, born at the Hague about 1590. He was patronized by James I. and Charles I. of England, and painted the portraits of a number of the royal family and of the nobility. He was regarded as second only to Van Dyck in portraitpainting. Died after 1656.

in 1636, was a son of the preceding. He became director Mytens, (DANIEL,) the YounGER, born at the Hague of the Academy at the Hague. the ceiling of the Painters' Hall. Died in 1688. His principal work is Mytens, mu'tens, (MARTIN,) a Swedish painter, born at Stockholm in 1695. After visiting Rome, he settled in Vienna, where he became painter to the court. Among his best pieces is the "History of Esther and Ahasuerus." Died in 1755.

Na'a-man, [Heb. Dy.]a Syrian general, commander of the army of Benhadad, King of Damascus, lived about 890 B.C. He was cured of leprosy by the prophet

Elisha.

See II. Kings v.

Nabaj or Nabadj, nå-baj', a Hindoo poet, flourished about 1580-1600. He wrote a poem entitled "Bhaktamala," which treats of the adventures and miracles of Jayadeva and other ascetics.

Nabega-Ziad-Ibn-Moaweeah-Aldobiani, nå′be-gå ze-åd' ib'n mo-a-wee'ah al-do-be-3'nee, an Arabian poet, flourished in the latter part of the sixth century. One of his poems, and several fragments, are given in the "Chrestomathie" of Silvestre de Sacy.

Nā'bis, [Gr. Náb,] tyrant of Sparta, succeeded Machanidas about 206 B.C., and signalized himself by his cruelty and avarice. In conjunction with Philip II. of Macedon, he subjected different parts of the Peloponnesus, but he was afterwards defeated by the Roman consul Flamininus. He was assassinated by his own allies, (192 B.C.)

Nab-o-nas/sar, [Gr. Nabovácapoc,] King of Babylon, lived in the eighth century B.C. He is celebrated for the chronological era which bears his name, and which was employed as a point of departure in ancient astronomical tables. This era began in 747 B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar.

Nab-o-po-las'sar, King of Babylon, was originally a satrap of Sardanapalus, King of Assyria. He revolted against that king, and, aided by Cyaxares, King of the Medes, took Nineveh, the capital of Assyria. He died in 605 B.C., and was succeeded by his son, See EUSEBIUS, "Chronicles;" HOEFER, "La Phénicie, la BabyNacchianti, nåk-ke-ån'tee, [Lat. NACLAN'TUS, ] | (GIACOMO,) an Italian theologian, born at Florence. He was a member of the Council of Trent, and wrote several works. Died in 1569.

lonie," etc.

Nachman, Ben, bên nåk'mån, ? (MOSES,) a Spanish rabbi, born at Girone in 1194, was versed in the science of the Cabala. He wrote, besides other works, "Lex Hominis," (1519.) and “Fons Jacobi," (1547.) Nachtigall. See LUSCINIUS.

Nachtigal, nåk'te-gål, (GUSTAV,) a German explorer, born at Eichstedt, in Prussian Saxony, February 23, 1834. He studied at Berlin, Halle, Würzburg, and Greifswalde, and became an army-surgeon in 1858. He was a physician in Algeria, 1859-63, and then entered the personal service of the Bey of Tunis. He afterwards traversed the Eastern Sahara, and made extensive and important researches in the Soudan, reaching Cairo in 1874. He was in 1884 German consul at Tunis. Died in 1885.

Nachtigall, nåk'te-gal', [Lat. LUSCIN'IUS,] (OTMAR,) a German scholar and writer, born at Strasburg about 1487. He preached against the doctrines of Luther at Augsburg, and taught Greek at Strasburg. Among his works is " Evangelica Historia e Græco versa," (1523.) Died about 1535

See NICERON, "Mémoires."

