ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

O-KHOTSK' (Russ. pron. o-Hotsk'), a small t. of Asiatic Russia, cap. of a dist. of the same name, on the N. side of the Sea of Okhotsk, important as the only place by which intercourse is carried on between Siberia and the Russian dominions in N. America, or between Siberia and Kamtchatka. Lat. 59° 20′ N., Lon. 143° 14′ E.

OKHOTSK, SEA OF, a large gulf in the N. E. of Asia, between the peninsula of Kamtchatka on the E. and the eastern part of Siberia and the island of Saghalien on the W. It is separated from the Pacific Ocean on the S. E. by the chain of Koorile islands. Extreme length, above 1,200 m.; greatest breadth, from E. to W., rather more than 700 m.

OKTIBBEHA, ok-tib'-be-haw', a co. in the E. N. E. part of Miss., a little W. of the Tombigbee r. Pop. 4,276. Co. seat, Starksville.

OL-DEN-BURG (Ger. pron. ol'-den-bŎORG), GRAND-DUCHY OF, a state in the N. W. of Germany, consisting (exclusive of some detached portions enclosed by the duchy of Holstein) of an oblong territory, between 52° 29′ and 53° 43′ N. Lat., and 7° 35′ and 8° 46′ E. Lon.; bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, E., S., and W. by the territories of Hanover. Area, 2,512 sq. m. Pop. 265,570. (M.)

OLDENBURG, a flourishing t. of Germany, cap. of the above grandduchy, on the navigable r. Hunte (hōōn'-teh), an affluent of the Weser. It contains, among other institutions for the promotion of knowledge, a library of 45,000 vols., and a rich collection of German antiquities, consisting chiefly of those found in the grand-duchy. Lat. 53° 9′ N., Lon. S° 15' E. Pop. 8,000. (B.)

OLD-HAM, a manufacturing t. of England, in Lancashire, 7 m. N. E. of Manchester. The township, with an area of near 7 sq. m., has a pop. of 42,595.

OLDHAM, a co. in the N. part of Ky., on the Ohio. Pop. 7,380. Co. t. La Grange.

OLERON, O`-la-ròn, or OLORON (Anc. Iluro), a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Pyrenees. Lat. 43° 11′ N., Lon. 0° 36′ E. Pop. 6,620. (P. C.)

O-LIN-DA Or O-leen'-då, a decayed t. on the E. coast of Brazil, in the immediate vicinity of Pernambuco. Lat. 8° 13' S., Lon. 35° 5' W. Pop. about 7,000. (B.)

OL-I-VEN-ZA OF OLIVENÇA (Sp. pron. ol-e-ven/-thå), a fortified t. of Spain, in Estremadura, about 6 m. from the left bank of the Guadiana. Lat. 38° 42′ N., Lon. 6° 55′ W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)

OL-MÜTZ Or OLLMÜTZ, an archiepiscopal t. of Moravia (of which it was formerly the cap.), and one of the strongest fortresses in the Austrian dominions, situated between two arms of the r. March. It contains a university, with a library of above 50,000 vols., and several noble public edifices. Lat. 49° 36′ N., Lon. 17° 16′ E. Pop., including the military, 19,000. (B.)

O-LO-NETS or OLONETZ, a gov. in the N. part of European Russia, bordering on L. Ladoga-Also a small town, the former capital of the

Fåte, får, fåll, fåt; me, mêt; pine or pine, pln; nò, nôt; ŏŏ as in good; above. Lat. 61° N., Lon. 32° 50′ E. Petrozavodsk is the present capital.

O-LOT', a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 53 m. N. N. E. of Barcelona. Its vicinity is interesting to the geologist, on account of the number of extinct volcanoes which it contains: the largest, called Santa Margarita, has a crater 455 ft. deep, and about a mile in circumference.

O-MER, SAINT, (Fr. pron. sånt o`-mair',) a manufacturing and commercial t. and important fortress of France, in the dep. of Pas de Calais, on the r. Aa, and on the canal of St. Omer, which connects the town with the Lys. Lat. 50° 45' N., Lon. 2° 15′ E. Pop. 18,789. (M.) OмSK, a small but well fortified t. of Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Irtysh. Lat. about 55° N., Lon. 73° 30' E.

OñATE, on-ya-tà, a t. of Spain, in Biscay, 28 m. E. S. E. of Bilbao, with a university. In its vicinity are extensive iron foundries. Pop. stated at 12,000. (M.)

O-NE-GA (Russ. pron. o-na-gå), next to Ladoga, the largest L. in Europe, is situated in the gov. of Olonets, being intersected by the 61st and 62d parallels of N. Lat., and by the 35th and 36th meridians of E. Lon. Length, about 140 m.; greatest breadth, 45 m. Its navigation is impeded by sand-banks.

ONEIDA, o-ni-da, a co. in the N. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal. Pop. 85,310. Co. towns, Utica, Rome, and Whitesboro.

ONEIDA, a L. in the N. central part of N. Y., lying partly within the above co. Length about 20 m.; greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. The outlet of this lake, called the Oneida r., 16 m. long, flows westerly, and joins the Seneca to form the Oswego r.

