ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng; G, like j. running from Argyleshire, on the Atlantic, across the island, into Aberdeenshire, on the German Ocean, and then forming another ridge in a north-westerly direction, extends to the county of Moray, and the borders of Inverness. There appears, however, to be considerable diversity among geographers respecting the application of the name Grampian. The term is not used by the natives of that part of Britain. It is derived from the Mons Grampius, mentioned by Tacitus in his Agricola. In its most extensive application, it appears to comprehend all the mountain ranges N. of a line drawn from the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Tay, thus including all the higher mountains of Scotland. Ben Nevis, in Inverness-shire, is the highest of the Grampian system, and of all the mountains in Great Britain, rising 4,368 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Mac Dho, situated in the W. part of Aberdeenshire, is second only to Ben Nevis, having an elevation of 4,305 ft. above the sea; Ben Cruachan (crool-Kan), in Argyleshire, S. of Loch Etive, is 3,669 ft. high. Ben Lo-mond, in Stirlingshire, is perhaps the best known of the mountains of Scotland, on account of its forming the southern extremity of the Highlands. It rises 3,197 ft. above the level of the sea. Ben Ven-u', in Perthshire, extends along the southern shores of Loch Katrine, and presents the most striking features in the picturesque scenery for which that lake is so remarkable. Ben Vorlich (vor-lik) or Voirlich, in Perthshire, is second only to Ben Venu, among all the mountains of Scotland, for wild and variegated scenery. GRAN, grån, (Hung. Esztergom, es-ter-gom,) an archiepiscopal and royal free t. in the central part of Hungary, cap. of a co. of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Danube. At the foot of the castle, which stands on an island in the river, connected with the town by a flying bridge, is an establishment for warm baths. Lat. 47° 47' N., Lon. 18° 45′ E. Pop. about 10,950. (P. C.)

GRANADA, gran-/-da,* (Sp. pron. grå-nå'-Då,) a kingdom or prov. of Spain, in Andalusia, bordering on Murcia and the Mediterranean. It is sometimes called Upper Andalusia.

GRANADA, an archiepiscopal city of Spain, the cap. of the above, is situated near the river Genil (H-neel), in the midst of a plain celebrated for its fertility and for its delicious climate. This town was built by the Saracens, in the 10th century. After the overthrow of the kingdom of Cordova, Granada became, in 1238, the cap. of the new kingdom and the last bulwark of the Moslems in Spain. Towards the close of the Moorish dominion, its population amounted to 400,000 (B.), and, in 1491, its walls were defended against the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 100,000 men; but it was at last reduced, on the second day of the year 1492. The Alhambra, formerly the palace and fortress of the Moslem kings, an edifice of almost unequalled magnificence, is

* This accentuation not only corresponds with the Spanish, but is supported by the usage of nearly all our best poets (see Int. I.); nevertheless, in the "carefully revised" edition of Stewart's Modern Geography, published at Edinburgh in 1843, the name is thrice given with the accent on the first syllable,

Fate, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mit; plne or pine, pin; no, not; õō as in good: justly regarded as the finest existing monument of Moorish architecture. Granada possesses a number of literary institutions, among which the University stands pre-eminent. Lat. 37° 17′ N., Lon. 3° 50′ W. Pop. computed at 80,000. (B.)

GRANADA, NEW. See NEW GRANADA.

Grand Isle, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Vt. Pop. 3,883. Co. t. North Hero.

GRAND RIVER. See OTTAWA.

GRAND RIVER, a r. of Mich., which flows into L. Michigan.

GRAND RIVER, a r. which rises in Iowa, and, flowing through the N. part of Missouri, falls into the r. Missouri.

GRANGER, grane'-jer, a co. in the N. E. part of Tenn., between the Holston and Clinch rivers. Pop. 10,572. Co. t. Rutledge.

GRANT, a co. in the N. part of Ky., a little E. of the Kentucky r. Pop. 4,192. Co. t. Williamstown.

GRANT, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ind., a little S. of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. 4,875. Co. t. Marion.

GRANT, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Wisconsin. Pop. 3,926. GRANT-HAM, a t. of England, in Lincolnshire, about 100 m., in a straight line, N. by W., from London. Pop. of the parish, 4,683.

GRAN-VILLE, a co. in the N. part of N. C., bordering on Virginia. Pop. 18,817. Co. Oxford.

GRANVILLE, grån-vill', an important seaport t. of France, in the dep. of Manche. Lat. 48° 50' N., Lon. 1° 36′ W. Pop. in 1832, 7,350. (P. C.)