Nadasti, de, dẹh nå-dãs'tee,? (FRANCIS,) COUNT, a patriotic Hungarian statesman, who opposed the despotic policy of the emperor Leopold. He was accused of a conspiracy against the life of Leopold, unjustly condemned, and beheaded in 1671. He was author of a "History of Hungary," (1664)

writer of verse, born at Roubaix in 1820, produced many Nadaud, na'dō', (GUSTAVE,) a French musician and popular songs. He became a member of the legion of honour in 1861. Died in 1893.

HENRI,) a French engineer and writer, born at MontNadault de Buffon, na'do' dẹh bü'fon', (BENJAMIN bard in 1804. He published, besides other works, a "Course of Agriculture," (4 vols., 1853-56,) and "The Died in 1880. Correspondence of Buffon," (1860.)

Na-deem', Nadîm, or Al-Nadeem, an Arabian author, whose name is also given as ABOOLFARAJ IBN ISHAK, and IBN ABI YAKOOB AL NADEEM. His "Fihrist" is a bibliographical work of high value and interest. He lived at Bagdad, and died in 995 A.D.

Nadezhdin, nå’dêzh-din, written also Nadeshdin, (NICHOLAS IVANOVITCH,) a Russian littérateur, born in Riazan in 1804. He became a councillor of state at Saint Petersburg, where he died in 1856.

Nadir Shah, nå'dir shah, written also Nader Chah, Nadir Schah, and Nauder Shah, also called Koolee (or Kouli) Khân, kooʻlee kân, a celebrated Persian Conqueror, of Turkish extraction, born in Khorassân in tinction in the service of the governor of that province; 1688. His courage and abilities early gained him disbut, in consequence of ill treatment, he left Khorassân and became the head of a band of robbers. Being soon after called upon by Tahmasp, Shah of Persia, to oppose the Afghans, he succeeded, within two years, in expelling them from the country, upon which he was made commander-in-chief, (1729.) Tahmasp having in 1732 made a disadvantageous treaty with Turkey, Nâdir resolved to prosecute the war, and gained such popularity by the success of his arms that on his return he dethroned the Shah and assumed the supreme power. In 1738 he conquered Candahar and Afghanistan. Having soon after invaded India, he entered Delhi in 1739, and took possession of the imperial treasures. The inhabitants, on a false report of Nâdir's death, attacked his soldiers. After an ineffectual attempt to restrain them, he ordered a wholesale massacre, in which, it is stated by Fraser, 120,000 perished. His many acts of tyranny and cruelty at length caused him to be assassinated, (1747.) In the early part of his career Nâdir Shah appears to have been not only an able, but, on the whole, a just and humane, prince; but later in life, having become a prey to avarice and suspicion, his acts, it is said, "exceeded in barbarity all that has been recorded of the most bloody tyrants.' See FRASER, History of Nadir Shah," 1742; "Life of Nadir Shah," by his secretary, MADHY KHAN, translated into French by SIR WILLIAM JONES; MALCOLM, "History of Persia," vol. ii. Naecke. See NÄCKE

"

Nænia, nee'ne-a, [Fr. NÉNIE, nà'ne',] a Roman goddess that presided over funerals. This word signifies a dirge" or "funeral song."

Naerssen, van, vẫn nảRssen, [Lat. NARS’SIUS, (JAN,) a Dutch writer of Latin poetry, born at Dort in 1580. He became physician to Gustavus Adolphus at Stockholm, and wrote "Gustavidos Libri III.," (1632.) Died in 1637.

Nævius, nee've-us, (CNEIUS,) a Roman poet, born in Campania about 272 B.C., was the author of an epic poem on the Punic War, and of several dramas. A few frag ments only of his writings are extant. He is praised by Cicero as being in some respects superior to Ennius. He died about 204 B.C. "Cneius Nævius," says Professor Sellar, "is the first in the line of Roman poets and the first writer in the Latin language whose frag ments give indication of original power."

See CICERO, "De Oratore;" SELLAR, "Roman Poets of the Republic," chap. iii.; KLUSSMANN, "C. Nævii Poeta Vita," 1843