ou, as in our; th, as in thin ; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. and port in St. Helena, is in Lat. 15° 55′ S., Lon. 5° 49′ W. The whole circumference of the island is about 28 m. Pop., exclusive of the garrison, about 5,000. (P. C.) HELENA, ST., a parish of La., lying a little E. of the Mississippi r. and bordering on the state of Miss. Pop. 3,525. Seat of justice, St. Helena. HEL-MUND', a considerable r. of Afghanistan, which does not communicate with any sea, its waters being lost in the sand. (B.) HEL-GO-LAND or HEL-1-GO-LAND, a group of small islands in the German Ocean, between 30 and 40 miles from the mouth of the Elbe. They belong to the English. HELLESPONT. See DARDANELLES. HELMSTEDT, helm-st/tt, a t. of Germany, in the wick, formerly the seat of a flourishing university. Lon. 11° 1' E. Pop. 6,300. (B.) duchy of BrunsLat. 52° 14' N., HEL-SING-FORS', the cap. of the Russian government of Finland, is situated on the N. side of the Gulf of Finland. The former University of Abo was transferred to this place in 1827. It had, in 1839, 22 professors, and above 400 students. Lat. 60° 10' N., Lon. 25° E. Pop. about 10,000. (P. C.) Near Helsingfors is the fortress of Sweaborg or Sveaborg, regarded as the Gibraltar of the Baltic. A great part of its fortifications are cut in the rock. HEL-VEL-LYN, a mountain of England, in the co. of Cumberland, 3,055 ft. above the level of the sea. HELVOETSLUYS, hel`-võõt-slois', a small t. of S. Holland, situated on the S. side of the island of Voorne, important on account of its fortifications, its dock-yards, and its fine harbour. Lat. 51° 49′ N., Lon. 4° 8' E. HEMP-STEAD, a co. in the S.W. part of Ark., bordering on the Red r. Pop. 4,921. Seat of justice, Hempstead c. h. HEN-DER-SON, a co. in the W. part of N. C., bordering on S. C. Pop. 5,129. HENDERSON, a co. in the W. part of Tenn., a little W. of the Tennessee r. Pop. 11,875. Co. t. Lexington. HENDERSON, a co. in the N. W. part of Ky., intersected by Green r., and bordering on the Ohio. Pop. 9,548. Co. t. Henderson. HENDERSON, a Co. in the W. N. W. part of Ill., bordering on the Mississippi r. speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages from two distin guished living poets. "Arran!" a single-crested Teneriffe, A ST. HELENA next in shape and hue, Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue."-WORDSWORTH. "ST. HELENA's dungeon keep Scowls defiance o'er the deep; There a hero's relics sleep."-MONTGOMERY. See ARRAN. Fåte, får, fåll, fât; m, mit; plne or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; õõ as in good : HEN-DRICKS, a Co. in the W. central part of Ind., W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 11,264. Co. t. Danville. HEN-RI-CO, a co. in the E. part of Va., bordering on James r. Pop. 33,076. Co. t. Richmond. HENRY, a co. in the S. part of Va., bordering on N. C. Pop. 7,335. Co. t. Martinsville. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. central part of Ga., bordering on the Ocmulgee r. Pop. 11,756. Co. t. McDonough. HENRY, a co. forming the S. E. extremity of Ala. Pop. 5,787. Co. t. Columbia. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. part of Tenn., bordering on the Tennessee r. Pop. 14,906. Co. t. Paris. HENRY, a co. in the N. part of Ky., bordering on the Kentucky r. Pop. 10,015. Co. t. New Castle. HENRY, a co. near the N. W. extremity of Ohio, intersected by the Maumee r. Pop. 2,503. Co. t. Damascus. HENRY, a co. in the E. part of Ind., intersected by the Blue r., a branch of the E. fork of the White r. Pop. 15,128. Co. t. New Castle. HENRY, a co. in the N. W. part of Ill., bordering on Rock r. Pop. 1,260. HENRY, a co. in the W. part of Mo., N. of Osage r. HENRY, a co. in the S. E. part of Iowa, intersected by Skunk r. Pop. 3,772. HERAT, her-åt or her-åt'h', a large fortified city of Persia, situated in the midst of a populous and highly cultivated valley. The streets are narrow and irregular, and the houses mostly of brick. Herat is the centre of an extensive commerce, and possesses flourishing manufactures. The rose-water made here is held in high estimation. This town is the capital of the kingdom of Herat, which is tributary to the king of Persia. Lat. about 34° 30' N., Lon. 61° 10′ E. Pop., including that of the suburbs, estimated at 100,000. (B.) HÉRAULT, à-ro', a dep. in the S. of France, bordering on the Mediterranean, and intersected by a small river of the same name. Pop. 357.846. Capital, Montpellier. HERCULANEUM. See POMPEII. HER-E-FORD, an ancient city of England, cap. of Herefordshire, is situated on the r. Wye, 115 m. W. N. W. of London. Lat. 52° 3′ N., Lon. 2° 43′ W. Pop., including the liberties, 10,921. HER-E-FORD-SHIRE, a co. in the W. of England, bordering on Wales, Pop. 113,878. HER-KIM-ER, & Co. in the N. E. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Mohawk r. Pop. 37,477. Co. t. Herkimer. HERMANSTADT, her'-mån-stått, (Hung. Nagy-Szeben nody så-bên,) an important t., formerly the cap. of Transylvania, is situated about 72 m. S. by E. from Klausenburg. It is the chief t. of the Saxon settlers in Transylvania, and contains a national museum, two gymnasia, and several other institutions. Lat. 45° 48′ N., Lon. 24° 7' E. Pop. above 18,000. (B.) ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. HERRNHUT, HERRn'-hoot, a little t. in the kingdom of Saxony, founded by count Zinzendorf, in 1722, remarkable as the earliest and most important settlement of the Moravian brethren. HERSFELD, hERS/-filt, a t. of Cassel, situated on the Fulda. 6,000. (B.) Germany, in the electorate of Hesse- HERTFORD, har/-ford, the cap. of Hertfordshire, England, on the r. Lea, 21 m. N. of London. Pop., including an area of about 5 sq. m., 5,450. HERT-FORD, a co. in the N. E. part of N. C., bordering on the Chowan r. Pop. 7,484. Co. t. Winton. HERTFORDSHIRE, har'-ford-shir, a co. in the S. E. central part of England, N. of London. Pop. 157,207. HESSE-CAS-SEL (Ger. Hessen Cassel, hes/-sen kås/-sel), an electorate of Germany, consisting of three distinct portions, the largest of which is situated between 50° 6' and 51° 39′ N. Lat., and 8° 25′ and 10° 15′ E. Lon. One of the others lies a little to the E., intersected by the parallel of 50° 45′ N. Lat., and by the meridian of 10° 25′ E. Lon.; the third is farther N., being intersected by a line drawn in 52° 20 N. Lat.; it is surrounded by Hanover and Lippe. The area of the whole is 4,350 sq. m.; entire pop. in 1835, 700,533. (P. C.) The government of Hesse-Cassel may be styled a limited monarchy, of which the head still retains the title of elector, although there is now no emperor of Germany, so that the dignity is merely nominal. Cassel is the capital. HESSE-DARMSTADT, hess daRm/-stått, a grand-duchy of Germany, consisting principally of two large portions, separated from each other by a long strip of land, belonging to Frankfort and Hesse-Cassel, and situated between 49° 23′ and 50° 50′ N. Lat., and 7° 59′ and 9° 36′ E. Lon. The area of the whole is about 5,000 sq. m. Entire pop. 718,000. (P. C.) Darmstadt is the capital. HESSE-HOM-BURG (Ger. Hessen Homburg, hes/-sen hom/-boŎRG), a landgraviate of Germany, consisting of two portions; viz., the lordship of Homburg, situated a little to the N. of Frankfort on the Main, and containing about 750 sq. m., with 8,800 inhabitants; and the lordship of Meisenheim (mi'-zen-hime'), lying on the other side of the Rhine, between the Bavarian territory of the Rhine and the dominions of Prussia, with an area of 126 sq. m., and a pop. of 15,200. (P. C.) Homburg is the capital of the whole landgraviate, as well as of the lordship of this name. HICK-MAN, a Co. in the W. central part of Tenn., intersected by Duck r. Pop. 8,618. Co. t. Vernon. HICKMAN, a co. occupying the S. W. extremity of Ky. Pop. 8,968. Co. t. Columbus. HIGH-LAND, a co. in the S. part of Ohio, E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 22,269. Co. t. Hillsborough. HIGH-LANDS (commonly pronounced in Scotland, heel-landz), a natural division of Scotland, comprehending the country to the N. and Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; plne or pine, pin; nɔ, nôt; ŏŏ as in good; N. W., in contradistinction to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S. E. districts. The appellation of Highlands extends also to the Hebrides or Western Isles. HIGHLANDS, a mountainous region of N. Y., lying on both sides of the Hudson, in the cos. of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable for its picturesque and romantic scenery. HIGHTOWER. See ETOWAH. HILDBURGHAUSEN, hilt-bŎORG-hou-zen, a t. of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, formerly the cap. of SaxeHildburghausen, is situated on the Werra. Lat. 50° 25' N., Lon. 10° 40 E. Pop. about 4,000. (B.) HILDESHEIM, hil'-des-hime', a t. of Germany, in Hanover, cap. of a principality of the same name, containing a Roman Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, and several other institutions for education. Lat. 52° 9' N., Lon. 9° 56′ E. Pop. 13,100. (P. C.) HILLS-BO-ROUGH, a co. in the S. part of N. H., intersected by the Merrimack, and bordering on Mass. Pop. 42,494. Co. t. Amherst. HILLSBOROUGH, a co. in the W. part of the peninsula of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 452. HILLS-DALE, a co. in the S. of Mich., bordering on Ind. and Ohio. Pop. 7,240. Co. t. Jonesville. HIMALAYAS, him-a-li-az, or HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS, extend along the N. E. border of Hindostan, and are situated between 27° and 35° N. Lat., and 73° and 98° E. Lon. The Dhawalaghiri (da-wål/-a-gher/re), in about 29° N. Lat., and