GRASSE, gråss, a t. of France, in the dep. of Var, with a college and some other institutions. Lat. 43° 39′ N., Lon. 6° 55′ E. Pop. in 1832, 7,552. (P. C.)

GRATIOT, grash/-e-ot, a co. in the S. central part of Mich.

GRÄTZ, grets, the cap. of Styria, as well as of a circle of its own name, is situated on the r. Mur (moor), a branch of the Drave, about 90 m. S. S. W. of Vienna. This place holds a distinguished rank among the towns of Austria, as a seat of literature and science. Among its institutions may be mentioned the University, attended by from 300 to 350 students; the Public Library, one of the richest in the empire; and an institution called the Johanneum, named in honour of the Archduke John, by whom it was founded in 1811. Lat. 47° 4' N., Lon. 15° 27 E. Pop. above 40,000. (B.)

GRAUDENZ, grou-dents, a t. and fortress of Prussia, situated on the Vistula, 60 m. S. of Dantzic. It has a progymnasium and a large house of correction, serving for the whole of W. Prussia. Pop., exclusive of the military and the prisoners, 5,500. (B.)

GRAVELINES, gråv`-leen', a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Nord, on the r. Aa, near its mouth. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 2° 8' E. GRAVES, a co. near the W. extremity of Ky., bordering on Tennessee. Pop. 7,465. Co. t. Mayfield. GRAVES-END', a t. of England, in Thames, about 20 m. E. of London.

Kent, on the right bank of the
It is the common landing place

ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng ; Ģ, like j. for seamen and strangers, in their passage to the metropolis. Here every outward-bound vessel must come to anchor, to be examined and obtain its clearance; in like manner, every vessel coming up the river must be examined by the custom-house officers, a number of whom are constantly stationed here. Pop. 6,414.

GRAY-SON, a co. in the S. W. part of Va., intersected by New River, and bordering on North Carolina. Pop. 9,087. Seat of justice, Gray

son c. h.

GRAYSON, a co. in the W. central part of Ky., a little N. of Green River. Pop. 4,461. Co. t. Litchfield.

GREAT BRITAIN, (Anc. Al/bion, afterwards Britannia or Britannia Major-major, i. e. "greater," being added, in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britannia or Britannia Minor, i. e. "Lesser Britain,") the largest island of Europe, containing the countries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, the most southern part, is in Lat. 49° 57′ 30′′ N; Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most northern point, in Lat. 58° 41' N. The most eastern point is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46′ E. Lon. The most western, Airdnamurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13′ W. Lon. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head, is about 608 m. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's-end to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. Area 83,827 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, amounts to 18,720,394. Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong to England,* 12 to Wales, and 32 to Scotland. Great Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the parliament, consisting of the king, the house of lords, and the house of commons. The king is regarded as the fountain of justice and the supreme head of the church. He is the commander-in-chief of all the forces of the empire, both on land and sea. To him belongs the exclusive prerogative of granting pardons and of commuting punishments. The house of lords consists of the temporal peers of England, who are hereditary, the elective peers of Scotland and Ireland, the bishops of England, and four Irish lords

* Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamshire), Cambridge, Chester (or Cheshire), Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon. Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster (or Lancashire), Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex. Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or Shropshire), Somerset, Southampton (or Hampshire), Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Westmoreland, Wilts. Worcester, York.

+ Anglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire), Cardigan, Caermarthen, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke, Radnor.

↑ Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll), Ayr, Banff. Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clackmannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Elgin (or Moray), Fife, Forfar, Haddington, Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, Peebles. Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, Wigtown.

Fate, far, fall, fât ; mê, một; pine or pine, pin ; nô, nôt; oo, as in good F spiritual. The house of lords is also the supreme court of appeal for Great Britain and Ireland. The house of commons consists of men elected by the different counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, to represent them in parliament. It is required by law that the candidates be possessed of a certain amount of property, excepting the sons of peers, and those who are to represent the universities. The number of members of the house of commons, at present, amounts to 658, of whom 471 are chosen by England, 29 by Wales, 53 by Scotland, and 105 by Ireland.-Adj. BRIT-ISH; inhab. BRIT-ON.