ONONDAGA, on`-on-dau-ga, a co. in the N. W. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal, and bordering the Oneida L. Pop. 67,911. Co. t. Syracuse.

ONS-LOW, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., bordering on the sea. Pop. 7,527. Seat of justice, Onslow c. h.

ON-TA-RI-O, LAKE, the smallest and most easterly of the five great lakes which communicate with the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 43° 10′ and 44° 10′ N. Lat., and 76° and 80° W. Lon. Length, about 180 m.; greatest breadth, 55 m. Area estimated at 5,400 sq. m. The surface is about 334 ft. below that of L. Erie, and 231 ft. above the tidewater in the St. Lawrence and Hudson. The greatest depth is upwards of 600 A.

ONTARIO, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little S. of the Erie canal, and bordering on Seneca lake. Pop. 43,501. Co. t. Canandaigua.

OOJEIN, 00-jane', (Anc. Ozene,) one of the best built cities of Hindostan, and formerly the cap. of the kingdom of Sindhia. It is distinguished for its schools and its observatory, regarded as the first in the country; from this the Hindoo geographers reckon their longitudes. Ancient Oojein stood about a mile N. of the modern town.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. Lat. 23° 11' N., Lon. 75° 51′ E. Pop. unknown, but probably near 100,60). (B.)

OOR-FA, (Anc. Edes/sa), a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, 80 m. S. W. of Diarbekir, important on account of its population as well as its commerce and manufactures. Lat. about 37° 10′ N., Lon. 38° 50′ E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states it at 30,000.

OO-ROO-MEE'-A (Urumiya; commonly written Ourmiah or Urmia), a salt lake in the N. of Persia, intersected by the 38th parallel of N. Lat., and the 46th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 90 m.; greatest breadth near 40 m.

OOSTERHOUT, Ŏce/-ter-hout', a t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, 5 m. N. E. of Breda, with extensive manufactures of earthenware. Pop. above 6,000. (B.)

Oos-TI-OOG VEL-I-KEE (Ustiug Veliki), a commercial t. of European Russia, at the confluence of the Yoog (Jug), and Sookhona, which, by their junction, form the Dwina. Lat. 60° 45' N., Lon. about 46° 10' E. Pop. 8,000. (M.)

O-POR-TO (i. e. o Porto, or "the Port"), an important commercial city, and seaport of Portugal, is delightfully situated on two hills, near the mouth of the Douro, in the prov. of Minho. It contains several institutions for public instruction, among which may be mentioned the Academy of Navigation and Commerce, and the School of Surgery and Anatomy. The well-known red wine, called Port, is produced in the interior of Portugal, and derives its name from being exclusively shipped at this city. Lat. 41° 9′ N., Lon. 8° 37′ W. Pop. about 70,000. (B.)

OP-PELN, a walled t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the Oder. Lat. 50° 36′ N., Lon. about 18° E. Pop. 6,300. (B.)

OR-ANGE (Fr. pron. o`-rånzh'; Anc. Arau'sio); a t. in the S. E. of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity, among which there is a splendid triumphal arch, almost entire, about 64 ft. in length and breadth, and rather more in height. In the middle ages, this town was the capital of a principality, which, for a considerable period, belonged to the house of Nassau. On the death of William III. of England, his heir, the king of Prussia, ceded it to France, but the title of Prince of Orange is still retained by the royal family of Holland. Lat. 44° 8' N., Lon. 4° 48′ E. Pop. 5,897. (M.)

ORANGE, a co. in the E. part of Vt., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop. 27,873. Co. t. Chelsea.

ORANGE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on N. J. and the Hudson r. Pop. 50,739. Co. towns, Goshen and Newburg.

ORANGE, a co. in the E. central part of Va., on a branch of the Rappahannock. Pop. 9,125. Seat of justice, Orange c. h.

ORANGE, a co. in the N. part of N. C., on the head waters of Cape Fear r. Pop. 24,356. Co. t. Hillsborough.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nò, nôt; õõ as in good;

ORANGE, a co. in the S. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the E. fork of White r. Pop. 9,602. Co. t. Paoli.

OR-ANGE-BURG`, a dist. in the S. central part of S. C., on the Edisto r. Pop. 18,519. Seat of justice, Orangeburg.

OREBRO. See OEREBRO.

OR-E-GON RIVER or COLUMBIA RIVER, a large r. of N. America, which rises on the W. declivity of the Rocky Mountains, near 50° N. Lat. and 116 W. Lon., and, flowing in a very circuitous course, falls into the Pacific, in about 46° 15′ N. Lat., and 124° W. Lon. The entire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It is navigable all seasons of the year, for vessels drawing 12 ft. water, to the Cascades, about 150 m. by water from its mouth.