between 83° and 84° E. Lon., is supposed to be the highest of the Himalayas, and of all the mountains in the world, having an elevation of 4,390 toises, or above 28,000 English ft. The Himalayas are also frequently called the HIMMALEH (him-mål-leh) MOUNTAINS. Himalaya is a Sanscrit word, signifying the "abode of frost or snow." Imaus, the name under which at least a part of this vast mountain range appears to have been known to the ancients, had, according to Pliny, a similar signification. HIN-DOS-TAN, (i. e. in Persian, the "country of the Hindoos"), an extensive country in the S. of Asia, between 8° 4′ and 35° N. Lat., and 67° and 91° E. Lon., extending from Cape Comorin, on the S., to the Himalaya Mountains on the N., and from the head of the Bay of Bengal, on the E., to the western border of the valley of Indus, on the W. The length, from N. to. S., is near 1,900 m.; breadth, from E. to W., between 1,400 and 1,500 m. The eastern boundary is not definitely fixed. If, as some propose, we allow the possessions of the East India Company to determine its extent in that quarter, we shall obviously violate the natural though somewhat vague distinction between India Proper and Farther India, since, in that case, we must comprise within the limits of Hindostan, a considerable part of that region styled "the Peninsula beyond the Ganges," or "India beyond the Ganges." Malte Brun, who is justly regarded as one of the highest authorities in questions relating to geography, considers that region "which is watered by the Ganges and its tributaries," as properly belonging to Hindostan, ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. while he appears to include all the country immediately E. of this, in that division of Asia which he calls Chin India. It will be perceived that this is much the same as if he had made the head of the Bay of Bengal the eastern limit of Hindostan. The area of Hindostan is estimated at above 1,000,000 sq. m. The number of inhabitants is computed to exceed one hundred millions. (E. G.) According to MalteBrun, the population of Hindostan is not less than 134,000,000; the P. C. estimates it at between 110,000,000 and 120,000,000. A large portion of this vast country is subject to the English. The East India Company shares with the king of Great Britain the sovereignty over almost all the provinces which combine to form the Anglo-Indian empire. This company, without possessing the title, enjoys nearly all the rights of royalty. Its authority, however, is dependent on the British Parliament, to which the officers of the East India government are directly responsible. The territory, under the administration of the company, is divided into three governments, designated as the presidency of Bengal, the presidency of Madras, and the presidency of Bombay. The inhabitants of Hindostan may be divided into three principal classes, viz.: the aborigines, the Asiatics of foreign extraction, and the Europeans. The first, or Hindoos, strictly speaking, are by far the most numerous. They are characterized by a multitude of peculiar customs and institutions, many of which appear to have been in existence from the most remote antiquity. Of these, one of the most remarkable is the distinction of caste. The Hindoo writers recognise four pure and original castes, viz.: the brah'-mins or priests; the kshatriyas (shat/-re-ås) or soldiers, including the princes and sovereigns; the vaisyas (vil-se-ás), consisting of agriculturists and shepherds; and the sudras (sool-drás) or labourers. Besides these four original classes, there are a great number of impure races which have sprung from the mixture of the pure castes. One of the best known is that of the pariahs (på/-re-as), who form a very numerous class. They are among the most abject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected to the most cruel and degrading servitude. The different races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous laws. No person, whatever be his merit or genius, can, in any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though he may forfeit his birth-right by certain misdemeanors and crimes. It is not however, true, as has been frequently asserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the castes beneath him, but not from those above him. Thus a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra, though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the father's rank, but belongs to one of the mixed races. But a Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter of a Brahmin; and children sprung from such a union are considered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Sudra woman. The ancient religion of the Hindoos is peculiar, and, in some respects, very remarkable; but ⚫ From the Portuguese word casta, i, e. “race.” |