Fate, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, met; pine or pine, pin; nò, not; Ŏõ as in good; Belgium, the cap. of a prov. of the same name, is situated on the Meuse, 54 m. E. by S. of Brussels. In its vicinity are inexhaustible mines of coal, which have been worked since the year 1178. Liege contains a university, founded in 1817, a collège royal, a mining school, and numerous other institutions for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. Lat. 50° 39' N., Lon. 5° 32′ E. Pop. 58,000. (B.)

LIEGE, a prov. taking its name from the above city, in the E. part of Belgium, and bordering on the Prussian dominions. Pop. 371,000. (P. C.)

LIEGNITZ, leeG/-nits, a t. of Prussian Silesia, the cap. of a circle and gov. of the same name, on the Katzbach (kåts/-bák), a branch of the Öder. It contains a gyinnasium, a royal equestrian academy, and other institutions. Lat. 51° 12' N., Lon. 16° 12′ E. Pop. 11,000. (B.) LIER, leer, (Fr. Lierre, le-air/,) a manufacturing t. of Belgium, 10 m. S. E. of Antwerp. Pop. 13,000. (B.)

LILLE or LISLE, leel, an important manufacturing and commercial city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Nord, situated on the canal of the Deule (which communicates with the Lys), in the midst of a fertile and highly cultivated country. The town is well laid out, with nearly thirty market-places or other open spaces, and most of the streets are wide. Its admirable citadel, and other fortifications, render Lille one of the strongest cities of Europe. Of literary institutions, there are a considerable number, including a public library of 20,000 vols, a high school, &c. Lat. 50° 38' N., Lon. 3° 4' E. Pop. 72,005. (B.)

LIMA, lee-må, an archiepiscopal city of S. America, formerly the cap. of the viceroyalty of Peru, and at present of the dep. of Lima and of the Peruvian republic. It is situated in a fertile and spacious valley, on a small r. called Rimac, which name has been corrupted by the Spaniards into Lima. The streets are regular and wide, but they are very badly paved. In the middle of the town is the Plaza Mayor (pla-tha mi-one), or "great square," one of the finest in America, in which is a large fountain, with a bronze statue of Fame in the centro. Lima possesses a university, founded in 1571, a college of medicine and surgery, a national library, and several other institutions. Lat. 12° 2' 34" S., Lon. 77° 7′ W. Pop. 70,000. (B.)

LIM-BURG (Fr. Limbourg, lâm-booR), a prov. in the E. part of the Netherlands, bordering on the Prussian dominions, divided since the revolution of 1830 between Holland and Belgium. Area of the Belgian prov., 970 sq. m. Pop. 227,000. Area of the part belonging to Holland, 530 sq. m. Pop. 156,000. (P. C.)

LIM-ER-ICK, an inland co. in the S.W. part of Ireland, in the prov. of Munster, bordering on the estuary of the Shannon. Pop., exclusive of the co. of the town of Limerick, 248,801. (P. C.)

LIMERICK, an ancient city of Ireland, the cap. of the above co., on the S. side of the Shannon. This town is the centre of an extensive trade, but its manufactures are very limited. One of the most remarkable objects of this place are the hanging gardens, constructed in 1808 by Mr. Roche, which contain a surface of more than an English acre.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

The co. of the city of Limerick has an area of more than 41 sq. m. with a pop. (in 1831) of 66,554. (P. C.) Pop. of the town and suburbs, 44,100. Lat. 52° 40′ N., Lon. 8° 38′ W.

LIMESTONE, a co. in the N. part of Ala., bordering on Tenn. Pop. 14,374. Co. t. Athens.