OREGON TERRITORY, an extensive territory of the U. S., drained by the above river and its tributaries, and extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The 42d parallel of N. Lat. forms its southern limit. The boundary line on the N. was till recently a point in dispute between this country and Great Britain. According to a treaty between the two nations (ratified July 17, 1846), the N. boundary of Oregon runs from the Rocky Mountains westward on the 49th parallel, till it reaches the sea, thence southward and westward through the Straits of Fuca; thus giving to Great Britain the whole of Vancouver's Island. The navigation of that portion of the Columbia river included within the U. S. territory, is to be free to the Hudson's Bay Company and to all British subjects trading with the same. The country along the Pacific coast is fertile, and the climate remarkably mild. The summer, however, is very dry. From April to October, rain seldom falls in any part of Oregon: during the other months, the rains are almost incessant in the lower countries. Further from the sea they are less frequent, and near the Rocky Mountains are reduced to a few showers in the spring. The forests, on the uplands, are remarkable for the size and prodigious height of the trees. The most important establishments in this country are: OREGON CITY, a town with about 300 inhabitants, chiefly Americans, situated at the falls of the Willamette, an affluent of the Columbia, in about 45° 25′ N. Lat., and 122° 50′ W. Lon.; and the forts Vancouver and WallaWalla, on the Columbia, belonging to the British. Since the exploration of the South Pass by Lieutenant (now Captain) Fremont, it is not necessary, as formerly, to cross the Rocky Mountains in travelling by land to Oregon. This pass is situated between 42° 20′ and 42° 40′ N. Lat., and near 110° W. Lon. (See ROCKY MOUNTAINS.)

OREGON, a co. in the S. part of Mo., bordering on Ark.

ORFA. See OORFA.

O-REL OF OR-LOF', a flourishing city in the S. central part of European Russia, cap. of a gov. of the same name, on the Oka. It has an extensive trade in grain, and may be regarded as the great commercial entrepôt for the interior of Russia; it is also the seat of various manufactures. Lat. 52° 57′ N., Lon. 35° 57′ E. The pop. in 1820 was 20,000; in 1830 it was stated at 31,000 (P. C.); at present it probably exceeds 40,000.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; тH, as in this; N, nearly like ng.

See AMAZON.

ORELLANA. O-REN-BOORG (Orenburg), an extensive gov. of Russia, situated partly in Europe and partly in Asia. of the same name, in Lat. 54° 42′ N., (P. C.)

Oo'-få (Ufa), the cap., is on a r.
Lon. about 56° E. Pop. 6,000.

ORENBOORG, the principal t. of the above gov., situated on the r. Ural, is regularly built and well fortified. It carries on an extensive trade with Bokhara. Lat. 51° 46′ N., Lon. 55° 5′ E. Pop. stated at 20,000. (P. C.)

Orihuela, o-re-w-lå', a city in the Spanish prov. of Valencia, on the r. Segura, in a fertile plain, which has been justly styled "the Garden of Spain." It contains a university and several other institutions. Lat. 38° 8' N., Lon. 1° W. Pop. 26,000. (B.)

O-R¡-NO'-co (i. e. the "coiled serpent"), a large r. of S. America, the sources of which have never been visited by Europeans. As it is usually laid down on our maps, it strikingly resembles, in its general course, the form of a coiled serpent, as its name implies. From about 4° S. Lat., and 68° W. Lon., it flows northerly above 200 m., then northeasterly, and at last almost E., to the Atlantic, which it enters near 9° N. Lat., and 61° W. Lon., by a multitude of mouths, called the Caños (kån'-yoce) or "channels" of the Orinoco. The whole length is estimated at near 1,300 m. The delta commences about 100 m. from the sea. The tides are sometimes perceptible as far as Angostura, or about 250 m. from the mouth of the Orinoco. During the rainy season, which corresponds to our summer, the river overflows the Llanos (lyål-nos) or plains which lie N. of it to a great extent, presenting a vast expanse of waters, said sometimes to exceed 150 m. in breadth. In the upper part of its course, the rise is said to amount to 13 fathoms, which is somewhat more than the greatest rise on the Ohio.

O-RIS-SA, a prov. of Hindostan, between the 18th and 23d degrees of N. Lat., and bordering on the Bay of Bengal.

ORIZABA, O-re-så-bå, a flourishing t. of Mexico, 70 m. W. S. W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. between 8,000 and 10,000. (M.) Near it, in Lat. 19° 2′ N., Lon. 97° 15′ W., rises the volcanic mountain of Orizaba (now extinct) to the height of 17,380 ft. above the Atlantic.

ORK-NEY ISLANDS (Lat. Orꞌcadės), a group belonging to Great Britain, situated near the N. N. E. extremity of Scotland, between 58° 44' and 59° 24' N. Lat. They are separated from the main land of Scotland by the Pentland Frith, which, in the narrowest part, is about 6 m. wide. The group contains in all 67 islands or islets, 27 of which are permanently inhabited. The largest is Pomona or Mainland. (See POMONA.) Total area estimated at 440 sq. m. Pop. 30,507.

ORLEANAIS or ORLEANOIS, OR-lå-ån'-', one of the former provinces of France, now distributed among the departments of Eure and Loir, Loir and Cher, and Loiret.

OR-LE-ANS (Fr. pron. OR`-là-ån'; Anc. Gena/bum, afterwards Aure

* We often hear this name pronounced in two syllables, with the accent on