GREECE, (Anc. Gr. 'E22a5, Hellas; Lat. Græcia,) a country in the S. E. part of Europe, once distinguished above all others as the seat of civilization, learning, and the arts. Passing over that period of Grecian history which was so brilliant, and is so well known, we will merely observe that, after undergoing various vicissitudes, during the decline of the Roman power, Greece at last became permanently incorporated with the Ottoman empire, on the fall of Constantinople, 1453, and remained in this condition till 1821, when the last successful struggle for Grecian freedom commenced. After a long and sanguinary contest, through the interference of England, France, and Russia, the independence of Greece was at length recognised by the Turkish sultan, in 1829. The present kingdom of Greece is situated between 36° 23′ and 39° 14' N. Lat., and 20° 43′ and 24° 35′ E. Lon., including the island of Negropont. The northern boundary of the continental portion extends, in a somewhat tortuous line, from the Gulf of Volo, on the E., to the Gulf of Arta on the W. A considerable part of it is formed by the mountain ridge called Othrys, which runs nearly E. and W., a little N. of the 39th parallel. All the principal islands of the Egean Sea lying W. of the 26th meridian of E. Lon., with the exception of Crete, belong also to the kingdom of Greece. Area estimated at 18,500 sq. m. Pop. 700,000. (B.) The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. under the protection of England, France, and Russia. Athens is the capital.—Adj. and inhab. GREEK and GRECIAN, gree'-shun.

GREEN, a co. in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois. Pop. 933.

GREEN BAY, a large bay on the W. side of L. Michigan, above 100 m. long, and from 15 m. to 35 m. broad.

GREEN MOUNTAINS, a range which commences in Vt., near the Canada line, and running S., through the western part of this state, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, terminates at West Rock, near New Haven. Those portions situated within Massachusetts and Connecticut are not usually called by the general name.

GREEN RIVER, a r. of Ky., which rises in the E. central part of the state, and, flowing westerly for more than half of its course, and afterwards in a general north-westerly direction, empties itself into the Ohio r. It is navigable, for boats, about 200 m.

GREEN-BRI-ER, a r. in the W. part of Va., flowing into New River. GREENBRIER, a co. in the W. part of Va., intersected by the above, and bordering on New River. Pop. 8,695. Co. t. Lewisburg.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng ; G, like j.

GREENE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., W. of and bordering on the Hudson r. Pop. 30,446. Co. t. Catskill.

GREENE, a co. forming the S. W. extremity of Pa. Pop. 19,147. Co. t. Waynesburg.

GREENE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Va., bordering on the Blue Ridge. Pop. 4,232.

GREENE, a co. in the E. central part of N. C., a little to the N. of Neuse River. Pop. 6,595. Co. t. Snow Hill.

GREENE, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ga., bordering on the Oconee. Pop. 11,699. Co. t. Greensborough.

GREENE, a co. in the W. part of Ala., intersected by the Black Warrior, and bordering on the Tombigbee. Pop. 24,024. Co. t. Erie. GREENE, a co. in the S. E. part of Miss., bordering on Alabama. Pop. 1,636. Co. seat, Leakeville.

GREENE, a co. near the N. E. extremity of Ark., bordering on the St. Francis. Pop. 1,586.

GREENE, a co. near the E. extremity of Tenn., bordering on North Carolina and the French Broad r. Pop 16,076. Co. t. Greenville.

GREENE, a co. near the centre of Ky., intersected by Green r. Pop. 14,212. Co. t. Greensburg.

GREENE, a co. in the S. W. central part of Ohio, a little to the E. of the Miami r. Pop. 17,528. Co. t. Xenia.

GREENE, a co. in the W. S. W. part of Ind., intersected by the W. Fork of the White г. Pop. 8,321. Co. t. Bloomfield.

GREENE, a co. in the W. part of Ill., bordering on the Illinois r. Pop. 11,951. Co. t. Carrollton.

GREENE, a co, in the S. W. part of Mo. Pop. 5,372. Co. t. Springfield.

GREEN-LAND, (Dan. Grön/-land or Groenland, being the same in signification with the English name.) It appears to be now ascertained that Greenland is not, as was formerly supposed, a peninsula of the new continent, but an insular group, consisting of two or three large islands, surrounded by several other smaller ones. (B.) That portion which is the best known is situated between Iceland and the American continent. The most southern point is Cape Farewell, Lat. 59° 49′ N., Lon. 43° 54′ W. A large portion of the eastern, as well as the whole northern coast, is still unexplored. The whole country may be regarded as one enormous mass of rocks; in many places it rises close to the water's edge into precipitous and lofty mountains, crowned with inaccessible cliffs. The climate, as might be expected, is extremely cold, but is considered very healthy. Generally speaking, July is the only month in which there is no snow. Graah observes that, on the eastern coast, S. of 65° N. Lat., in 1830, the sea every night was covered with a crust of new ice, as early as the close of August. He states, however, that in February, the thermometer did not sink lower than 6° below the zero of Fahrenheit. Vegetation must, of course, be very scanty in such a country and climate. It appears that no kind of grain succeeds here. Potatoes are planted only towards the most