LIMOGES, le-mozh', (Anc. Augustori/tum, afterwards Lemov/ices,) a manufacturing city of France, the cap. of the dep. of Upper Vienne, and formerly of the prov. of Limousin, on the Vienne, 110 m. N. E. of Bordeaux. It contains an académie universitaire, a royal college or high school, a school of anatomy, and various other literary and scientific establishments. Lat. 45° 50′ N., Lon. 1° 16' E. Pop. 27,000. (B.) LIMOUSIN, le`-moo`-sân, or LIMOSIN, one of the former provinces of France, now comprehended in the deps. of Corrèze and Upper Vienne. This name, as well as that of Limoges, is derived from the Lemovices, a people who inhabited this district in the time of the ancient Romans. LIMOUX, le-mool, a t. of France, in the dep. of Aude, on the r. Aude, 13 m. S. S. E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 6,666. (M.)

LINCOLN, link/-on, (Anc. Lin/dum,) a city of England, the cap. of Lincolnshire, 121 m. N. of London. Its cathedral is esteemed one of the most beautiful in England. Lat. 53° 24′ N., Lon. 0° 36′ W. Pop. 13,896.

LINCOLN, a co. in the S. part of Me., intersected by the Kennebeck r., and bordering on the sea. Pop. 63,512. Co. t. Wiscasset.

LINCOLN, a co. in the S. W. part of N. C., bordering on the Catawba and S. C. Pop. 25,160. Co. t. Lincolnton.

LINCOLN, a co. in the E. N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 5,895. Co. t. Lincolnton.

LINCOLN, a co. in the S. part of Tenn., bordering on Ala. Pop. 21,493. Co. t. Fayetteville.

LINCOLN, a co. in the S. E. central part of Ky., S. of Lexington. Pop. 10,187. Co. t. Stanford.

LINCOLN, a co. in the E. part of Mo., bordering on the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Missouri r. Pop. 7,449. Co. t. Troy. LINCOLNSHIRE, link/-on-shir, a co. in the E. part of England, bordering on the r. Humber and the sea. Pop. 362,602.

LIN-LITHGOW or WEST LOTHIAN (lo-THE-an), a co. of Scotland,

lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 26,872.

LINLITHGOW, the cap. of the above co., on the S. bank of a lake of the same name, 17 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh. Pop. 3,872.

LINN, a co. in the N. part of Mo., E. of Grand r. Pop. 2,245. LINN, a co. of Iowa, intersected by Red Cedar r. Pop. 1,373. Co. t. Marion.

LINTZ or LINZ, lints, a beautiful city and fortress of the Austrian empire, cap. of Upper Austria, on the Danube, which is here crossed by a bridge 280 yards in length. A fine railway (the first ever constructed in Germany) connects it with Budweis, in Bohemia. Lintz possesses a lyceum, a gymnasium, and various other literary and scien

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mê, met; plne or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; ôò as in good;

tific institutions; it also has some extensive manufactures. Lat. 48° 19' N., Lon. 14° 17′ E. Pop. 24,000. (B.)

LIP-A-RI, or lee-på-re 1SLANDS,(Anc.Æo'liæ In/sulæ,)a group in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Sicily, consisting of seven principal islands, besides several islets and rocks. Lipari (Anc. Lip/ara), the largest, intersected by the parallel of 38° 30′ N. Lat., and the meridian of 14° 55′ E. Lon, is about 8 m. in length. Pop. 12,500. (P. C.) Among the others, Strom/boli (Anc. Stron/gyle), an insular mountain, nearly 3,000 ft. in height, is remarkable for its constantly burning volcano, which serves for a light-house to the sailors in that sea. The Lipari islands are evidently of volcanic origin. They were sometimes called Vulcaniæ by the ancient Romans, from the supposition, probably, that Vulcan had his workshops here as well as in Ætna.

LIPPE, lip/-peh, a small r. of Germany, which flows into the Rhine on the right.

LIPPE-DETMOLD (-det-molt), a principality of Germany, on the sources of the above r., from which circumstance it is supposed to take its name. It consists of the counties of Lippe and Sternberg, being situated between 51° 48′ and 52° 12′ N. Lat., and 8° 35′ and 9° 10′ E. Lon. Area, 435 sq. m. Pop. 80,000. (P. C.) DETMOLD, the cap., situated on the Werra, contains 2,800 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 51° 56' N., Lon. 8° 50′ E.

LIPPE-SCHAUENBURG (-shoul-en-booRG or shou'-en-burg), often, though incorrectly, written SCHAUMBURG, a small principality of Germany, intersected by the parallel of 52° 20′ N. Lat., and the 9th meridian of E. Lon. Area, 210 sq. m. Pop. 25,000. BÜCKEBURG (bük'-keh-bõõrg), the cap., contains 2,100 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 52° 16' N., Lon. 9° E. LIRIA, lee'-re-å, a manufacturing t. of Spain, in the prov. of Valencia, 15 m. N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 12,000. (B.)

LIS/-BON (Port. Lis-bo'-a: Anc. Olisipo), the cap.of Portugal,on the N. bank of the Tagus, about 9 m. above its entrance into the sea. The river at the W. end of Lisbon is but little more than a mile in breadth, but opposite to the centre of the city it widens considerably, and above forms a bay several miles in extent, which furnishes a safe and magnificent harbour, capable of containing all the fleets of Europe. In the old portion of the town, the streets are irregular, narrow, ill-paved, and dirty. But in that part which has been rebuilt since the great earthquake of 1755, the houses are handsome, the streets regular and very clean. Perhaps the most remarkable edifice of Lisbon is the palace of Ajuda (å-zhoo'-då), which, when finished, will rank among the finest in Europe. Among the numerous literary and scientific institutions of this city, we may mention the Royal Academy of Sciences, the College of the Nobles, the Royal Academy of Marine, with an observatory, and the Royal Military College. The commerce of Lisbon, though much diminished since the loss of Brazil, is still considerable. Among its manufactures, those in gold and jewelry are perhaps the most reinarka. ble. We may observe, that the want of industry, as well as the ignorance, of the Portuguese, has been much exaggerated by travellers.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. The Observatory is in 38° 42′ 24′′ N. Lat., and 9° 8′ 21′′ W. Lon. Pop. about 260,000. (B.)

LIS/-BURN, one of the handsomest towns in the N. of Ireland, in the co. of Antrim, 8 m. S. S. W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1831, 5,745. (P. C.) LISIEUX, le`-ze-uh', (Anc. Noviom/agus or Noom/agus, afterwards Lexov'ii), a manufacturing t. of France, in the dep. of Calvados, 93 m. W. by N. from Paris. Lat. 49° 9′ N., Lon. 0° 14′ E. Pop. 11,473. (P. C.)

LIS-KEARD OF LES-KEARD', a small t. of England, in Cornwall. Lat. 50° 27′ N., Lon. 4° 26 W.

LISLE. See LILLE.

LIS-MORE', a t. of Ireland, in the. co. of Waterford, on the Blackwater r., 28 m. E. N. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1831, 2,998. (P. C.)

LIS-SA (Polish, Leszno, lesh/-no), a manufacturing t. of Prussia, on the borders of Silesia. Lat. 51° 52′ N., Lon. 16° 36′ E. Pop. 7,500. (B.) LITCH-FIELD, a co. forming the N. W. extremity of Conn. Pop.

40,448.

LITCHFIELD, the cap. of the above co., situated about 33 m., in a straight line, N. N. W. of New Haven. Here is a female seminary of distinguished reputation. Pop. of the township, 4,038.

LITH-U-A-NI-A (see Int. XI.), a country of Europe, which constituted an independent and powerful state, from about the year 1206 to 1385, when it was united with Poland, by the marriage of king Yaguellon with the Polish queen Hedvige. Olghord, the father of Yaguellon, and the most powerful of the Lithuanian princes, had extended his dominions to the banks of the Don and the shores of the Black Sea, and thrice presented himself in triumph before the gates of Moscow. A great part of these possessions was afterwards lost under the reign of Casimir III., and of several succeeding princes. The territory which constituted the duchy of Lithuania, at the time of the first dismemberment of Poland, in 1772, now forms the Russian governments of Vilna, Grodno, Bialystock, Vitepsk, Mohelef, Minsk, and Augustov or Augustow.-Adj. and inhab. LITH-U-A-NI-AN.

LIVADIA OF LIBADIA,* le-vå-Dee'-a, (Anc. Lebadela,) a t. of Greece, which, under the Turkish government, gave its name to the prov. in which it was situated. Before the war of independence, the pop. was estimated at 10,000 (B.), but it is said to have been entirely ruined in that contest. The ancient town was remarkable as the seat of the famous oracle or cavern of Trophonius. Lat. 35° 24' N., Lon. 22° 58′ E.

LIV-ER-POOL', a city of England, in Lancashire, and, next to London, the greatest commercial emporium of the British empire, is situated on the estuary of Mersey, 3 or 4 m. from the sea. Before the middle of the last century, the streets of this town were narrow and inconvenient, and the buildings wholly devoid of architectual beauty; but successive alterations have given it a degree of commodiousness and elegance not to be met with in any other commercial port in Eng

* See Introduction, XXI. 11.

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; õõ as in good; land. By means of canals and railways, Liverpool has ready communication with all the more important places in the interior of the country; a circumstance which, with its proximity to Manchester, has contributed, perhaps not less than its maritime trade, to its extraordinary commercial prosperity. Among the numerous literary and scientific establishments of this city, we may mention the Royal Institution, founded in 1814, by the celebrated William Roscoe, and containing an extensive museum of natural history, many valuable paintings, &c.; courses of lectures are given on literature and the various branches of physical science. Like most of the great towns of England, Liverpool is furnished with water and gas, which are distributed to the private houses. With the exception of London, this town is the most populous in Great Britain. Its growth has been extremely rapid; in 1700, its pop. was only 5,714; in 1801, it was 77,703; in 1831, 165,221 (M.), and in 1841, it amounted to 223,003. The numbers here given for the pop. of 1831 and 1841 refer only to the parish of Liverpool. The whole borough, with an area of scarcely more than 8 sq. m., contained, at the last census, 286,487 inhabitants. Lat. 53° 24′ N., Lon. 2° 58′ W. LIV/-INGS-TON, a co. in the W. part of N. Y., intersected by the Genesee r. Pop. 35,140. Co. t. Genesee.

LIVINGSTON, a parish in the E. part of La., on the Amite r. and Pontchartrain L. Pop. 2,315.

LIVINGSTON, a co. in the N. W. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. Pop. 9,025. Co. t. Salem.

LIVINGSTON, & Co. in the S. E. part of Mich., W. N. W. of Detroit. Pop. 7,430. Co. t. Howell.

LIVINGSTON, a co. in the N. E. central part of Ill., a little S. of the Illinois r. Pop. 759.

LIVINGSTON, a co. in the N. W. part of Mo., on the Grand r. Pop.

4,325.

LI-VO-NI-A (Ger. Liefland, leef-lånt), a gov. in the W. part of European Russia, between the Gulf of Livonia and Lake Peipus. Capital, Riga.-Adj. and inhab. L-vO'-NI-ẠN.

LIVONIA, GULF OF, a portion of the Baltic, situated S. of the Gulf of Finland, between 56° 55′ and 57° 30′ N. Lat., and 22° and 21° 40′ E. Lon. It is sometimes called the Gulf of Riga.

LIVORNO. See LEGHORN.

LIZARD POINT, a bold headland in the British Channel, on the S coast of Cornwall, forming the most southerly part of England. Lat. 49° 57′ 30′′ N., Lon. 5° 11' W.

LJUSNE, lyoos-ne, a small r. in the N. of Sweden, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, near Lat. 61° 10′ N.

LLAN-DAFF', a small decayed t. of S. Wales, in Glamorganshire, 27 m. W. of Bristol, only remarkable for being a bishop's see, and for its ancient cathedral.

LLANELLY, lan-eth/-le, a seaport t. of S. Wales, in Caermarthenshire, 13 m. S. E. of Caermarthen. Pop. of the borough, 6,818.